Abstract: An evaporation-cooled gas insulated electrical apparatus comprising, in a housing, an electrical device generating heat when in operation, a condensable refrigerant convertible between liquid and vapor phases, and a noncondensable, electrically insulating gas. The condensable refrigerant and the noncondensable gas are selected so that the ratio V.sub.g /V.sub.1 of the gas phase volume V.sub.g and the liquid phase volume V.sub.1 is between 1 and 10, and so that the specific weight of the noncondensable gas is smaller than the specific weight of the vapor of the condensable refrigerant during operation, and so that the noncondensable gas and the condensable refrigerant vapor are separated due to the difference in their specific weights.

Abstract: The invention relates to the freezing of biological products contained in straws and more particularly to the initiation of the crystallization phase. A series of straws is disposed in such manner that the straws are arranged in parallel side-by-side relation and a crystallization bar (10) is mounted by springs (20) on two arms (11 and 12) connected to a rotary shaft (13). The arms shift the bar between a waiting position in a receiver-cradle (16) which is deeply cooled by a pipe (17-18) and an operative position in which is bears against the straws. Application in the freezing of blood cells, human and animal sperm, fragments of biological tissues and embryos, etc.

Abstract: A simple, inexpensive method of inerting transport containers, particularly for goods which easily spoil in the air, such as foodstuffs, plants and flowers, by a gas which contains nitrogen and a predetermined concentration of up to about 5 vol.

Abstract: A plurality of upstanding cooling ducts in a condenser are closed at their upper ends and only a lower header which is disposed at the lower ends of the cooling ducts communicates a tank with the cooling ducts. In another embodiment, a check valve and a gas pump are disposed in an upper conduit connecting the tank to a common upper header communicating the cooling ducts with each other at their upper ends so as to discharge the noncondensable gas from the condenser to the tank. Further, a sensing device may be disposed to sense the interface between the noncondensable gas and the vapor refrigerant in the cooling ducts, and a controller may be disposed to compare the interface level sensed by the sensing device with a reference interface level set in the controller to control the gas pump such that the actual interface level is in conformity with the reference interface level.

Abstract: A method is provided for the successful cryopreservation of biological materials including whole organs, organ sections, tissues and cells, in a non-frozen (vitreous) state, comprising cooling the biological material to be preserved under pressure in the presence of a non-toxic vitrifable protective solution to at least the glass transition temperature thereof to vitrify the solution without substantial nucleation or ice crystal growth and without significant injury to the biomaterial. The invention also provides non-toxic protective vitrification solutions useful in the cryopreservation of biomaterials.

Abstract: A refrigerator having a reversible cold air meat keeper for providing convenient access thereto regardless of the side of the refrigerator that the doors are hinged. The cold air is channeled into a plenum behind the back wall of the refrigerator compartment and there are at least two spaced ports communicating from the plenum into the chamber. The cold air meat keeper has a conduit extending from the rear wall thereof. In one predetermined mounting position of the meat keeper, the conduit removably couples with one of the ports for receiving cold air from the plenum. In the alternate predetermined mounting position of the meat keeper, the conduit removably couples with the other port for receiving cold air.

Abstract: An inert gas atmosphere of nitrogen and carbon dioxide is created in a refrigerated container having a diesel engine. A lower oxygen content is maintained by an oxygen limit control while the nitrogen is led into the interior of the container from a gas bottle connected with the container when the predetermined oxygen limit value is exceeded. While the inert gases are being supplied, a constant flow of cold gaseous nitrogen is produced by an electrical evaporator in the liquid nitrogen storage tank and connected to the generator of the diesel engine while carbon dioxide is removed from the gas bottle, heated, released to a constant pressure and fed into the container via throttle points constituting a parallel-switched group of such throttle points which can be individually activated.

Abstract: An apparatus for reducing the temperature of articles to the cryogenic state in reducing the temperature of embryos at a controlled and predetermined rate is disclosed comprised of a housing defining an insulated cooling chamber employed in association with support means for removably suspending the embryos within a chamber. A gaseous medium, such as, air circulates along a closed path through the chamber so that the embryos are disposed in its path and a heat exchanger including a heat transfer medium is positioned in the flow path of the gaseous medium together with a temperature sensor so that the rate of cooling may be programmed and regulated automatically by correlation of the temperature sensor with the heat exchange medium.

Abstract: Controlled freezing of a material (12) is accomplished by positioning an aliquot of the material (12) upon one surface (26) of a longitudinally extending substrate (14). First (30) and second (36) bases are provided each having heat transfer surfaces (32,40) which are adapted to sit in heat transfer relation with the other surface (24) of the substrate (14). The temperature of the first base (30) is controlled to be above the freezing temperature of the material (12). The temperature of the second base (36) is controlled to be below the freezing temperature of the material (12). The substrate (14) is moved longitudinally across the first base (30) in the direction of second base (36) while maintaining heat transfer relation of both bases (30,36) with the first surface (24) of the substrate (14). The frezzing rate of the material (12) is closely controlled and frozen material (12) can be produced in a continuous process.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of heat exchange performed by blowing atomized or sprayed water against an evaporator pipe through which a refrigerant is circulating and by forcing air to circulate through the sprayed water, on to a refrigerating installation or a refrigerator in which the cooled moist air is used. This invention is useful for the refrigeration of cakes and perishable foods, for example, because a substance being refrigerated can be refrigerated while its moisture is prevented from evaporating, since the air cooled by the invention heat method contains tiny water droplets contacts the substance being refrigerated directly.

Abstract: A freezing device for biological products comprises an impeller arranged at the top of a sleeve located above a basin of liquid nitrogen. The impeller causes a rising flow of nitrogen vapors within the sleeve and a descending flow outside it, the impeller and sleeve being arranged within a casing. When cooling is completed, the sleeve is lowered into the basin of liquid nitrogen. The invention is applied to the freezing of biological products stored in tubes, ampoules, phials, or straws arranged at the base of the sleeve.

Abstract: A cooling system is provided for organs during transplant surgery. A disposable receptacle (10) has a sterilizable interior and is formed of a material that is sufficiently rigid to maintain its shape normally without collapsing but sufficiently flexible to be squeezable manually. A disposable flexible container (16) is located inside the receptacle. The flexible container (16) contains a liquid solution that is adapted to be chilled in a freezer. The flexible container (16) and its contents are sterilizable and useful for providing cooling for organs during surgical transplants. The disposable receptacle (10) has a peelable lid (14) that is sealed to a tray portion (12) to enable the sterilizable container (16) to be aseptically removed from the receptacle (10).

Abstract: In the method of freezing and transplanting a kidney including the successive steps of excising, flushing, hypothermically infusing, freezing, thawing, infusing and implantation, the improvement including the steps of metering and infusing pressurized chilled helium into the renal artery while progressively and rapidly cooling the kidney located on a support of a container that is not immersed but surrounded by a body of liquid nitrogen, while continuously metering nitrogen into the body of liquid nitrogen and simultaneously and continuously recording temperatures and rate for cooling. The kidney is held above the liquid nitrogen by the support and is subjected to the pressurized nitrogen atmosphere within the cooling chamber or tank. A further step in which the thawing includes the application of infrared radiation to the kidney within a confined area while continuously rotating the kidney for uniform thawing.

Abstract: A plurality of special pallets aligned end to end in two rows on the floor of an insulated transport container form a false floor with fluid conduits therebelow. Each of the special pallets is a single piece casting of plastic material with a thin solid top, three spaced-apart runners attached below the top, end braces attached to the pallet ends, and a horizontal reinforcing web supporting the top. Voids extending between the runners are aligned to form four fluid conduits from the front of the container to its rear. A pan or false ceiling is suspended from the container ceiling to form a sprinkler plenum between the pan and the ceiling. Chilled water is pumped into the sprinkler plenum, and sprinkled through regularly spaced holes in the pan onto vegetation stacked on the false floor. Water sprinkled onto the vegetation drains through slits in the pallet tops into the fluid conduits and flows therethrough to a drain at the rear of the container.

Abstract: A method of preserving an organ which comprises first perfusing step of injecting blood uniformly perfusing choline from an artery or portal vein of the excised organ while gradually lowering its temperature and exhausting it from the vein continuing until the liquid is lowered to the first proximity lowering temperature before its solidifying temperature, second perfusing step of perfusing refrigerating defect preventing dimethyl sulfoxide or glycerin instead of the blood uniformly perfusing liquid while gradually lowering its temperature from the first proximity lowering temperature continuing until the agent becomes the second proximity lowering temperature before its solidifying temperature, third perfusing step of perfusing the final perfusing liquid of low solidifying temperature lower than alcohol or ether instead of the agent while gradually lowering the liquid from the second proximity lowering temperature continuing until the liquid becomes the third proximity lowering temperature before its solidif

Abstract: An aircraft cabin humidification system for humidifying an air mass within the cabin. The system comprises:(a) means for ventilating the cabin with a ram air stream;(b) means for humidifying the air of the ram air stream so as to maintain a desired level of humidity within the cabin;(c) means for exhausting at least a portion of said air from the cabin;(d) removal means for at least partially removing moisture from the air removed from the cabin;(e) recycle means for recycling at least a portion of the moisture from the exhausted air; and(f) humidification means for humidifying the cabin by adding at least a portion of the removed moisture to the cabin.A method for ventilating an aircraft cabin comprising the steps of:(a) injecting ram air into the cabin;(b) humidifying the ram air by injecting moisture therein;(c) exhausting air from said cabin;(d) removing moisture from the exhausted air of step (c);(e) recycling the removed moisture of step (d); and(f) reinjecting the removed moisture into the ram air.

Abstract: An apparatus for reducing the temperature of articles to the cryogenic state in reducing the temperature of embryos at a controlled and predetermined rate is disclosed comprised of a housing defining an insulated cooling chamber employed in association with support means for removably suspending the embryos within a chamber. A gaseous medium, such as, air circulates along a closed path through the chamber so that the embryos are disposed in its path and a heat exchanger including a heat transfer medium is positioned in the flow path of the gaseous medium together with a temperature sensor so that the rate of cooling may be programmed and regulated automatically by correlation of the temperature sensor with the heat exchange medium.

Abstract: An enclosed device and method for controlled freezing of cell cultures, especially eucaryotic cell cultures, contained in cell culture vials by means of a conventional freezer includes a container and top, a supporting grid and supporting grid base within the container for supporting the culture vials and a compatible liquid refrigerant in a volume of at least fifteen times the culture volume and at a level to totally immerse all of the cultures to be frozen. Compatible liquid refrigerants include the straight chain aliphatic alcohols, preferrably ethanol and methanol.

Abstract: Fresh produce is loaded into an enclosed trailer, and the doors closed. Chilled water is pumped through overhead sprinkler pipes to chill the product to about 35 degrees Fahrenheit. Liquid nitrogen is used to maintain the trailer cold during transit and storage. Nitrogen tanks within the trailer are filled during the water chill operation. The nitrogen tanks are bled during the filling operation and the bled nitrogen extends through expansion tubes which are located co-axially within the water sprinkler tubes in the ceiling. From there the nitrogen is fed through exhaust pipes along the floor of the transport to purge the product of atmosphere and respiration gases. During transport, the liquid nitrogen is fed into the overhead expansion tubes for refrigeration and again the evaporated nitrogen is fed to the exhaust pipes along the floor to purge the product of respiration gases and to maintain the product oxygen-free.

Abstract: A method of freezing fertilized ova, spermatozoa or the like which has the steps of containing fertilized ova, spermatozoa or the like in a buffer solution at an irregular position in a tube, and cooling the same so that a buffer solution contained in an area containing no fertilized ova, spermatozoa or the like become lower in temperature than the buffer solution containing the fertilized ova, spermatozoa or the like with a desired refrigerant to freeze the second buffer solution to produce crystalline nuclei, and then cooling the nuclei so that the nuclei grow to the first buffer solution. And, an apparatus for freezing fertilized ova, spermatozoa or the like which can carry out the above method. Thus, the survival rate of the fertilized ova, spermatozoa or the like can be raised, and the fertilized ova, spermatozoa or the like can be readily frozen under an automatic control by simple cooling means.

Abstract: A process for the freezing of organic tissue is disclosed, in which the atmospheric pressure in contact with the tissue is gradually lowered before or during the freezing process. The decompression is done at a rate and to a degree whereby a substantial portion of the gaseous matter dissolved in the cellular fluid is released to the atmosphere, without substantial vaporization of the fluid itself. The release of the dissolved gases permits freezing of the tissue without damage to the cellular structure, and thus permits a full return to the original appearance and consistency upon thawing.

Abstract: Modern refrigerated container ships have a hold in which insulated containers carrying perishable products are stacked and are connected to a source of cold air, which is circulated through the containers to cool the products. This system has disadvantages such as the dehydration of the products by the constant circulation of the cold air. The invention provides that the containers in such a conveyance are sealed and their interiors contain a modified atmosphere being cooled by circulation through a heat exchange unit which is sealed in the container and which receives cold air from the exterior source. The invention can analogously be applied to the warming of products.

Abstract: Fresh produce is loaded into an enclosed trailer, and the doors closed. Chilled water is pumped through overhead sprinkler pipes to chill the product to about 35 degrees Fahrenheit. The excess water is drained through a special drain at the bottom of the trailer. Liquid nitrogen is used to maintain the trailer cold during transit and storage. Nitrogen tanks within the trailer are filled during the water chill operation. The nitrogen tanks are bled during the filling operation and the bled nitrogen extends through expansion tubes which are located co-axially within the water sprinkler tubes in the ceiling. From there the nitrogen is fed through exhaust pipes along the floor of the transport to purge the product of atmosphere and more particularly to purge it of respiration gases. During transport, the liquid nitrogen is fed into the overhead expansion tubes for refrigeration and again the evaporated nitrogen is fed to the exhaust pipes along the floor to purge the product of respiration gases.

Abstract: A method and refrigeration apparatus for producing a sterile slush ice from a sterile liquid for use in surgical procedures. The refrigeration apparatus includes a cabinet having a heat transfer basin at the top and refrigeration mechanism in the cabinet for cooling the heat transfer basin. A separate sterile product basin is positioned in the heat transfer basin and cooled through a heat transfer medium in the product basin. A sterile liquid is deposited in the product basin and ice is scraped off the walls of the product basin with a sterile scraper. A sterile cover including a liquid impervious cover sheet is provided for covering the heat transfer basin and the heat exchange medium therein and the upper portion of the refrigeration apparatus.

Abstract: The temperature of a biological specimen or other object may be controlled by supporting the object within a vessel containing a liquid cryogen above the liquid cryogen level and varying the vertical spacing between the object and the liquid cryogen level. The vessel is provided with vertically continuous inner walls of high thermal conductivity, e.g., metal walls, to provide a vertical temperature gradient within the vessel above the liquid cryogen level.

Abstract: A method of and an apparatus for the storage of biological materials at low temperature provides the biological material in containers (biotainers) which are displaced in a vessel subject to low temperature cooling along a closed path. The movement of the biotainers along this closed path has been found to reduce deterioration and increase the storage life thereof. The system is principally effective for the storage of blood.

Abstract: An enclosed device and method for controlled freezing of cell cultures, especially eucaryotic cell cultures, contained in cell culture vials by means of a conventional freezer includes a container and top, a supporting grid and supporting grid base within the container for supporting the cultire vials and a compatible liquid refrigerant in a volume of at least fifteen times the culture volume and at a level to totally immerse all of the cultures to be frozen. Compatible liquid refrigerants include the straight chain aliphatic alcohols, preferrably ethanol and methanol.

Abstract: Modern refrigerated container ships have a hold in which insulated containers carrying perishable products are stacked and are connected to a source of cold air, which is circulated through the containers to cool the products. This system has disadvantages such as the dehydration of the products by the constant circulation of the cold air. The invention provides that the containers in such a conveyance are sealed and their interiors contain a modified atmosphere being cooled by circulation through a heat exchange unit which is sealed in the container and which receives cold air from the exterior source. The invention can analagously be applied to the warming of products.

Abstract: An incubator apparatus comprising an air-tight, sealed compartment for providing an incubation chamber and a sealed control compartment for housing electronic control circuitry. The control compartment and the incubation chamber are sealed and insulated from each other by a wall. Temperature, humidity and gas content of the incubation chamber are controlled from the control compartment by way of sensors, conduits and controls coupled between the incubation chamber and control compartment. The electronic components are enclosed within sealed boxes, each box having all but one of its faces substantially positioned inside the control compartment and one face oriented to the outside, whereby the face is removable for providing easy access and removal of the electronic components. Removal is achieved without disturbing the environment inside the incubation chamber and control compartment.

Abstract: This invention relates to the freezing of biological tissues in a rapid manner in order to prevent the formation of ice crystals in tissue surface layers. The apparatus consists of a reservoir containing a liquid quenchant near its melting temperature, a jet nozzle for delivery of the liquid, and a means of preventing liquid from contacting tissue until it has reached low temperature and a uniform flow has been established.Fixation occurs within a small fraction of a second near the tissue surface, so that small polar molecules and ions can be prevented from diffusion during and after fixation, and their position at the time of fixation can be later determined. The process is applicable to freeze-fixation, freeze-preservation, freeze-fracture, and to rapid cooling of small areas of surfaces when it is desired to limit crystal formation by establishing a high rate of cooling.

Abstract: The process for freezing cell suspensions by locating the suspension in a freezing chamber and simultaneously monitoring the temperature of the suspended cells and of the chamber. The cooling of the chamber is regulated at predetermined rates in response to give temperature levels of the sample. The cooling chamber includes a fan, a heater, and a source of refrigerant. The process includes the steps of selectively decreasing and increasing the temperature of the freezing chamber responsive to predetermined temperature points on the freezing curve of the cell sample.

Abstract: Warm food products are chilled to a sanitary storage temperature approaching 0.degree. C. without dehydration by introducing them into a cold humid 100% humidity chamber. The humidity is regenerated by spraying refrigerated water and the products are passed through a chilling chamber on a conveyor belt with a spiral path configuration.Various cabinet features reduce input energy and provide sanitary conditions, such as supplying sanitary water, and filtering droplets of water from the cold moist air to avoid contamination or product disfiguring drip. Provisions are made to prevent a moving conveyor belt from carrying warm air into the chiller or from carrying cold air out of it as it passes continuously through the chiller cabinet. All lubricated mechanical equipment is mounted external to the food processing chilling chamber and access doors are provided for sanitation. The water spray chamber and water flow paths are simply sanitized by replacing the water with a detergent solution.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device for the cryogenic storing of products. In a tank, canisters are suspended via rods, and these rods rest on the rim of the tank via retaining heads. The invention is applicable to the cryogenic storage of seeds, semen, vegetable substances, etc.

Abstract: A cryogenic cooler, e.g. for medical specimen or other samples or materials to be brought to temperatures below 0.degree. C., comprises a stable and precise cryogenic device in which a liquefied gas is continuously vaporized in the absence of a free surface of a bath of the liquid, the vessel being a Dewar receptacle open to the atmosphere whereby a slight atmospheric pressure excludes moisture-carrying air and thus prevents ice deposits in the vessel or on the sample.

Abstract: The invention concerns a device for the cryo-substitution of small biological objects for microscopic, especially electron microscopic investigations, with a metal receptacle for the reception of at least one object, which is mounted in a dewar flask containing a liquid cryogen and which can be regulated to a desired temperature by means of the cryogen and a regulatable heating device joined to the receptacle.

Abstract: The process for freezing cell suspensions by locating the suspension in a freezing chamber and simultaneously monitoring the temperature of the suspended cells and of the chamber. The cooling of the chamber is regulated at predetermined rates in response to given temperature levels of the sample. The cooling chamber includes a fan, a heater, and a source of refrigerant. The process includes the steps of selectively decreasing and increasing the temperature of the freezing chamber responsive to predetermined temperature points on the freezing curve of the cell sample.

Abstract: The invention concerns a device for metallic mirror-cryofixation and subsequent cryopreparation of biological materials for microscopic, in particular electron microscopic examinations, employing a highly polished metallic mirror cooled to very low temperatures by a cryogen and mounted in a metal freezing chamber, which can be flooded with a gaseous cryogen, on which an object can be placed by means of an injection mechanism or the like, wherein the freezing chamber has an adequate volume for cryopreparation and for accepting the required accessory devices.

Abstract: A refrigerator for maintaining high humidity therein where the evaporator surfaces are oversized and maintained at a frost-free temperature, continuous forced air is passed over the evaporator and over a drip water dish within the refrigerator compartment, and the compartment is vented to the outside of the refrigerator.

Abstract: Warm food products are chilled to a sanitary storage temperature approaching 0.degree. C. without dehydration by introducing them into a cold humid 100% humidity chamber. The humidity is regenerated by spraying refrigerated water and the products are passed through a chilling chamber on a conveyor belt with a spiral path configuration.Various cabinet features reduce input energy and provide sanitary conditions, such as supplying sanitary water, and filtering droplets of water from the cold moist air to avoid contamination or product disfiguring drip. Provisions are made to prevent a moving conveyor belt from carrying warm air into the chiller or from carrying cold air out of it as it passes continuously through the chiller cabinet. All lubricated mechanical equipment is mounted external to the food processing chilling chamber and access doors are provided for sanitation. The water spray chamber and water flow paths are simply sanitized by replacing the water with a detergent solution.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for exchanging heat with condensable fluid are disclosed. In the process, a two-phase fluid is passed through the tubes of a heat exchanger under conditions of temperature and pressure such that the quality of the two-phase flow lies in the range of 0.03 to 0.97. The two-phase fluid is in a state of thermodynamic saturation at both the entry and exit of the heat exchanger. The change in quality of the two-phase mixture passing through the heat exchanger is distributed over the entire heat exchanger. The apparatus according to the invention includes a plurality of connected modular stages, each stage including a heat exchanger, a vapor-liquid separator, a compressor, an ejector and the suitable conduits to establish fluid communication between adjacent stages.

Abstract: An inexpensive, statically controlled cooling rate device comprising a cassette of metal plates and cardboard insulation in a plastic bag was used to freeze platelets in liquid nitrogen with glycerol-glucose as cryoprotectant. Depending on the thermocouple location, the cooling rate in the freezing bag varied between 22.1.degree. and 38.6.degree. C. per minute, averaging 33.6.degree..+-.1.1.degree. C. per minute at the center. The post-thaw recovery of platelets frozen with this device and reconstituted in plasma averaged 88.6.+-.11.7 percent, compared to 86.1.+-.9.9 percent for nonfrozen but identically processed platelets. [.sup.14 C]Serotonin uptake after 0.5-hour incubation was 95.9.+-.1.9 percent for fresh platelets in platelet-rich plasma, 92.7.+-.4.4 percent for nonfrozen processed platelets, and 81.4.+-.11.8 percent for frozen platelets, increasing to 85.9.+-.7.7 percent after one-hour incubation.

Abstract: A pile of scrap turnings can undergo exothermic reactions, especially when wet. To reduce the temperature of the pile, an inert gas, preferably nitrogen, is introduced into the pile. This technique is particularly useful for a pile of turnings in a ship's hold. This technique can be used either alone, or in conjunction with introduction of nitrogen into the turnings as they are loaded into the ship's hold.

Abstract: A refrigeration and delivery system for chilling a cardioplegic fluid contained in a receptacle, for maintaining the fluid at a predetermined temperature and for delivering the fluid to a patient as needed. The refrigeration and delivery system consists of a refrigerator cabinet having an evaporator disposed in an internal chilling compartment for supporting the fluid receptacle. The evaporator has a heat transfer surface in direct engagement with the receptacle to facilitate the conduction of heat from the fluid to the evaporator. The receptacle has inlet and outlet ports connected by recirculation tubing which provides a flow path to recirculate the fluid insuring that chilled fluid is contained in the recirculation tubing. A discharge tube is connected to the recirculation tubing and when opened allows the chilled cardioplegic fluid to be administered to the patient.

Abstract: A pile of scrap turnings and pre-crushed sponge iron can undergo exothermic reactions, especially when wet. To reduce the temperature of the pile, an inert gas, preferably nitrogen, is introduced into the pile. This technique is particularly useful for a pile of turnings or sponge iron in a ship's hold. This technique can be used either alone, or in conjunction with introduction of nitrogen into the turnings or sponge iron as they are loaded into the ship's hold.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for perfusing livers comprising a portable container and a liver receptacle removably positioned in such container. Portions of the receptacle are spaced from the walls of the container when the receptacle is in position so that ice may be positioned around the receptacle. A perfusate holder is mounted on the container. A second container surrounds a portion of the holder and is adapted to receive ice. An intermittently operated flow regulator controls gravity flow of perfusate at predetermined rate from the holder to the receptacle and a timer controls operation of controller at predetermined time intervals.

Abstract: Human cells or tissue in suspension or immersion in physiological solution are stored at a basic storage temperature of about 4.degree. C., and periodically subjected to a higher temperature within the range of from 25.degree.-37.degree. C. for a period of time and at intervals sufficient to inhibit irreversible losses in function and viability of the cells or tissue. The method is particularly suitable for the storage of blood platelet concentrates in plasma to be subsequently used in transfusions, enabling prolonged storage periods with improved overall effectiveness of the transfused platelets.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved method for freezing red blood cells, ther living cells, or tissues with improved subsequent survival, wherein constant-volume freezing is utilized that results in significantly improved survival compared with constant-pressure freezing; optimization is attainable through the use of different vessel geometries, cooling baths and warming baths, and sample concentrations.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for controlling the amount of outside air introduced into a given space being ventilated as a function of the oxygen content of the air in the space to minimize the energy expended in heating or cooling air flowing through the space while maintaining the oxygen content of the air above that required for the well-being of humans occupying said space. A fuel cell produces an electric current the magnitude of which is a function of the partial pressure of the oxygen present in the air surrounding the fuel cell. The output of the fuel cell is applied to a control circuit which applies control signals to the motor control circuit of a damper motor to admit outside air when the partial pressure of the oxygen in the occupied space falls to a predetermined minimum level and to exclude outside air and to recirculate return air when the partial pressure of the oxygen in the space rises to a certain maximum level.

Abstract: A hand-held cryogenic device for and method of necrotizing and shaving live tissue having a chamber chargeable with liquid cryogen. One heat conductive wall of the chamber is adapted to be flooded with cryogen while being manipulated over the tissue and includes an opening allowing gaseous cryogen to escape in contact with the tissue. This wall is selectively effective to shave or slice away necrotized tissue.

Abstract: In a vegetables and fruits-storing method of conventional controlled atmosphere storage including continuously feeding the air of a definite oxygen content such as, for example, 2 - 3% by volume and definite amount obtain by means of an adsorber into a refrigerator to obtain an atmosphere suitable for storage of the vegetables and fruits, an improved method wherein the improvement comprises in the first step feeding the open air and the atmosphere of the refrigerator to be recycled in such order or simultaneously into the adsorber packed with an adsorbent such as zeolite or the like which adsorbs more nitrogen than oxygen, adsorbing the nitrogen in the open air and the atmosphere and expelling the high oxygen content air of the adsorber having oxygen content lower than that of the open air but higher than that of desired atmosphere of the refrigerator, in the next step expelling a part of the remained high oxygen content air, and in the further next step, desorbing the nitrogen and the remained high oxygen co