Abstract: A method, system, and computer program product for implementing automated pressure level detection and correction is provided. The method includes retrieving from sensors, measurement attributes associated with geological conditions occurring during a mining process. Subsequently, threshold levels configured to activate an alarm associated with measurement attributes exceeding the threshold levels are determined and code is executed with respect to the threshold levels. A combined threshold severity level associated with the safety threshold levels is determined and code is executed with respect to the safety threshold levels. A combined clustering level associated with the safety threshold levels is determined and a difference value between the combined threshold severity level and combined clustering level is generated.

Abstract: A production system, comprising: a first industrial machine configured to control a second industrial machine based on each of a plurality of variables; and circuitry configured to input, to the first industrial machine, a control command relating to an operation of at least one of the first industrial machine or the second industrial machine, wherein the first industrial machine rewrites, based on the control command, at least one variable defined as a rewritable variable among the plurality of variables.

Abstract: A simulation apparatus stores series data of positions of points (point sequence data) regarding feedback data from a motor which drives an axis of a machine tool, selects, from this stored point sequence data, a point which has a great impact on finished quality of a machined surface as a point for use in a simulation process, and performs the simulation process based on data regarding the selected point.

Abstract: Systems and methods which provide Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) based intra prediction for video coding are described. GAN based intra prediction as implemented according to embodiments may be modeled as an inpainting task. For example, intra prediction may be formulated as a learning based inpainting task, wherein a latent variable is designed to control different generation modes. GAN based intra prediction provided according to embodiments of the invention may be implemented alone or in combination with one or more other video compression technique, such as a direction intra prediction technique. The intra prediction module of such a HEVC encoder/decoder may be redesigned to also apply GAN based inpainting in intra prediction, wherein Rate-Distortion Optimization (RDO) may be performed to select the best intra prediction mode between the intra prediction approaches.

Abstract: A temperature control unit has an acquisition unit that acquires first information regarding driving and stopping of a heater and second information indicating whether or not to subject a time proportional output to an SSR to autonomous control and an SSR control unit that performs time proportional output of an instruction to drive or stop the heater, to the SSR.

Abstract: A geometry-based flight control system is disclosed. In various embodiments, a set of inceptor inputs associated with a requested set of forces and moments to be applied to the aircraft is received. An optimal mix of actuators and associated actuator parameters to achieve to an extent practical the requested forces and moments is computed, including by taking into consideration dynamically varying effectiveness of one or more actuators based on a current dynamic state of the aircraft. An output comprising for each actuator in the optimal mix a corresponding set of one or more control signals associated with the set of actuator parameters computed for that actuator is provided.

Abstract: A building management system includes HVAC equipment operable to affect an indoor air temperature of a building, a system manager configured to obtain a cost function that characterizes a cost of operating the HVAC equipment, obtain a dataset relating to the building, determine a current state of the building by applying the dataset to a neural network, select a temperature bound associated with the current state, augment the cost function to include a penalty term that increases the cost when the indoor air temperature violates the temperature bound, and determine a temperature setpoint for each of a plurality of time steps in the future time period. The temperature setpoints achieve a target value of the cost function over the future time period. The building management system also includes a controller configured to operate the HVAC equipment to drive the indoor air temperature towards the temperature setpoint.

Abstract: A building cooling system includes a controller and a cooling device operable to affect indoor air temperature of a building. The controller is configured to obtain a cost function that characterizes a cost of operating the cooling device over a future time period, obtain a dataset relating to the building, determine a current state of the building by applying the dataset to a neural network, select a temperature bound associated with the current state, augment the cost function to include a penalty term that increases the cost when the indoor air temperature violates the temperature bound, and determine a temperature setpoint for each of a plurality of time steps in the future time period. The temperature setpoints achieve a target value of the cost function over the future time period. The controller is configured to control the cooling device to drive the indoor air temperature towards the temperature setpoint.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure include methods, systems, and program products for controlling a machine. Methods according to the present disclosure can include: calculating, using a performance model of the machine, a set of inter-stage conditions of the machine corresponding to one of a set of input conditions and a set of output conditions during an operation of the machine, wherein the machine includes a turbine component having a fluid path therein traversing a plurality of turbine stages and a plurality of inter-stage positions; calibrating the performance model of the machine based on a difference between a predicted value in the performance model of the machine and one of the set of input conditions and the set of output conditions; and adjusting an operating parameter of the machine based on the calibrated performance model and the calculated set of inter-stage conditions of the machine.

Abstract: A method controls iteratively the operation of the machine with control inputs determined using the model of the machine based on an optimization of a cost function subject to constraints on the control inputs. A current iteration of the method includes determining a current state of the machine after the controlling with a previous control input determined for a previous iteration by optimizing a previous cost function using a previous model of the machine and determining a current model of the machine to reduce a difference between the current state and a state estimated using the previous model of the machine. The cost function is updated during the current iteration based on a difference between the previous model and the current model to produce a current cost function. A current control input for the controlling at the current iteration is determined using the current model and the current cost function.

Abstract: The present invention provides techniques for splitting bundled inputs and outputs into separated Boolean inputs and outputs for function blocks of automation devices. More specifically, previously-defined bundled inputs and outputs may be used, whereas separated Boolean inputs and outputs may be used as well. In other words, the newly added Boolean inputs and outputs do not replace, but rather compliment, the previously defined bundled inputs and outputs.

Abstract: A receiver of an industrial equipment management system receives setting information to be set for an industrial equipment. A generator generates identification information in a case where the setting information is received, and associates the identification information with the setting information. An equipment manager associates, in a case where setting of the industrial equipment is performed based on the setting information associated with the generated identification information, individual identification information on the industrial equipment with the identification information.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling a target device including a first input device configured to provide a first input to the target device, a second input device configured to provide a second input to the target device, and a control mixer configured to generate an output using a policy, the first input and the second input, wherein the output comprises a feedback and a target device output, wherein the feedback comprises some function of the state of the target device, the policy, and the state of each input device connected to the control mixer.

Abstract: A channel estimation matrix H describing a forward channel in which a signal travels from a first communication device to a second communication device is determined at the second communication device. QR decomposition on the channel estimation matrix H is performed, at the second communication device, to derive a unitary matrix Q and an upper triangular matrix R, such that H=QR. Only a portion of the upper triangular matrix R is transmitted, from the second communication device to the first communication device, so that the first communication device can use the portion of the upper triangular matrix R to precode signals to be transmitted by the first communication device.

Abstract: It is described a method for selecting a transmission mode for a radio data transfer between a user equipment and a base station of a telecommunication network. The method includes (a) determining the quality of a radio link, which extends between the user equipment and the base station, (b) determining the radio load within the telecommunication network, and (c) selecting a transmission mode based on the quality of the radio link and on the radio load. It is further described a control device for selecting a transmission mode for a radio data transfer between a user equipment and a base station and a computer program for controlling the described transmission mode selection method.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for uplink transmission using multiple antennas are disclosed. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) performs space time transmit diversity (STTD) encoding on an input stream of a physical channel configured for STTD. Each physical channel may be mapped to either an in-phase (I) branch or a quadrature-phase (Q) branch. The WTRU may perform the STTD encoding either in a binary domain or in a complex domain. Additionally, the WTRU may perform pre-coding on at least one physical channel including the E-DPDCH with the pre-coding weights, and transmitting the pre-coded output streams via a plurality of antennas. The pre-coding may be performed either after or before spreading operation.

Abstract: The method includes generating coded bits by encoding information bits, dividing the coded bits into a first bit-stream and a second bit-stream, generating a first data symbol by performing anti-gray mapping on the first bit-stream, generating a second data symbol by performing gray mapping on the second bit-stream, and transmitting the first data symbol and the second data symbol.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and system to detect data transmitted by multiple transmit antennas. The method comprises selecting a starting data block that is either a random data block or an output data block from known detectors. Also, the method comprises changing each symbol of the starting data block one symbol at a time to identify a data block which has minimum euclidean distance from the starting data block as detected data block. Next, changing two symbols of the detected data block at a time to identify a data block which has minimum euclidean distance from the starting data block as second data block and assigning the second data block as the starting data block. Repeating the above steps, if the minimum euclidean distance of second data block is better than that of the detected data block, and determining the detected data block as the data transmitted.

Abstract: Methods and systems for use in acquiring parts from suppliers using auction information including a requested part and decision criteria from an ordering manager agent and from supplier agents associated with part suppliers. A criteria comparison matrix representing a relative importance of each decision criterion is created. A criteria importance vector is created based on the criteria comparison matrix, and a supplier comparison matrix corresponding to each decision criterion is also created. The supplier comparison matrix represents a relative ranking of each supplier with respect to the corresponding decision criterion. A supplier criteria ranking vector corresponding to each decision criterion is created based on the supplier comparison matrix that corresponds to the decision criterion. The supplier criteria ranking vectors and the criteria importance vector are combined to create a supplier score matrix associated with the ordering manager agent and indicating a score associated with each supplier.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for generating soft-decision output values for a set of transmitted spatial streams in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication system are described. The apparatus includes a processor and memory with executable instructions. A plurality of constellation points for respective transmitted spatial streams are looped over to estimate values for other transmitted streams based at least in part on Reduced List Detection (RLD). The plurality of constellation points is a subset of all possible constellation points determined around a spatial stream where more constellation points are assigned to spatial streams with a weaker signal strength than for spatial streams with a stronger signal strength. A set of distance metrics as values of the plurality of constellation points for the respective transmitted spatial streams are determined. Soft-decision outputs for the respective transmitted streams based at least in part on the set of distance metrics are generated.

Abstract: The invention provides a systems and methods for creating Double Pattern (DP) structures on a patterned wafer in real-time using Dual Pattern Contact-Etch (DPCE) processing sequences and associated Contact-Etch-Multi-Input/Multi-Output (CE-MIMO) models. The DPCE processing sequences can include one or more contact-etch procedures, one or more measurement procedures, one or more contact-etch modeling procedures, and one or more contact-etch verification procedures. The CE-MIMO model uses dynamically interacting behavioral modeling between multiple layers and/or multiple contact-etch procedures. The multiple layers and/or the multiple contact-etch procedures can be associated with the creation of lines, trenches, vias, spacers, contacts, and gate structures that can be created during Double Patterning (DP) procedures.

Abstract: A method of diagnosing an adaptive process control loop includes measuring process control loop signal data, generating a plurality of process control loop parameters from the process loop signal data and evaluating a condition of the adaptive process control loop from one or more of the plurality of process control loop parameters. The process control loop data is generated as a result of a normal operation of one or more process control devices within the adaptive process control loop when the adaptive process control loop is connected on-line within a process control environment. A self-diagnostic process control loop includes a diagnostic tool adapted to receive a diagnostic index pertaining to a process control loop parameter for each component of the process control loop and for the complete process control loop. Each diagnostic index is generated from signal data by a corresponding index computation tool.

Abstract: A noise feedback coding (NFC) system and method that utilizes a simple and relatively inexpensive general structural configuration, but achieves improved flexibility with respect to controlling the shape of coding noise. The NFC system and method utilizes an all-zero noise feedback filter that is configured to approximate the response of a pole-zero noise feedback filter.

Abstract: One or more techniques are provided for the sharing of variable trajectories between multiple controllers in a control system. In general, the present technique is based upon the sharing of predicted desired variable trajectories between multiple controllers requiring a common input variable. In one embodiment, a common input variable is shared between two controllers, wherein one controller is tuned to have dominant control with regard to the shared variable. Each controller determines and communicates their own desired trajectory for the shared variable to the other controller and in doing so, the constraints associated with each controller are shared and honored by the other controller. Based on the communicated trajectories, the dominant controller may exercise control over the shared variable, thus improving overall process control.

Abstract: Methods and systems for the design and implementation of optimal multivariable MPC controllers for fast-sampling constrained dynamic systems utilizing a primal-dual feasibility approach and/or a graph approach. The primal-dual feasibility approach can compute and store matrices defining constraints of quadratic programming problems in an off-line part in order to calculate vectors of Lagrange multipliers and an optimizer. Then primal-dual feasibility can be checked in an on-line part using the Lagrange multipliers and the optimizer can provide a unique optimal solution for the constrained dynamic system. The graph approach can compute and store the matrices and the vectors, and also prepare and store a structure of directed graph in off-line part. An optimizer for a given parameter vector can be determined in on-line part using the directed graph, the matrices and the vectors.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for uplink transmission using multiple antennas are disclosed. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) performs space time transmit diversity (STTD) encoding on an input stream of a physical channel configured for STTD. Each physical channel may be mapped to either an in-phase (I) branch or a quadrature-phase (Q) branch. The WTRU may perform the STTD encoding either in a binary domain or in a complex domain. Additionally, the WTRU may perform pre-coding on at least one physical channel including the E-DPDCH with the pre-coding weights, and transmitting the pre-coded output streams via a plurality of antennas. The pre-coding may be performed either after or before spreading operation.

Abstract: A receiving circuit includes a frame memory to store received data of one frame, a de-rate matching circuit to generate data before encoding by reading the received data from the frame memory and performing de-rate matching in a reverse manner to rate matching performed on the received data at a transmitting end, and a TTI memory to store the data before encoding.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are disclosed for applying successive multi-rank beamforming strategies (e.g., successive precoding strategies) for the design of precoders over a set of parallel channels. Successive beamforming is applied to a narrow band channel model and is also applied for finer quantization of a single beamforming vector (e.g., recursive beamforming). A first embodiment provides the optimal approach with high complexity. An alternative embodiment provides successive beamforming for near optimal precoding selection with medium complexity. A low complexity method for precoder selection is also provided wherein a channel representative matrix for the set of parallel channels is determined and successive beamforming on the calculated channel representative is applied.

Abstract: A MIMO wireless system with Diversity processing is provided having Turbo Codes Decoders for computing orthogonal multipath signals from multiple separate antennas. The invention decodes multipath signals that have arrived at the terminal via different routes after being reflected from buildings, trees or hills. The Turbo Codes Decoder with Diversity processing increases the signal to noise ratio (SNR) more than 6 dB which enables the Wireless system to deliver data rates from up to 600 Mbit/s. A Turbo Codes Decoder block is provided to compute baseband signals from multiple different receiver paths. Several pipelined max-Log-MAP decoders are used for iterative decoding of received data. A Sliding Window of Block N data is used for pipeline operations.

Abstract: Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) offers multiplicative spectral efficiency gains in wireless networks. An adaptive SDMA beamforming technique is capable of increasing the traffic throughput of a sector, as compared to a conventional tri-cellular arrangement, by between 4 and 7 times, depending on the environment. This system uses an averaged covariance matrix of the uplink signals received at the antenna array to deduce the downlink beamforming solution, and is equally applicable to Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) systems. A scheduling algorithm enhances the SDMA system performance by advantageously selecting the users to be co-scheduled.

Abstract: A control system comprises an actuator, a control law and a processor. The actuator positions a control surface and the control law controls the actuator. The processor comprises an open loop module, a corrector, a comparator, and an estimator, and generates an output vector to direct the control law. The open loop module generates the output vector as a function of a state vector and an input vector. The corrector generates a corrector vector as a function of the output vector. The comparator generates an error vector by comparing the corrector vector to the input vector. The estimator generates the state vector as a function of the error vector, such that the error vector is minimized.

Abstract: Process control system for detecting abnormal events in a process having one or more independent variables and one or more dependent variables. The system includes a device for measuring values of the one or more independent and dependent variables, a process controller having a predictive model for calculating predicted values of the one or more dependent variables from the measured values of the one or more independent variables, a calculator for calculating residual values for the one or more dependent variables from the difference between the predicted and measured values of the one or more dependent variables, and an analyzer for performing a principal component analysis on the residual values. The process controller is a multivariable predictive control means and the principal component analysis results in the output of one or more scores values, T2 values and Q values.

Abstract: Techniques for receiving a MIMO transmission are described. A receiver processes received data from multiple receive antennas in multiple stages. A first stage performs front-end filtering/equalization on the received data with a front-end filter to process non on-time signal components in the multiple received signals. A second stage processes the filtered data with one or more combiner matrices to combine on-time signal components for multiple transmitted signals. For a MIMO-CDM transmission, a single front-end filter may be used for all channelization codes, and a different combiner matrix may be used for each channelization code. Partitioning the receiver processing into multiple stages simplifies derivation of the front-end filter and combiner matrices while achieving good performance. The front-end filter and combiner matrices may be updated separately at the same or different rates.

Abstract: A method includes determining how to adjust one or more manipulated variables using at least one model. The one or more manipulated variables are associated with a sugar dryer. The method also includes generating one or more control signals to control one or more controlled variables associated with the sugar dryer. The one or more controlled variables include an outfall temperature associated with the sugar dryer, and the one or more manipulated variables include a rate at which wet material is provided to the sugar dryer. The sugar dryer could include multiple sugar dryers. At least two of the sugar dryers could operate using different fuels. The one or more control signals could be generated to control the rates at which the wet material is provided to the multiple sugar dryers based on costs associated with the different fuels.

Abstract: A MIMO system with Diversity processing is provided having Turbo Codes Decoders for computing orthogonal signals from multiple separate antennas. The invention decodes multipath signals that have arrived at the terminal via different routes after being reflected from buildings, trees or hills. The Turbo Codes Decoder with Diversity processing increases the signal to noise ratio (SNR) more than 6 dB which enables the Wireless system to deliver data rates from up to 200 Mbit/s. The invention provides several improved Turbo Codes Decoder methods and devices that provide a more suitable, practical and simpler method for implementation a Turbo Codes Decoder in ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuits) or DSP codes. A Turbo Codes Decoder block is provided to compute baseband signals from multiple different receiver paths. Several pipelined max-Log-MAP decoders are used for iterative decoding of received data. A Sliding Window of Block N data is used for pipeline operations.

Abstract: Methods and systems for the design and implementation of optimal multivariable MPC controllers for fast-sampling constrained dynamic systems utilizing a primal-dual feasibility approach and/or a graph approach. The primal-dual feasibility approach can compute and store matrices defining constraints of quadratic programming problems in an off-line part in order to calculate vectors of Lagrange multipliers and an optimizer. Then primal-dual feasibility can be checked in an on-line part using the Lagrange multipliers and the optimizer can provide a unique optimal solution for the constrained dynamic system. The graph approach can compute and store the matrices and the vectors, and also prepare and store a structure of directed graph in off-line part. An optimizer for a given parameter vector can be determined in on-line part using the directed graph, the matrices and the vectors.

Abstract: To easily decide parameters of a model structure of a controlled object suitable for non-interference control. Parameters K and T of a model structure (A structure) comprising a plurality of inputs and a plurality of outputs, wherein a difference on the output side is fed back to the input side, are calculated based on parameters a and b of a black box model (P structure) calculated through system identification or the like in accordance with predetermined conversion expressions K=f(a,b) and T=f(a,b).

Abstract: A packet detector joint detects 802.11a packets, 802.11b packets and interference that is within a monitored frequency range but is not formatted as 802.11a packets or 802.11b packets. The packet detector can use signals from one or more antennas. Detection of signals is done using differentially detected correlations. In addition to packet detection, the packet detector can identify signal levels, noise levels and locations of narrowband interference. The process of packet detection and identifying other indicators can be done simultaneously and as the signal is being received.

Abstract: A signal encoding method and device and a method for encoding a joint feedback signal are provided. The signal encoding method includes the following steps. When two carriers are configured with multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO), Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request-Acknowledgement (HARQ-ACK) signals of the two carriers are combined into a joint feedback signal. The joint feedback signal is mapped into a codeword according to a predetermined mapping relationship between signals and codewords. Therefore, through the method for combining and encoding feedback signals of two carriers for transmission on a code channel in a dual cell (DC)-MIMO mode, bit error ratio (BER) and detection error cost are decreased, power overhead is saved, and a cubic metric (CM) value of the system is not affected, thereby enhancing the performance of the system.

Abstract: The solution from a multivariable predictive controller (MPC) is analyzed and described by providing quantitative input to operators regarding the effect of changing controller limits on the MPC controller solution. This information allows a rapid operator response to changes and more optimal process operation.

Abstract: A two-stage model predictive control (MPC) controller uses a process model and two separate MPC control modules, including a feedforward MPC control module and a feedback MPC control module, to determine a set of control signals for use in controlling a process. The feedforward MPC control module uses the process model to determine a feedforward control component for each of a set of control signals and the feedback MPC control module uses the process model and one or more measured process outputs to determine a feedback control component for each of the set of control signals. The two-stage MPC controller combines the feedforward control components with the feedback control components to form the final control signals used to control the process.

Abstract: A first principles model may be used to simulate a batch process, and the first principles model may be used to configure a multiple-input/multiple-output control routine for controlling the batch process. The first principles model may generate estimates of batch parameters that cannot, or are not, measured during operation of the actual batch process. An example of such a parameter may be a rate of change of a component (e.g., a production rate, a cell growth rate, etc.) of the batch process. The first principles model and the configured multiple-input/multiple-output control routine may be used to facilitate control of the batch process.

Abstract: A system for communicating through a multicarrier communication channel estimates a channel transfer function Hnm(K) each of a plurality of subcarriers of a multicarrier communication channel from received training signals. The system also estimates a spatial correlation matrix Rnn(k) for each subcarrier from noise and interference samples obtained during the reception of the training signals through two or more receive-signal paths. Receiver and transmitter beamformer weights may be generated for the subcarriers using the channel transfer function Hnm(k) and the spatial correlation matrices Rnn(k) for use in subsequent communication through the channel.

Abstract: Methods and systems to detect steady-state operations in a process of a process plant include collecting process data. The collected process data is generated from a plurality of process variables of the process. A multivariate statistical model of the operation of the process is generated using the process data. The multivariate statistical model may be generated from a principal component analysis. The model is executed to generate outputs corresponding to the most significant variations in the process. Statistical measures of the outputs are generated and used to determine whether a steady-state or unsteady-state is related to the process.

Abstract: A real-time operating optimized method of multi-input and multi-output continuous manufacture procedure includes steps as follows: first, using plurality of pivotal operation conditions in the manufacture procedure as optimized variables, and using the technical target associating with the pivotal operation conditions as the objective function, then, calculating on line the grades vector between pivotal operation conditions and the technical target at current time according to historical data of pivotal operation conditions and the technical target, using correlation integral method or other methods, at last, using this grades vector to define the adjustment direction of the operation conditions. When the grades vector is positive or negative, the pivotal operation conditions should be adjusted in order to change the grades vector to zero.

Abstract: A MIMO Decision Feedback Equalizer improves operation of a receiver by canceling the spatio-temporal interference effects caused by the Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) channel memory with a set of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters in both the feed-forward and the feedback MIMO filters. The coefficients of these FIR filters can be fashioned to provide a variety of controls by the designer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a system and method for interfacing to a network. The system includes a network interface comprising an embedded network traffic analyzer (NTA) capable of network traffic analyzer filter and capture capabilities. The NTA also includes an artificial intelligence component that facilitates diagnosing and/or prognosing state and/or health of the network (and/or components thereof).

Abstract: A method for controlling an industrial process, such as a paper machine, is devised to handle multiple manipulated and controlled variables of the process. The method includes making available for selection a plurality of different multivariable sub-control systems for controlling the process. A user interface table is generated and displayed showing configuration information about the plurality of multivariable sub-control systems. A selection of one of the multivariable sub-control systems is received through the user interface and used by the computer system for configuring the multivariable control system and performing control calculation for the multivariable control system.

Abstract: An accurate total error rate performance can be measured using a computed error vector magnitude (EVM) per stream. Using this EVM, the receiver or the transmitter can advantageously generate an optimized modulation and coding scheme (MCS) that corresponds to a specific number of streams, modulation and coding rate for the transmitter. For example, the receiver can compute an SNR from the EVM and then use an SNR vs. MCS table to determine the optimized MCS. In contrast, the transmitter can receive an EVM-to-RSSI mapping and an EVM-to-MCS mapping from the receiver. These mappings and an EVM can facilitate selecting the optimized MCS.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises a matrix of thermoelectric devices for applying thermal gradients across an electronic component mounted in a PCB substrate within an enclosed housing. A matrix of thermosensitive devices are placed around the perimeter of the electronic component to measure thermal gradients associated with the component. A controller controls the matrix of thermoelectric devices based on the thermal gradients measured by the matrix of thermosensitive devices with a matrix of thermocouple coefficients.