Abstract: A method and device for modifying a building panel. The building panel including a first surface comprising a facing paper and a second surface comprising a backing paper with a core of calcium sulfate hemihydrate arranged between the facing paper and the backing paper. The method including applying a solution to a predetermined portion of the facing paper, the backing paper, or the facing and backing paper to sufficiently hydrate at least a predetermined portion of the hemihydrate core to convert it to deformable calcium sulfate dihydrate. The solution including at least one alcohol and water. A predetermined force is applied to the deformable portion of the building panel. The predetermined force causing a desired deformation of the predetermined hydrated portion of the building panel. The device for modifying a building panel according to the method includes a building panel mounting structure, a liquid applicator, and a force applicator.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for tempering glass sheets. The glass sheets are heated to a tempering temperature in a furnace, in which the glass sheets are moved back and forth while supported upon rolls. The heated glass sheets are fed into a quench unit which is divided into two quenching zones with separately controlled blasting pressures. The glass sheets are driven without stopping through the first quenching zone into the second quenching zone, in which the glass is moved back forth upon the rolls. In the first quenching zone, cooling air is blasted onto glass sheet surfaces with slit nozzles. In the second quenching zone, cooling air is blasted onto glass sheet surfaces with hole-type nozzles.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing strengthened glass containers, and more particularly the construction and operation of a cooling tube mechanism in an apparatus for thermally strengthening glass containers in a glass container manufacturing line at a location intermediate the hot end and the cold end. Glass containers formed at an I. S. machine are conveyed through a special tempering Lehr that heats them uniformly to a high temperature that is short of temperatures at which they may become deformed. Subsequently, the glass containers are rapidly thermally strengthened in a cooling station in which the outer and inner surfaces including all areas of the glass containers are simultaneously cooled to a temperature below the Strain Point of the glass used in the glass containers, with the cooling tube mechanism being used to cool the inner surfaces of the glass containers.

Abstract: A method for producing a glass fiber, through longitudinally drawing a preform in a drawing kiln, wherein cooling the glass fiber is performed in at least three time periods, wherein the glass fiber is exposed to a first time based cooling rate above a crystallization temperature range, to a second time based cooling rate that is greater than the first time based cooling rate within the crystallization temperature range, and to a third time based cooling rate which is smaller than the second time based cooling rate below the crystallization temperature range.

Abstract: A three step method and apparatus for quenching a formed glass sheet in a manner that reduces cycle time without excessive temporary surface tension that can cause excessive breakage.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing strengthened glass containers, and more particularly an apparatus for thermally strengthening glass containers in a glass container manufacturing line at a location intermediate the hot end and the cold end. Glass containers formed at an I. S. machine are conveyed through a special tempering Lehr that heats them uniformly to a high temperature that is short of temperatures at which they may become deformed. Subsequently, the glass containers are rapidly thermally strengthened in a cooling station in which the outer and inner surfaces including all areas of the glass containers are simultaneously cooled to a temperature below the Strain Point of the glass used in the glass containers.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing strengthened glass containers, and more particularly the construction and operation of a cooling tube mechanism in an apparatus for thermally strengthening glass containers in a glass container manufacturing line at a location intermediate the hot end and the cold end. Glass containers formed at an I. S. machine are conveyed through a special tempering Lehr that heats them uniformly to a high temperature that is short of temperatures at which they may become deformed. Subsequently, the glass containers are rapidly thermally strengthened in a cooling station in which the outer and inner surfaces including all areas of the glass containers are simultaneously cooled to a temperature below the Strain Point of the glass used in the glass containers, with the cooling tube mechanism being used to cool the inner surfaces of the glass containers.

Abstract: The present invention provides a glass article using a glass composition including a base glass composition and colorants. The base glass composition includes, expressed in mass %: 65 to 80% of SiO2; 0 to 5% of Al2O3; 0 to 10% of MgO; 0 to 15% of CaO; 5 to 15% of MgO+CaO; 10 to 18% of Na2O; 0 to 5% of K2O; 10 to 20% of Na2O+K2O; and 0 to 5% of B2O3, and the colorants consist essentially of, expressed in mass %: 0.6% to 1.0% of T-Fe2O3; 0.026 to 0.8% of TiO2; 0 to 2.0% of CeO2; 0.01 to 0.03% of CoO; 0 to 0.0008% of Se; and 0.06 to 0.20% of NiO. The glass article has a grayish color tone, and has a visible light transmittance in a range of 15% to 40%, which is measured with the illuminant A at a thickness of 3.1 mm.

Abstract: A method and machine for obtaining bent glass sheets. Glass sheets are brought to their softening temperature, then they are caused to travel over a shaping bed of advancing elements for advancing them which are arranged along a path having a circular arc-shaped profile, the sheets progressively assuming their shape on entering the bed and over a first shaping zone, then being hardened by tempering or cooling in a second zone of the bed until they leave, and then the bent glass sheets thus obtained are recovered. The shaping bed is produced with a profile extending in a circular arc of more than 90°, and, on leaving the shaping bed, the hardened glass sheets are moved in a direction opposite that in which they were fed in.

Abstract: A mechanism for delivering a cooling fluid to the interior of a formed bottle has a a lower guide arm and an upper cooling tube assembly secured on a vertical post. The upper cooling tube assembly has a plenum chamber having a bottom wall and at least one vertical cooling tube is mounted on its bottom wall. The lower guide arm includes a vertical through hole for receiving each of the cooling tubes. The upper cooling tube assembly is vertically displaceable on the post relative to the lower guide arm assembly via a drive which includes a lead screw/drive nut located within the post.

Abstract: A method and machine for obtaining bent glass sheets. Glass sheets are brought to their softening temperature, then they are caused to travel over a shaping bed of advancing elements for advancing them which are arranged along a path having a circular arc-shaped profile, the sheets progressively assuming their shape on entering the bed and over a first shaping zone, then being hardened by tempering or cooling in a second zone of the bed until they leave, and then the bent glass sheets thus obtained are recovered. The shaping bed is produced with a profile extending in a circular arc of more than 90°, and, on leaving the shaping bed, the hardened glass sheets are moved in a direction opposite that in which they were fed in.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for bending glass panels. The upper tier of successive mould carriers defines a number of heating sections, the last one of which is an actual bending section. The lower tier of successive mould carriers defines a number of cooling sections, which are located below the heating sections. The mould carriers are provided with an open-structured or otherwise highly heat transmissive bottom. Underneath bending sections, effecting gravitational bending on an upper mould carrier track, lie cooling sections, each of which is individually provided with controlled cooling air circulation by means of cooling air exhaust fans. Following the sections performing the controlled cooling or annealing, the mould carriers are adapted to be conveyed along a lower mould carrier track nonstop under a plurality of preheating sections by a single passage.

Abstract: A deadplate assembly for an I.S. machine which is moveable from a remote location to a first location and then to a final location. The motion path is linear.

Abstract: An air-cooling and tempering apparatus for a glass sheet includes an upper air-blowing unit, which blows cooling air to an upper surface of a bent glass sheet having a high temperature; and a lower air-blowing unit, which blows cooling air to a lower surface of the glass sheet. Each of the upper air-blowing unit and the lower air-blowing unit includes a plurality of air-blowing members provided in a matrix pattern and a plurality of linkages, the linkages coupling adjacent air-blowing members among the plurality of air-blowing members in a row and/or column direction of the matrix pattern.

Abstract: A deadplate mechanism has a cooling can in which a formed bottle held by a takeout is located. The outer surface of the bottle is cooled while the deadplate is displaced to a bottle release position.

Abstract: An air-cooling/tempering device for a glass plate capable of providing uniform cooling performance and an air-cooling/tempering method for a glass plate capable of air-cooling and tempering efficiently are presented.

Abstract: Air-cooling and tempering a glass sheet is performed while the glass sheet is continuously conveyed without adversely affecting the quality of the glass sheet. It is provided with a conveying means (22) installed to be operable from a forming zone to a cooling area, a plurality of upper blowing members (24A to 24J), a plurality of lower blowing members (26A to 26J), a plurality of air-supply boxes (100, 102) for controlling blow/stop operations of cooling air from each of the blowing members and an air-supply source (200) connected to these air-supply boxes. Each of the air-supply boxes has a cylindrical damper (130), casings (134, 136) and a slide bearing (144) provided in a space between the damper and the casing, wherein the cool-air supplied from the air-supply source can be supplied to the upper and lower blowing members through the air channels by adjusting the rotational positions of the dampers.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for bending glass panels. The upper tier of successive mould carriers (9) defines a number of heating sections, the last one of which is an actual bending section (4b). The lower tier of successive mould carriers (9) defines a number of cooling sections (5, 6, 7), which are located below the heating sections. The mould carriers are provided with an open-structured or otherwise highly heat transmissive bottom (10). Underneath bending sections (4a), effecting gravitational bending on an upper mould carrier track (1), lie cooling sections (5), each of which is individually provided with controlled cooling air circulation by means of cooling air exhaust fans (23). Following the sections (5) performing the controlled cooling or annealing, the mould carriers (9) are adapted to be conveyed along a lower mould carrier track nonstop under a plurality of preheating sections (3a, 3) by a single passage.

Abstract: A system and method for heating, forming, and tempering a glass sheet includes pre-heating the glass sheet to at least a first predetermined temperature. The system and method includes also applying radio-frequency energy to the glass sheet to heat it to at least a second predetermined temperature and cooling at least one outer surface of the glass sheet to at least a third predetermined temperature to temper the glass sheet.

Abstract: The subject of the invention is a method for bending a sheet of glass involving heating the sheet of glass to a softening temperature, transporting the sheet of glass in an essentially horizontal path as far as a station for bending it between two forms, shaping the sheet of glass by pressing between the two forms, cooling the sheet of glass in an appropriate station, these means comprising shaped rollers receive the sheet of glass after it has been bent and said rollers being oriented parallel to the direction defined on the sheet of glass via the direction in which it is conveyed into the bending station.

Abstract: A device for cooling bent glass sheets running along a roller conveyor. Blowing boxes are inserted between the rollers and have a surface opposite the glass sheet at a distance of less than 30 mm and preferably less than 10 mm. The surface is perforated with several holes through which air is discharged in the direction of the glass sheets.

Abstract: During a process for bending and quenching a window pane, the latter is bent to the desired shape using a forming frame. Next, by means of this same forming frame, the entire surface of both sides of the bent window pane is rapidly cooled, in a quenching station which follows the bending station, by blowing cold air using blowing boxes provided with blowing nozzles. While the entire surface is being rapidly cooled, the edge regions of the window pane which rest on the forming frame are subjected to a blast of additional cold air by the suitable supply of compressed air to the openings passing through the forming frame.

Abstract: A glass sheet quench station (16) includes first and second quench sections (24 and 26) that cooperate with a three position shuttle (28) and a control (30) to transfer glass sheets through the quench station with partial quenching performed at the first quench station and completion of the quenching at the second quench section. This glass sheet quenching method with two stage quenching shortens the cycle time to provide increased production.

Abstract: A glass sheet quench station (16) includes first and second quench sections (24 and 26) that cooperate with a three position shuttle (28) and a control (30) to transfer glass sheets through the quench station with partial quenching performed at the first quench station and completion of the quenching at the second quench section. This glass sheet quenching method with two stage quenching shortens the cycle time to provide increased production.

Abstract: A glass quenching apparatus for quenching a glass sheet heated to a predetermined temperature, includes a first nozzle group for jetting blower air onto opposite surfaces of the glass sheet, and a second nozzle group for jetting compressor air onto at least one of the opposite surfaces of the glass sheet. The first nozzle group is comprised of stationary nozzles, and the second nozzle group is comprised of movable nozzles which are capable of moving parallel to a plane of the glass sheet. The glass quenching apparatus of the foregoing construction is able to quench the glass sheet uniformly over the entire area thereof without undue wastage of quenching air.

Abstract: A gas is supplied to the surface of the glass sheet transferred between a heating furnace and a cooling apparatus for tempering the glass sheet. The gas is supplied from the upstream side with respect to the direction of transfer of the glass sheet by an air curtain device. This gas runs along the glass sheet surface (upper surface) downstream with respect to the direction of transfer to obstruct the flow of cooling gas from the cooling apparatus in the upstream direction. The gas prevents cooling air from the cooling apparatus from invading the heating furnace so that the difference of the curvature of the glass sheet on the front and rear part can be eliminated.

Abstract: The invention relates to an air output unit in connection with a tempering station in a tempering plant for glass panels, and to a method for manufacturing the unit. An equipment bay (3) has its walls (32), roof (33), and floor (31) designed and dimensioned as a shipping container, wherein air output equipment (4) is set up and secured prior to shipping to a working site. Since the fan room enclosing an air output unit functions at the same time as a shipping container for the air output unit, the repeated loading and unloading of air output equipment is avoided. The workload required for shipping and assembling is substantially reduced.

Abstract: A chest for cooling glass plates. A box is formed from a rigid support having at least a side panel on which are fixed nozzles. Each nozzle is made of two plate flanges and a strap perforated with blow holes. The flanges are made in a single piece having tabs folded in the direction of the neighboring flanges. Elements fixing the flanges mutually and fixing the straps to the flanges are produced by riveting or interposition of a sealant.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for heating glass sheets in a tempering furnace. The tempering furnace (1) includes rollers (3) for conveying and oscillating the glass sheets (4) during heating, and resistors (5, 6) for heating the glass sheets (4) from above and from below. The lower part of the tempering furnace (1) is cooled at the initial stage of the heating period, and the lower surfaces of the glass sheets (4) are heated at the final stage of the heating period by forced convection. This ensures good control over heat equalization in the tempering furnace (1), increases furnace power, prevents curving of the glass sheets (4), and also reduces heat shock from ceramic rollers at the initial heating stage.

Abstract: In a quenching apparatus for quenching a glass sheet that has been heated and bent in a heating furnace, a cooling gas blows onto the glass sheet to provide a distribution of a temperature and/or a distribution of a static pressure in at least one section in the quenching apparatus. The distribution of a temperature provides different temperatures between the both surfaces of the glass sheet, while the distribution of a static pressure is nonuniform in a part of at least one surface of the glass sheet. The distributions can modify a shape of the glass sheet given in the heating furnace so that a degree of freedom in shape for manufacturing a bent and tempered glass sheet by utilizing its self-weight can be improved.

Abstract: A system for tempering glass plates has preheating zone (1) in which several glass plates (7) stacked vertically in compartmented car (6) are heated together to a temperature below the tempering temperature of for example 650.degree. C. (for example 300.degree. C.). Preheated glass plates (7) are moved individually from preheating zone (1) into heating zone (2). In heating zone (2) glass plates (7) are heated to the tempering temperature, their being inclined to the vertical at an acute angle and being held by air cushions between two heating plates. On the lower edge of the two heating plates of heating zone (2) there is transport device which supports glass plates (7) simultaneously to the bottom. Glass plates (7) heated to the tempering temperature are moved into cooling zone (3) which has cooling plates aligned parallel to the heating plates and between which glass plate (7) is pushed for quenching.

Abstract: A process for quenching heated glass sheets is performed by locating a glass sheet between a pair of spaced quench units (28) and directing from first and second arrays of nozzles (34, 64) cryogenic flows (36) interspersed with pressurized air flows (66) so as to cooperate with each other in providing the quenching. In one practice the interspersed cryogenic flows (36) and the pressurized air flows (66) are provided at the same time as each other. In another practice, the interspersed cryogenic flows (36) and pressurized air flows (66) are provided at different times.

Abstract: An apparatus for bending and tempering glass sheets includes a roll conveyor for supporting a glass sheet, the glass sheet having a top and a bottom surface. The roll conveyor includes a plurality of vertically movable rolls for arching the conveyor to a curvature corresponding to a desired degree of bending in the glass sheet. The rolls each have two opposed ends, and at least some of the rolls being deflectable such that at least mid-sections thereof are movable relative to a vertical position of ends thereof. The apparatus further includes a plurality of movable press rollers disposed above the rolls. The press rollers are movable in a vertical direction to apply a pressing force to the top surface of the glass sheet.

Abstract: A glass sheet quench station loader (42) and method for installing a quench module set (44) of lower and upper quench modules (46,48) includes a quench carriage (440) of a horizontally opening U shape that receives the quench modules for the loading. Mounts (446,454) mount the quench modules for movement to the quench station (40) and for subsequent movement from the quench station to permit installation of another quench module set for another production run. The quench loader (42) includes an overhead crane (447) and an overhead railway (448) along which the crane moves to move the quench carriage (440) and the quench modules mounted thereby to and from the quench station.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for adjusting a quench head for glass tempering is provided. The quench head comprises at two nozzle blocks, each one of the nozzle blocks comprising at least one nozzle for directing the flow of a substance in gaseous phase to impinge onto the surface of the glass at certain areas. The nozzle blocks are supported on a frame to form at least one row of nozzle blocks. The frame comprises means for adjusting the tempering conditions effected to the surface of the glass to follow the shape of the surface of the glass. The directions of the flows of the substance in gaseous phase is adjusted such that the distance between the areas where a substance impinges the surface of a glass, between at least one pair of adjacent nozzle blocks and at least one row is kept substantially constant, regardless of the shape of the glass.

Abstract: For tempering by contact of a glass sheet having a through hole, cooled clamping pieces coated with thermoresistant fibers having a high thermal conductivity act on the surfaces of the glass sheet heated to the tempering temperature. During the action of the clamping plates, the inner surfaces of the glass sheet defining the hole are struck by a cooling gas. The cooling gas is injected by a jet or nozzle tube located in a clamping plate within a bore, which passes coaxially through the air-permeable covering fabric and, after having been whirled up within the hole, escapes through the fabric via a backflow pipe surrounding the jet or nozzle tube.

Abstract: A glass plate is cooled and strengthened by placing the glass plate on a cooling ring in a substantially horizontal state and jetting out cooling air at upper and lower sides of the glass plate by upper and lower cooling air jetting-out devices arranged at the upper and lower sides of glass plate. The pressure of cooling air jetting out from the lower side of the glass plate is higher than that from the upper side to thereby raise the glass plate against a contact ring located below the upper jetting out device.

Abstract: A glass sheet strip annealing lehr (16) is disclosed as including a housing (18) along which a conveyor (26) including a gas support (28) supports a glass sheet strip G by pressurized gas for movement between entry and exit ends (22,24) of the housing before a conveyor drive (32) engages the strip after the surfaces thereof are cooled below the strain point. Best results are achieved when the glass sheet strip is supported only by the gas support (28) until its surfaces are placed in compression. Lower and upper manifolds (34,36) respectively support and convey the glass sheet strip within the housing (18) preferably by a recirculating gas flow supplied by gas burner (76) and associated gas jet pumps (78).

Abstract: A cooling ring assembly (20) and method for controlling stresses in a bent glass sheet G produce a strengthened bent glass sheet after the cooling is completed. The cooling ring assembly includes a cooling ring (22) that supports the glass sheet edge (24), an insulator (30) juxtaposed inboard of the cooling ring to reduce the cooling rate, and a cooler (34) for providing increased cooling to at least one localized area (36,40,58) of the glass sheet edge. The cooler (34) is embodied by a pressurized air supply (42).

Abstract: Quenching apparatus (12) for use in glass heat treatment apparatus comprises a plurality of air flow amplifiers (32) carried on manifolds (26, 28) and arranged in arrays to direct cooling air onto both surfaces of glass (16) being treated. Compressed air is supplied to the manifolds (26, 28) from air receivers (22) charge by a compressor (20) the compressed air flow being controlled by a control valve (24). Air flow received by the air flow amplifiers (32) from the manifolds (26, 28) is amplified to supply a flow of cooling air directed towards the sheet of glass (16). The air flow amplifiers (32) may be air ejectors. A furnace (10) is provided to heat the glass (16) and a conveyor is provided to carry the glass (16) from the furnace (10) to the quenching apparatus.

Abstract: The present invention provides a quench for cooling hot sheet material. The quench includes a plurality of generally horizontally extending, spaced apart nozzle assemblies, each having a longitudinally extending air supply conduit with orifices extending to an outer surface of the conduit. A first plenum is interconnected to a first end of each of the conduits and a second plenum is interconnected to a second end of each of the conduits to allow cooling fluid to pass from the plenums into each of the nozzle assemblies through the conduit. The plenums are located at positions spaced laterally outward from the nozzle assemblies.

Abstract: The invention relates to a nozzle assembly for a flat-glass tempering machine. A nozzle cover (2) includes two types of orifices side by side. A number of orifices (7, 8) are linked to the pressure of a compressor (11) and another number of orifices (6) are linked to the pressure of a blower (12). Thus, the different orifices supply air of different pressures.

Abstract: A quench station (14) including apparatus for quenching a heated glass sheet G conveyed by rolls (22) of a roller conveyor (20) is disclosed as including upper and lower sets of blastheads (32) having outlets (34) that are positioned closer to the conveyed glass sheet than the conveyor roll radius R and which are oriented and sized to provide highly efficient quenching such as during heat strengthening or tempering. These blasthead outlets (34) are preferably round and the blastheads (32) are vertically aligned with each other to provide aligned locations (36) of impingement with the oppositely facing surfaces of the glass sheet. In one embodiment, a set of upper roll mimics (38) located above the conveyor rolls (22) in a vertically aligned relationship provide symmetry that results in uniform quenching of both the upper and lower glass sheet surfaces.

Abstract: In a cooling station in a tempering plant for glass sheets for chilling, heat-strengthening, or after-cooling, the cooling station including upper and lower cooling-air blast nozzles are positioned above and below the glass sheets to be cooled. Nozzle covers cover the upper and lower nozzles. The nozzle covers are covered with perforated plates having a reflection coefficient for more than 0.8 for heat radiation. The plates are detachable from the nozzle covers and are thus replaceable.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and apparatus for heat-strengthening glass sheets. A glass sheet heated close to a softening temperature is heat strengthened by cooling it at a certain controlled cooling rate. The cooling is effected in a space between cooling panels and the cooling panels are cooled by a gas jet which is applied to the surfaces of cooling panels facing away from the glass sheet. A cooling space temperature measurement can be used for controlling the power of a cooling jet.

Abstract: Disclosed is a material for a tempering process of glass plates utilizing a so-called contact process. It proposes a material with a base of an arrangement of thin metallic threads exhibiting a heat resistance on the order of 0.25.multidot.10.sup.-3 to 2.5.multidot.10.sup.-3 m.sup.2 .multidot.K.multidot.W.sup.-1 intended to be inserted between the cooling plates and the glass of a contact-tempering installation. The process makes it possible to temper glazings sufficiently so that they are used as automobile glazings and the durability of this thread-based material is compatible with an industrial usage.

Abstract: A glass sheet is transferred from a bending cell to a tempering cell on a continuous frame, after which it is held during tempering by discontinuous gripping device. Lifting studs lift the glass sheet above the frame prior to gripping.

Abstract: A glass sheet such as an automobile window glass sheet is bent to shape and tempered at one stage by a sheet glass bending and tempering apparatus. The sheet glass bending and tempering apparatus has solid contact members for pressing a glass sheet, which has been heated nearly to its softening point, to a desired shape and depriving the glass sheet of heat to cool the glass sheet quickly, the solid contact means having a contact surface for contacting the glass sheet and depriving the glass heat of heat therethrough. The contact surface has a plurality of grooves defined therein, and a plurality of air outlet ports defined in each of the grooves, for applying cooling air to the glass sheet, and a plurality of air inlet ports defined in each of the grooves, for drawing the air applied to the glass sheet. When the opposite surfaces of the glass sheet are pressed by the solid contact members, the pressure is temporarily reduced and then increased again to cool the glass sheet.

Abstract: The invention relates to a heat conditioning chamber for controlled cooling following a high-temperature treatment of plane thin glass sheets, transported in horizontal position by a continuously driven roller conveyor. According to the invention, in the hottest zone in the chamber, the cooling is performed solely by absorption of radiation and continues in other zones by convection.

Abstract: The invention relates to a glass sheet bending or supporting mould which is made primarily by casting of a ceramic material and which includes a curving or flat shaping surface, a number of orifices (10, 11) in a shaping surface (7, 8) as well as channels (16, 17) extending through the mould material and in communication with orifices (10, 11). Said channels (16, 17) are formed as distribution channels common to a plurality of orifices (10, 11) and connected to each other by means of transverse connecting channels (161, 171) for building a ladder-like or lattice-like distribution manifold (16, 161; 17, 171). The invention relates also to a mould manufacturing method, wherein a ceramic-based material is cast in a manufacturing mould which, prior to a casting operation, is fitted with a temporary filling matching a desired distribution manifold and having a ladder-like or lattice-like configuration.