Abstract: A control apparatus for maintaining constant the temperature and pressure of the vapor phase in a very low-temperature controlled liquefied gas container includes a pressure sensor, a temperature sensor, two electromagnetic valves, and a refrigerator. When operation of the refrigerator disturbs measurement at low temperature, the refrigerator is stopped. Gas vaporizes from a liquid phase, and gas is discharged from the container. In this manner, the temperature and pressure of the liquefied gas in the container can be maintained constant. After measurement, the liquid level in the container will be lowered by evaporation, so that the liquefied gas is supplied to the container. In this manner, the liquid level in the container can be maintained constant.

Abstract: In a multi-stage cold accumulation type refrigerator including a compressor disposed at an ordinary temperature, a helium gas as a common operating fluid to be compressed by the compressor, and one or more expansion chambers and cold accumulators of different temperature levels; a cold accumulating member of the cold accumulators is formed of an alloy or compound containing a rare earth metal, so that the efficiency of the refrigerator can be improved. Further, a heat generation quantity due to sliding resistance of a seal is set to be smaller than a theoretical generated refrigeration quantity to be obtained on the assumption of isothermal expansion in the expansion chambers, so that the refrigerating capacity can be improved. The refrigerator is applied to a cooling device for cooling a superconducting magnet, SQUID, superconducting computer, infrared telescope, etc.

Abstract: An adjustable alignment assembly for a cryogen venting system for a superconducting magnet including a radially adjustable floating flange connection with a cryogenic seal to enable precise alignment of the cryostat vent pipe with the ceiling vent pipe of the room in which the superconducting magnet is installed.

Abstract: Defrosting tool for maintaining the temporarily exposed cold head interface of a cryostat in frost-free condition. A plurality of electrically heated heat exchange surfaces of the tool simultaneously contacts a like plurality of cold head interface surfaces to vaporize frost formed on the latter. The tool further provides a passage for venting the vaporized frost to the surrounding environment.

Abstract: This invention relates to purification of a multicomponent gas while purifying and circulating a gas medium, such as a laser gas medium or the like. An object of the present invention is to provide a gas laser apparatus operating method and a gas laser apparatus in which it is easy to keep the laser output power constant for a long time. Disclosed is a method which performs laser oscillation while circulating a laser multicomponent gas medium containing a rare gas and in which the laser gas medium is circulated through an absorbent (10) which has been refrigerated to a temperature where all the components of the laser gas medium necessary for laser oscillation are not solidified.

Abstract: The sensor assembly includes a sensor tube in communication with the inner tank. A flush line extending from the liquid cryogen fill line is connected to the sensor tube at a three-way valve. The three way valve also connects the sensor tube to a pressure transducer. During normal operation, the sensor tube is in communication with the pressure transducer such that the level of liquid in the dewar can be monitored. When the liquid level falls below a predetermined level, the pressure transducer activates the three-way valve to connect the sensor tube to the flush line and opens a solenoid located in the fill line. As the cryogen liquid enters the fill line, a portion of it is diverted through the flush line, is vaporized and is passed through the sensor tube. The relatively warm gas flow in the sensor tube prevents the formation of ice and eliminates the problems associated therewith.

Abstract: The characterizing features of the invention are that a guide tube is provided which is disposed at least partially outside the evaporator plate and partially in the suction tube, is directly or indirectly retained on the evaporator and has a somewhat larger internal diameter than the external diameter of the throttle/capillary tube and a substantially smaller external diameter than that of the internal diameter of the suction tube; the throttle/capillary tube is inserted in the guide tube from outside and the compressor side end zone of the internal generated surface of the guide tube is connected pressure-tight inside a first longitudinal portion of the coolant supply line disposed in the guide tube to the associated zone of the external generated surface of the throttle/capillary tube and terminates in the guide tube; and the guide tube forms a second longitudinal portion of the coolant supply line having a cross-section widened in comparison with the capillary flow cross-section, and the inside space of t

Abstract: Magnetic shielding currents having a critical current density, Jc, at a superconducting temperature are stabilized by reducing the temperature of the superconducting body after a steady state or persistent current is established. The current density of the current at the reduced temperature is below the critical current density for the material at the reduced temperature. Decay of the magnetic shielding current at the reduced temperature is significantly reduced.

Abstract: A cryomagnet system, in particular for use with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments or ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) experiments, with a low-loss helium cryostat (1) comprising a helium container (2) and one or a plurality of tubes for the feed or exit of helium into or out of the helium container (2), respectively, the tubes being sealed to the atmosphere outside the helium container (2) by at least one non-return low-pressure valve (4), wherein at least one exhaust pipeline (3) is provided with a device for dissipating the energy of the expanding helium. Such a device may consist of a chamber which is deviated from the exhaust pipeline (3) and has a wall material of very high extensibility, e.g. a folding balloon. Yet the device may also consist of a flow baffle which is provided in the exhaust pipeline (3), for example a porous disc (6).

Abstract: Apparatus for reducing heat leakage into the interior of a liquid cryogen-holding vessel from the sealed well through which the vessel is accessed. An actively cooled heat sink in the well transfers heat to low temperature cryogen vapor venting from this vessel to the external environment.

Abstract: A method of gasification of an environment having the characteristic of a low concentration of gas. The method is particularly suited for oxygenation of hypoxemic blood. The method comprises the steps of preparing a powdered oxygen hydrate; mixing the hydrate with powdered ice; pulverizing the mixture of the hydrate and the ice into small particles; encapsulating the mixture of the hydrate and the ice within a pressure vessel; applying a high pressure to the mixture; warming the pressure vessel and its contents to provide an aqueous suspension of the hydrate within liquid water formed from the ice upon warming; providing a conduit in communication with a catheter, the catheter having one or more high resistance exit ports; and intravenous injection of the suspension of particles at a rate which permits mixing of the hydrate with its environment before decomposition of the gas hydrate or bubble coalescence can occur.

Abstract: This invention relates to high-Tc superconducting lead assemblies in a cryostat dual penetration for refrigerated superconductive magnets. Such structures of this type, generally, provide electrically isolated current paths with minimal heat leak between the 10K thermal station and the 50K thermal station while allowing for differential thermal contraction in the assembly, thus avoiding undesirable stresses in the leads.

Abstract: An infrared detector wherein an infrared detecting device can be cooled efficiently without increasing thermal stresses generated in the device body owing to cooling during the operation of the detector, and intrusion of ambient light can be prevented. A container for the infrared detecting device, which includes a bottom plate having a projection formed in the center thereof, is provided on an inner end portion of an inner cylinder constituting a dewar, and the infrared detecting device is placed on and secured to the projection of the bottom plate. The container bottom plate is made of an Invar, while the end portion of the inner cylinder is made of a Kovar or an Invar.

Abstract: In a multi-stage cold accumulation type refrigerator including a compressor disposed at an ordinary temperature, a helium gas as a common operating fluid to be compressed by the compressor, and one or more expansion chambers and cold accumulators of different temperature levels; a cold accumulating member of the cold accumulators is formed of an alloy or compound containing a rare earth metal, so that the efficiency of the refrigerator can be improved. Further, a heat generation quantity due to sliding resistance of a seal is set to be smaller than a theoretical generated refrigeration quantity to be obtained on the assumption of isothermal expansion in the expansion chambers, so that the refrigerating capacity can be improved. The refrigerator is applied to a cooling device for cooling a superconducting magnet, SQUID, superconducting computer, infrared telescope, etc.

Abstract: A cryostat in which a venting conduit is connected to a reservoir of the cryostat but no venting of cryogen within the reservoir can occur while fluid is flowing under pressure within the heat exchanger of the cryostat.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for passing a flat polyimide film cable as a communication cable (signal line) to a specimen through the inner wall made of FRP material and the outer wall of the cryostat for cooling a specimen such as, for example, a semiconductor operated in cryogenic liquid such as liquefied helium, particularly a method for passing the cable through the inner wall and sealing it thereto. A slit is provided in advance in the inner wall and an FRP layer is formed in advance on both surfaces of the polyimide film cable along distance sufficiently larger than the thickness of the inner wall, then the polyimide film cable provided with the FRP layer is passed through the slit so that part of the FRP layer is positioned inside the slit and the surface of the FRP layer and the internal surface of the slit are bonded and sealed with the adhesive.

Abstract: A cryogenic system, such as a superconducting magnet assembly of magnetic resonance imaging equipment, is cooled by a refrigeration unit having a first surface refrigerated to a desired temperature. The first surface has a indentation in which an indium body is bonded to the first surface. A copper thermal conductor has a second surface on which an indenter is formed. Preferably the indenter is either a spiraling peak or an array of pyramids projecting from the second surface. A mechanism is provided to hold the thermal conductor against the indium body with the indenter penetrating the body.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for cooling and filling a cryogen reservoir with liquid cryogen from the gas/liquid discharge of a heat exchanger. The cryogen reservoir has a cryogen liquid retaining material and a temperature sensing means remote from the heat exchanger. The gas/liquid discharge is located in a region within the reservoir proximate to the temperature sensing means. At least a portion of the discharge is passed through the liquid retaining material to be absorbed, thereby.

Abstract: Inefficiencies in an evaporator for a refrigerant in a refrigeration or air-conditioning system may be avoided in an evaporator having a plurality of tubes (18) in fluid and geometrical parallel through which the refrigerant may pass by providing a refrigerant distributor between an inlet (26) and the tubes (18) which includes an orifice (86) connected to the inlet (26) for directing a stream of refrigerant toward a flat impingement surface (102) from which it is disbursed to a plurality of receiver passages (34) angularly spaced about the periphery of the impingement surface (102) and respectively connected by a fluid passage (38, 44, 50) to an associated one of the tubes (18).

Abstract: An apparatus for cryogenically cooling a sample comprises a sample chamber within which the sample is suspended, and a vacuum chamber enclosing the sample chamber. A cryogenic element forms at least part of the sample chamber and is in spaced-apart relation to the sample. The element is maintained at cryogenic temperatures by a gas cryopump. A sufficient amount of heat-conductive gas is introduced into the sample chamber for placing the sample in thermal communication with the cryogenic element, thereby cooling the sample to cryogenic temperatures.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for delivering supercritical fluids uses one or two high pressure vessels. Each vessel is cooled below the critical temperature of the fluid while the vessel is being filled. The inlet is then closed and the vessel is heated to attain a predetermined pressure. The outlet of the vessel is then opened and supercritical fluid flows from the vessel for use in various processes such as extraction or chromatography. As the fluid flows from the high pressure vessel, the pressure is controlled by adjusting the temperature of the high pressure vessel. Usually, the temperature of the vessel will be increased as the supercritical fluid exits from the vessel. When two high pressure vessels are used, the vessels can be refilled on an alternating basis so that a continuous supply of supercritical fluid can be made available as long as it is required. The high pressure vessels can be two pieces of stainless steel tubing.

Abstract: Parallel heat paths are provided by three nested tubes, the outer tube being of stainless steel and connected cantilevered to a housing at ambient temperature. The innermost tube forms a cold finger having a negligible temperature gradient and secured in thermal conductive isolation concentrically within an intermediate cold sleeve tube which is also concentric within the outer tube, the cold finger and cold sleeve tubes being made of copper. The tubes have a minimum diameter and specular facing surfaces to minimize radiation coupling which is the major source of heat transfer between the tubes. The two inner tubes have minimum thermal conductive coupling via thermal insulating tapered rings at one end and a thermal insulating support at the other end. A radiation detector is secured to the inner cold finger tube for receiving X-ray radiation from a specimen in an electron microscope. The other ends of the two inner tubes ar thermally conductively connected to a heat sink Dewar via braided copper straps.

Abstract: In a cryostat having a vacuum container (6), a refrigerator (2) having an elongated part (2b, 2c) extending in the vacuum container and having a cooling section (36, 37), a cooled member (4, 5) cooled by the cooling section, and a thermal coupling member (21, 27) thermally coupling the cooling section (36, 37) with the cooled member (4, 5), the thermal coupling member includes a first thermal contactor (22, 28) thermally coupled to the cooling section, and a second thermal contactor (29) thermally coupled to the cooled member, the first and second contactors mating with each other. The mating surfaces of the first and second contactors are inclined, and one of the first and second contactors is mounted such that it can be moved. A resilient member presses said one of the contactors against the other contactor. The contact pressure at the mating surfaces is thereby kept substantially constant.

Abstract: A refrigeration appliance is provided having at least two refrigeration compartments, each compartment having its own access door. The appliance includes a single evaporator located in a plenum which is selectively in communication with each of the compartments, a single compressor, preferably run by a variable speed motor, and a refrigerant circuit including a series of conduits for providing a flow of refrigerant to the evaporator and compressor. A first restriction device is provided in the conduit connecting the compressor with the evaporator, the restriction device operating at a first pressure level. A second restriction device is also provided in the conduit connecting the compressor with the evaporator, preferably in parallel with the first restriction device, the second restriction device operating at a pressure level higher than the first pressure level.

Abstract: An extremely thin, conically shaped sealing member is interposed between the cooling element of a cryocooler and a dewar to permit the flow of cryogenic gases in one direction toward the cold end of the cooling element where the gas liquifies and is precluded from passing past the sealing member in an opposite direction so as to maintain the cryogenic liquid at such cooling element cold end when subjected to extreme acceleration forces. The sealing member can be formed in place directly onto the cooling element or separately fabricated from flat stock and subsequently fixedly secured to the cooling element.

Abstract: This invention relates to thermal busbar assemblies in a cryostat dual penetration for refrigerated superconductive magnets. Such structures of this type, generally, allow heat to be conducted from the refrigerated superconductive magnet to the refrigeration cold head while isolating the magnet from the vibration created by the cold head.

Abstract: This invention relates to cold head mounting assemblies in a cryostat dual penetration for refrigerated superconductive magnets. Such structures of this type, generally, allow heat to be conducted from the refrigerated superconductive magnet to the refrigeration cold head while isolating the magnet from the vibration created by the cold head.

Abstract: A refrigeration expansion valve meters the flow of refrigerant therethrough through a flexible orifice that varies in cross sectional area as a function of the pressure differential across the valve. The flexible orifice is provided in a tubular elastomeric element that is supported at opposite ends by rigid support means. A rigid spacer means is provided for engaging the support means to prevent the pressure differential of the refrigeration system from exerting an axial force on the flexible flow metering element.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for preventing evaporation of liquefied gas in a liquefied gas reservoir used for cooling an energy dispersive spectrometer type X-ray detector (EDS detector) and its control method. A cold head of a cryogenic refrigerator is disposed in an upper opening of the liquefied gas reservoir, the cryogenic refrigerator is adapted to be put into automatic operation depending on temperature inside the liquefied gas reservoir, wherein the automatic operation mode of the cryogenic refrigerator is put into rest by remote control during the use of the EDS detector, while the cryogenic refrigerator is put into automatic operation with a previous alarm issued when the temperature inside the liquefied gas reservoir increases over a set temperature with the EDS detector being out of use, thereby allowing vaporized gas to be reliquefied with gas consumption reduced.

Abstract: Liquid is cooled in a columnar vessel having an inlet and an outlet for the liquid. The cooling is effected by introducing liquid cryogen into the vessel through a pipe. The liquid cryogen vaporizes and crates turbulence in the liquid in the vessel. Perforated plates dampen the turbulence and disengage the vaporized cryogen from the liquid being cooled. Pressurized gas is introduced from an inlet into the liquid beneath the liquid cryogen. This pressurized gas crates turbulence in the region where the cryogen enters the liquid and thus is able to prevent local freezing of the liquid in the mouth of the pipe. The liquid is typically water and the liquid cryogen typically liquid nitrogen.

Abstract: In a method and an apparatus for the precooling of a helium tank of a cryostat, in particular an optical cryostat with optical components in the helium tank, or an NMR cryostat, or a medical NMR cryostat for magnet resonance imaging, which accepts a superconducting magnet coil, a simple and cost effective precooling is achieved in that liquid nitrogen is directed out of a storage container under small overpressure via a conduit through an opening in the helium tank of a cryostat into a heat exchanger arranged in the helium tank and therefrom, by way of an opening, out of the cryostat and, finally, into a collecting container, in particular, into a nitrogen tank surrounding the helium tank.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gas laser using a laser gas medium while circulating and purifying the laser gas medium. An object of the invention is to provide a gas laser apparatus operating method and a gas laser apparatus in which it is easy to keep laser output power constant for a long time. Disclosed is a method for performing laser oscillation while circulating a laser gas medium containing a rare gas, in which a gas which is to be solidified at a trap temperature is preliminarily attached to a low temperature trap containing a filler so as to be solidified, and then the solidified gas is brought into contact with the laser gas medium.

Abstract: A device for cooling a SQUID measuring instrument for measuring biomagnetic or other weak magnetic fields includes a cryostat containing a vacuum in an interior space. At least one superconducting gradiomeer and at least one associated SQUID are disposed in the vacuum. Heat-conducting connections thermally couple the superconducting gradiometer and the associated SQUID to a cryogen supplied from outside the cryostat. A carrier structure supports the SQUID and the gradiometer. The carrier structure has cooling channels through which the cryogen is forced. A cryogen supply unit is situated outside the cryostat and a cryogen transfer line couples the cryogen supply unit to the cooling channels.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for cooling high temperature superconducting materials (HTSC) to superconductive temperatures within the range of 27.degree. K. to 77.degree. K. using a mixed refrigerant consisting of liquefied neon and nitrogen containing up to about ten mole percent neon by contacting and surrounding the HTSC material with the mixed refrigerant so that free convection or forced flow convection heat transfer can be effected.

Abstract: In a method and a device for precooling the helium tank of a cryostat, in particular one for accommodating a superconductive magnet coil, contamination of the helium tank is avoided by the fact that helium gas is cooled down to the temperature of boiling nitrogen in a closed circuit, the helium gas is then circulated through the helium tank and thereafter cooled down again to the temperature of boiling nitrogen. The helium tank is cooled by means of the helium gas, which has a temperature of 77 K, until the tank has reached that temperature. The interior of the helium tank getting into contact exclusively with helium, the helium tank can be filled with liquid helium immediately after it has reached the precooling temperature, without the need to clean the tank first.

Abstract: A refrigerant expansion device including a body having a flow passage extending therethrough which may pass refrigerant in either direction. A piston is slideably mounted in the flow passage for movement between a first position and a second position in response to the direction of refrigerant flow through the flow passage. The piston has a metering port extending therethrough for metering the flow of refrigerant when the piston is moved to the first position responsive to the flow of refrigerant in one direction through the metering device. The piston also includes at least one flow channel substantially parallel to the metering port for passing a substantially unrestricted flow of refrigerant when the piston is moved away from the first position in the direction of the second position responsive to the flow of refrigerant in the opposite direction. Means are provided for moving the piston, against the flow of refrigerant in the one direction away from the first position.

Abstract: A magnetically shielded cryostat, e.g. in a MRI imaging apparatus, has a heat-insulating tank having an outer wall. A magnetic shield is spaced from the tank, covers at least partly the outer wall of the tank and is not supported by the tank. A refrigerator having a cooled member extends into the tank. In order to avoid direct transmission of vibration of the refrigerator to a center region of the shield, the refrigerator is supported on the magnetic shield by at least one elongate support member connected to the shield only at or close to the ends of the shield.

Abstract: In a cryostat having a vacuum container (6), a refrigerator (2) having an elongated part (2b,2c) extending in the vacuum container and having a cooling section (36, 37), a cooled member (4, 5) cooled by the cooling section, and a thermal coupling member (21, 27) thermally coupling the cooling section (36, 37) with the cooled member (4, 5), the thermal coupling member includes a first thermal contactor (22, 28) thermally coupled to the cooling section, and a second thermal contactor (29) thermally coupled to the cooled member, the first and second contactors mating with each other. The mating surfaces of the first and second contactors are inclined, and one of the first and second contactors is mounted such that it can be moved. A resilient member presses said one of the contactors against the other contactor. The contact pressure at the mating surfaces is thereby kept substantially constant.

Abstract: An improved nested tube cryogenic support and its method of manufacture includes a plurality of nested tube assemblies each including an FRP tube having a metal connector element integrally joined at each end thereof by forming a groove around the outer periphery of the connector elements, forming the end portion of the uncured FRP tube into the groove, and applying a prestressed fiber reinforced plastic band around the outer periphery of the tube at the groove to apply a compressive force reinforcing the joint between the connector elements and the tube.

Abstract: A payload loaded into a chamber is cycled to a low temperature of about -320.degree. F. using liquid nitrogen fed to a heat exchanger evaporator that is located at the top of the chamber so that gaseous nitrogen vapor from the evaporator, at substantially the same temperature as the liquid nitrogen, is circulated to a payload in the chamber below, and, at the same time, gas from the chamber is circulated upward to highly thermally conductive fins on the heat exchanger that are cooled by the liquid nitrogen evaporation. Thus, heat from the payload is fed from the gas circulating upward to the heat exchanger to evaporate the liquid nitrogen and so the payload located at the bottom of the chamber is cooled by gas kinetics and is never touched by the liquid nitrogen.

Abstract: A power lead for a cryostat has high temperature superconducting (HTSC) conductors extending inward toward a pool of liquid cryogen in the cryostat in series with normal conductors extending from the HTSC conductors to outside the cryostat. Tubular shrouds vented to atmosphere direct a flow of cryogen vapor along the HTSC conductors to maintain them superconducting, and along the normal conductors to remove Joule heat and heat leakage along the normal conductors. In one embodiment, a pool of liquid nitrogen maintained within a tubular inner shroud is the principal coolant for the normal conductors. Helium vapor is circulated over the HTSC conductors and is then directed by an outer tubular shroud around the inner tubular shroud to provide additional cooling for the normal conductors. Flexible connectors at one end of each of the HTSC conductors accommodate for individual thermal contractions of these conductors.

Abstract: A device for preventing evaporation of liquefied gas in a liquefied gas reservoir used to cool an EDS detector of an electron microscope or the like is disclosed. A cold head of a cryogenic refrigerator is disposed so as to fit an opening of the top of the liquefied gas reservoir and moreover a temperature measuring instrument or a level gauge is disposed within the liquefied gas reservoir so that the cryogenic refrigerator is automatically operated depending on the temperature within the liquefied gas reservoir or on change in the liquid level of liquefied gas. In the manner vaporized gas is condensed and reliquefied, thus suppressing wasteful dissipation of vaporized gas.

Abstract: In a cryostat comprising a cryogen container for containing a liquid cryogen, and a refrigerator for recondensing a cryogen gas resulting from evaporating of the liquid cryogen, the pressure within the cryogen container is detected, and when the pressure falls to a negative value due to excessive cooling, a heater is turned on to raise the temperature thereby to enhance the evaporation. As an alternative, the refrigerator may be turned off or its power may be lowered. This will increase the pressure within the cryogen container. When the pressure rises to a positive value, the heater is turned off or the refrigerator is turned on or its power is raised. Through such control, the pressure can be maintained at a constant, positive value. As a result, deformation of the cryogen container due to pressure variation is avoided, and deformation of the superconducting coil wound on the cryogen container is avoided, and the magnetic field strength and the magnetic field uniformity can be maintained constant.

Abstract: A cooling apparatus for cooling a pivotable detector contains a first cooler which serves for cooling the detector and contains a depressurization outlet through which pressurized argon which has been precooled below its inversion point, is depressurized and thereby cooled. A second cooler is operated using pressurized methane and serves for precooling the pressurized argon. The second cooler constitutes a Joule-Thomson cooler containing a depressurization nozzle for depressurizing and thereby cooling the pressurized methane, and a countercurrent heat exchanger arranged upstream of the depressurization nozzle for precooling the infed pressurized methane by the depressurized and cooled methane. The first cooler constitutes an expansion cooler containing a depressurization outlet and a heat exchanger upstream of the depressurization outlet for exclusive heat exchange between the pressurized argon and the depressurized and cooled methane.

Abstract: In a multi-stage cold accumulation type refrigerator including a compressor disposed at an ordinary temperature, a helium gas as a common operating fluid to be compressed by the compressor, and one or more expansion chambers and cold accumulators of different temperature levels; a cold accumulating member of the cold accumulators is formed of an alloy or compound containing a rare earth metal, so that the efficiency of the refrigerator can be improved. Further, a heat generation quantity due to sliding resistance of a seal is set to be smaller than a theoretical generated refrigeration quantity to be obtained on the assumption of isothermal expansion in the expansion chambers, so that the refrigerating capacity can be improved. The refrigerator is applied to a cooling device for cooling a superconducting magnet, SQUID, superconducting computer, infrared telescope, etc.

Abstract: A cryostat, in particular for superconductive magnets, comprising different components nested in each other, one of them forming an outer shell and at least another one forming a tank arranged in the latter for receiving a coolant, and comprising further tension bars for interconnecting each inner component with its respective adjacent outer component, the said tension bars containing reinforcing fibers and being equipped at their ends with tie rods by means of which they are fixed to the respective component. A bond of high strength is achieved between the tension bars and tie rods due to the fact that the tie rods are provided with an outwardly widening bore, that each end of each tension bar is arranged in the bore in such a manner that the ends of the reinforcing fibers, being spread apart and impregnated with a glue, are located at the wider end of the bore.

Abstract: The regulator of the invention includes a pressure builder inlet, economizer outlet and a pressure builder outlet/economizer inlet. A valve is moved in response to the pressure of the gas head in the tank to connect the pressure builder outlet/economizer inlet with either the pressure builder inlet or economizer outlet. As a result, the single dual-function regulator of the invention allows gas to be delivered from either the gas head or the liquid body as determined by the pressure of the gas head. A manual pressure build up valve is provided to allow isolation of the pressure build up system.

Abstract: A refrigerant expansion valve meters the flow of refrigerant therethrough through a flexible orifice that increases in cross sectional area as the pressure differential across the valve increases.

Abstract: In order to improve image resolution and magnetic field uniformity in a magnetic resonance imaging device, the vibrations and loads produced by the cryocooler are isolated from the superconducting magnet and cryostat. The vibrations and loads are isolated through the use of flexible, laminated copper connectors and rubber mounts.

Abstract: A wafer chuck having a substantially hollow cavity therein utilizes the latent vaporization of a liquid to extract heat from the wafer. An insulated heater provides for heating the wafer to its desired operating point as rapidly as possible in order to bring the wafer to its operating point before plasma etching or deposition occurs.