Abstract: A method for reducing the steering torque in a steering system of a vehicle. A method including the steps of monitoring a driver's torque as applied by a driver of the vehicle; providing a plurality of torques that can be imposed on the steering system; and reducing the torques that can be imposed on the steering system by a central reduction factor if monitoring of the steering system reveals a violation of a safety criterion.

Abstract: In some embodiments, the present invention provides for an exemplary inventive system that includes at least the following components: an electronic control unit having a service oriented architecture (SOA ECU), where the SOA ECU includes: at least one exemplary inventive SOA server; where the SOA ECU is located within a vehicle; where the at least one SOA server is configured to provide at least one service to at least one client ECU that is located within the vehicle; and where the at least one SOA server is configured to assign at least one dedicated processing resource and at least one dedicated memory resource to provide the at least one service.

Abstract: A method and a device locate wheels of a vehicle, according to which method at least one wheel has wheel electronics. In accordance with the method, a signal is received on the vehicle side by the wheel electronics, which signal allows conclusions to be drawn about a point in time at which the wheel assumed a first rotation angle position. The signal contains a plurality of packets. At least one time interval between the packets is determined, and at least one estimated value for the at least one time interval is provided on the basis of the at least one determined time interval.

Abstract: A method includes collecting a data for a time from sensors to a fixed monitoring system. The fixed monitoring system is fixedly coupled to a turbo-machinery and the sensors are configured to monitor the turbo-machinery, also, the time comprises at least one week. The method also includes recovering the data by coupling a portable machinery monitor to the fixed monitoring system and retrieving the data into the portable machinery monitor. The method also includes analyzing the data to determine one or more machinery conditions. The analyzing the data comprises analyzing the data via the portable machinery monitor, an external system, or any combination thereof.

Abstract: One or more braking event detection computing devices and methods are disclosed herein based on fused sensor data collected during a window of time from various sensors of a mobile device found within an interior of a vehicle. The various sensors of the mobile device may include a GPS receiver, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a microphone, a camera, and a magnetometer. Data from vehicle sensors and other external systems may also be used. The braking event detection computing devices may adjust the polling frequency of the GPS receiver of the mobile device to capture non-consecutive data points based on the speed of the vehicle, the battery status of the mobile device, traffic-related information, and weather-related information. The braking event detection computing devices may use classification machine learning algorithms on the fused sensor data to determine whether or not to classify a window of time as a braking event.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to systems and methods for monitoring a vehicle operator and for monitoring the environment of a vehicle operator. In particularly, the present disclosure relates to systems and methods for determining a physical position of an operator within a vehicle and for determining environmental conditions surrounding the vehicle operator. The systems may include at least one of: an image sensor, an infrared sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, a microphone or a combination or sub-combination thereof. The methods may determine a position and/or an orientation of a vehicle operator's head, arms, hands, legs, feet, etc., a combination thereof or a sub-combination thereof.

Abstract: A method and system for processing requests for vehicular data, including receiving a vehicle request for a vehicle parameter from a client system (e.g., third party application); verifying client access to the vehicle parameter; determining one or more parameter values for the requested vehicle parameter; and transmitting the one or more parameter values to the client system.

Abstract: An electronic control unit for a vehicle includes a nonvolatile memory that is capable of erasing and writing data electrically, and capable of receiving a program to be written into the nonvolatile memory in units of a predetermined size by means of communication using a communication buffer. The electronic control unit for the vehicle uses communication buffers, the number of which is greater than the number of communication buffers used in an in-vehicle communication environment, to receive the program.

Abstract: An electrical infrastructure system and method of use of the system for a vehicle. There are several electronic control units (ECU) for one or several functional units (30n) for the vehicle. The ECUs are connected through a network (32). The infrastructure system is configured to implement a state map including various operational states Sn that the vehicle can adopt. These operational states are connected by one or several transitions Tn, where the transition from one operational state to another depends on predetermined transition conditions being satisfied. The infrastructure system is configured to receive one or several input signals (34) to at least one ECU, comprising parameter values that represent events. The at least one ECU is configured to analyze the input signals with the aid of the transition conditions, to determine an operational state, and to make the operational state that has been determined available on the network (32).

Abstract: A maintenance device for a construction machine includes: an abnormality detection means for detecting abnormality of an apparatus installed on the construction machine; an abnormality information output means for outputting abnormality information about the apparatus detected by the abnormality detection means; and a maintenance mode setting means for setting a maintenance mode for performing a maintenance work of the apparatus, wherein the abnormality information output means for eliminating negation or output of the information, if any abnormality of the apparatus is detected in a state in which the maintenance mode is set by the maintenance mode setting means.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system comprising a main electrical unit (2) and a peripheral electrical unit (3, 4,5), wherein the main electrical unit and the peripheral electrical unit are switchable between a low-power mode and a high-power mode. The main electrical unit is adapted to hand over a control of the system to the peripheral electrical unit, if the peripheral electrical unit is in the high-power mode, and to switch from the high-power mode to the low-power mode, after the control has been handed over. The peripheral electrical unit is adapted to receive the control from the main electrical unit and to control the system, if the peripheral electrical unit is in the high-power mode. This allows the system to be still in operation mode, although the main electrical unit has been switched to the low-power mode, thereby reducing the power consumption of the system.

Abstract: A vehicle system includes a processing device programmed to determine an ignition state and a vehicle speed. The processing device powers at least one vehicle subsystem if the ignition state is off and the vehicle speed is above a predetermined threshold. The processing device may disable the vehicle subsystem when the vehicle speed falls below the predetermined threshold.

Abstract: An apparatus for operating a data bus system of a motor vehicle having data bus segments, at least one of the data bus segments is designed to switch from an active state to a rest state and vice versa. In a first step, a communication requirement is detected of a first control device of a first data bus segment in the rest state. If a communication requirement of the first control device is detected, the first data bus segment is brought from the rest state into the active state. If a communication requirement of the first control device with a second control device outside of the first data bus segment is detected, all other data bus segments of the data bus system outside of the first data bus segment that are in the rest state are additionally activated across the board.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a system and a related computer-executed method of locating a source of a ground offset in a network of electronic devices interconnected by a communication bus. An exemplary method detects signal voltages on the communication bus that are indicative of a ground offset condition, and saves voltage timestamps for the detected signal voltages such that each detected signal voltage has a respective voltage timestamp. Message timestamps are added to messages on the communication bus, such that each message has a respective message timestamp. The message timestamps are compared against the voltage timestamps to identify at least one of the electronic devices as a ground offset source.

Abstract: An electronic control unit has a main controller that controls a drive of an actuator and a life-extending control instruction section that requests the main controller to change a drive condition of the actuator. The life-extending control instruction section includes a failure estimator that updates and outputs a failure rate based on a state of a control object, a life-extending control database that stores a failure rate reduction control of a monitoring object including the actuator, which reduces the failure rate of the monitoring object, when a failure of the monitoring object is estimated, and a control selector that searches the life-extending control database and selects a candidate control based on the failure rate of the monitoring object outputted from the failure estimator. The control selector requests the main control section to perform a life-extending control that changes an operation condition of the actuator.

Abstract: A vehicle electronic control device having a first microcomputer and a second microcomputer connected to an in-vehicle network. The first microcomputer includes a process load level detecting unit that detects a process load level of the first microcomputer, a table in which the process load level is associated with data identification information, and a reception data reducing unit that, in a case where the process load level becomes equal to or greater than a first threshold level, stops receiving one or more data which the first microcomputer has received before the process load level becomes greater than or equal to the first threshold value.

Abstract: A first network device determines whether a first reference code included in at least a first transmission on a communication channel is associated with a code configured in the first network device. The communication channel is shared among a plurality of communication networks and the first reference code is associated with a first communication network of the plurality of communication networks. The first network device joins the first communication network associated with the first reference code in response to determining the first reference code is associated with the code configured in the first network device. The first network device communicates with a second network device in the first communication network using the code configured in the first network device.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present disclosure presents a method for managing a reference face database to improve face recognition performance under a restricted memory environment, said method comprising: acquiring a new input face image; determining a classification condition corresponding to the input face image with reference to classification conditions of existing registered face images of a reference face database used for face recognition; and if the classification condition corresponding to the input face image is a specific classification condition and the value of the face image corresponding to the specific classification condition in the reference face database is less than a preset threshold value, selecting the input face image as an image that can be additionally registered to the reference face database.

Abstract: A tire condition sensing apparatus includes a tire-based sensor for sensing two relative rotational positions of its associated tire relative to the earth's horizon as the tire rotates and provides first and second signals indicative thereof. A transmitter for transmits tire condition information and a signal processing time delay value in response to the first and second signals. A vehicle-based sensor monitors tire rotation relative to the vehicle's chassis and provides a signal indicative thereof. A controller for monitors the transmitted tire condition information signal, the signal processing time delay value, and the signal from the vehicle-based sensor and associates tire location in response thereto.

Abstract: A gateway device includes a request receiving portion, a request storage, a request conversion portion, a request transmitting portion, a response receiving portion, a response storage, a response conversion portion, and a response transmitting portion. When receiving, from a first diagnosis purpose tool, a diagnosis request for performing a malfunction diagnosis to an ECU equipped to a vehicle, the gateway device relays a diagnosis request and a diagnosis response between the first diagnosis purpose tool and the ECU. When receiving, from a second diagnosis purpose tool, a diagnosis request for performing a malfunction diagnosis to the ECU equipped to the vehicle, the gateway device relays a diagnosis request and a diagnosis response between the second diagnosis purpose tool and the ECU after converting identification informations of the diagnosis request and the diagnosis response.

Abstract: A method and system for performing diagnostics or software maintenance on a vehicle comprises recording high-fidelity data at the vehicle consistent with configuration files to support engineering analysis or diagnostics on vehicle components, systems or performance. Supplemental data is retrieved via a low bandwidth transmission at the vehicle to supplement the recorded high-fidelity data. The recorded high-fidelity data and retrieved supplemental data is processed to generate a diagnostic status report message from transmission to the central electronic data processing system. A data processor or central electronic data processing system organizes the diagnostic report message, the recorded high fidelity data and the retrieved supplemental data into a data mart or diagnostics database to support engineering analysis or diagnostics on vehicle components, systems or performance.

Abstract: In a wheel position detecting device, a first controlling section of a transmitter transmits a frame when an increasing or decreasing direction of values of gravitational acceleration components included in detection signals of an acceleration sensor, which is detected at predetermined intervals, is continuously the same direction. A second controlling section of a receiver acquires gear information indicating a teeth position of gears in accordance with the detection signal of wheel speed sensors, and performs the wheel position detection in accordance with gear information at a reception timing of the frame.

Abstract: A method and system are provided in which maintenance vehicles collect information from sensors and operators, forward the collected information to a server, and, in response, receive maps and operator instructions.

Abstract: A tire condition sensing apparatus includes a tire-based sensor for sensing two relative rotational positions of its associated tire relative to the earth's horizon as the tire rotates and provides first and second signals indicative thereof. A transmitter for transmits tire condition information and a signal processing time delay value in response to the first and second signals. A vehicle-based sensor monitors tire rotation relative to the vehicle's chassis and provides a signal indicative thereof. A controller for monitors the transmitted tire condition information signal, the signal processing time delay value, and the signal from the vehicle-based sensor and associates tire location in response thereto.

Abstract: A system includes a contactor system, a vehicle control unit, and a fault diagnostic system. The contactor system includes one or more contactors. The vehicle control unit is coupled to the contactor system via a first connection and a second connection. The vehicle control unit is configured to provide a controlling signal to the contactor system through at least one of the first connection and the second connection to control the one or more contactors. The fault diagnostic system is configured to identify faults occurring in the first connection and the second connection. A method is also provided.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for monitoring the function of a safety monitoring system of a control unit of an actuator system of a motor vehicle, wherein it is checked by the function monitoring whether the safety monitoring is performed faultlessly, wherein the safety monitoring is carried out by a first monitoring entity and the function monitoring is carried out by a second monitoring entity, wherein the first monitoring entity sends a result of the safety monitoring as an information item to the second monitoring entity at defined time intervals, wherein the first monitoring entity and the second monitoring entity are free of a common interface, wherein the information item is received by the second monitoring entity by utilizing an interface between the second monitoring entity and the control unit, and wherein the information item is coded in a format which cannot be interpreted by the control unit.

Abstract: A tread wear indicator is affixed to a respective tire tread element. The indicator is constructed as a plurality of radially stacked sensor elements operatively configured and located to sequentially sacrificially abrade and change in electrical resistance responsive to a progressive tread wear of the respective tread element. The sensor elements are connected by circuitry that communicates a data signal from the sensor elements to a data processor indicative of a change in cumulative resistivity of the sensor elements. The data processor receives the data signal from the sensor elements and determines a radial wear level of the tread element based on the data signal. Multiple tread wear indicators may be mounted to respective tread lugs across the tread to derive a tread wear status based upon the tread wear profiles of the respective lugs.

Abstract: A tire condition sensing apparatus includes a tire-based sensor for sensing two relative rotational positions of its associated tire relative to the earth's horizon as the tire rotates and provides first and second signals indicative thereof. A transmitter for transmits tire condition information and a signal processing time delay value in response to the first and second signals. A vehicle-based sensor monitors tire rotation relative to the vehicle's chassis and provides a signal indicative thereof. A controller for monitors the transmitted tire condition information signal, the signal processing time delay value, and the signal from the vehicle-based sensor and associates tire location in response thereto.

Abstract: A system for real-time measurement of vehicle performance. The system can include at least one sensor module mounted on a rotating member of the vehicle and a central module disposed in the vehicle. The sensor module can include a plurality of sensors communicatively coupled to a microcontroller, at least one wireless communications device communicatively coupled to the microcontroller, and a power source. The central module can include a central processor, memory, a central wireless communications device communicatively coupled to the central processor and to the at least one wireless communications device of the sensor module. The rotating member of the vehicle can be a wheel, a brake rotor, or a torsion disc disposed between an axle of the vehicle and a wheel of the vehicle.

Abstract: A vehicle behavior data storage control system is disclosed. The system includes a storage control device and an electronic control unit (ECU). The storage control device determines whether or not an unexpected behavior has occurred based on a behavior data. When the ECU determines that a change in the behavior data is attributed to control performed by the ECU, the ECU transmits a determination result to an in-vehicle network. At a time when the storage control device determines that the unexpected behavior has occurred, the storage control device records the behavior data at this time in the memory. When determining that the unexpected behavior relates to the control performed by the ECU, the storage control device deletes or permits overwriting the behavior data stored in the memory.

Abstract: A method in one example embodiment includes identifying a power state and a battery level of a vehicle. The method also includes allocating power to critical applications (for example) in response to determining that the battery level is above a reserve threshold while the power state of the vehicle is engine-off. The method also includes allocating remaining power in excess of the reserve threshold to non-critical applications according to a power management policy. The power management policy may comprise at least one of a user power preference index and an application power preference index.

Abstract: Methods and systems for analyzing failsafe conditions. One method includes receiving, at a processor, a message transmitted over a vehicle bus, wherein the message includes a data field. The method further includes accessing at least one data attribute included in a database file associated with the vehicle bus. The at least one data attribute includes at least one of (a) a safety critical attribute, (b) an automotive safety integrity level attribute, (c) a maturation time attribute, (d) a warning indicator attribute, and (e) a diagnostic trouble code attribute. The method also includes converting the data field based on the at least one data attribute.

Abstract: Methods and systems for providing. In an example, the computing device may be configured to receive vehicle information including identification information of a vehicle and/or information describing condition of the vehicle. The computing device also may be configured to match the vehicle information to content of a vehicle repair database so as to identify repair information relating to the vehicle. The computing device further may be configured to receive geographic information identifying a geographic location relating to the vehicle. The computing device also may be configured to provide, to a communication network, a subset of the identified repair information based on the geographic information. The service advisor may be able to access the subset of the identified repair information on a display device coupled to the computing device.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a distributed control system for a locomotive. The distributed system may include a network, a plurality of electronic modules and a plurality of control elements distributed within the locomotive. Each of the electronic modules is communicatively coupled to the network in a standardized scalable architecture. Each of the electronic modules may be programmatically reconfigurable to implement distributed control of the locomotive. A first electronic module and a second electronic module of the plurality of electronic modules may be communicatively connected to one of the plurality of control elements via separate communication paths. The first electronic module may be configured to control the control element, and the second electronic module may be configured to control the control element when the first electronic module enters into a failure condition.

Abstract: A system and method according to which data associated with a damage log is received, the damage log being associated with an instance of damage to a portion of a vehicle such as, for example, a portion of an aircraft. A graphical representation of the portion of the vehicle is outputted, and a graphical damage indicator is outputted. The graphical damage indicator is located, relative to the graphical representation of the portion of the vehicle, to indicate a location of the instance of damage on the portion of the vehicle. The graphical damage indicator visually represents a type of damage to the vehicle.

Abstract: A wireless source and an automobile dashboard configured to function as a wireless sink device are configured to communicate with one another including authenticating the source device for communications with the dashboard sink, transmitting user inputs received at the dashboard sink back to the wireless source device to enable a user to control the source device and interact with and control the content that is being transmitted from the source device to the dashboard sink, controlling the operational state of the source device based on the operational state of the automobile in which the dashboard sink is arranged, and transmitting data generated by the automobile from the dashboard sink to the source device so as to enable the source device to process at least some of the data.

Abstract: A tread wear indicator is affixed to a respective tire tread element. The indicator is constructed as a plurality of radially stacked sensor elements operatively configured and located to sequentially sacrificially abrade and change in electrical resistance responsive to a progressive tread wear of the respective tread element. The sensor elements are connected by circuitry that communicates a data signal from the sensor elements to a data processor indicative of a change in cumulative resistivity of the sensor elements. The data processor receives the data signal from the sensor elements and determines a radial wear level of the tread element based on the data signal. Multiple tread wear indicators may be mounted to respective tread lugs across the tread to derive a tread wear status based upon the tread wear profiles of the respective lugs.

Abstract: For a three-dimensional corporal figure for communicating with a passenger in a motor vehicle, wherein the three-dimensional corporal figure may be locked in place in the motor vehicle, it is in particular provided that a communication from a passenger and a driver of the motor vehicle, respectively, to the three-dimensional corporal figure is carried out acoustically and/or haptic, and that a communication from the three-dimensional corporal figure to a driver or a passenger of the motor vehicle is carried out optically and/or acoustically.

Abstract: Embodiments of techniques or systems for customization of, diagnostic assistance, and driving analytics related to snapshot data of a vehicle are provided herein. For example, a snapshot can be taken. The snapshot can be based on a snapshot package customized according to symptoms experienced by a driver of a vehicle, and analyzed individually or in conjunction with other snapshots to determine a trend. Additionally, the snapshot can be based on a configuration of a vehicle. In this scenario, the snapshot and the configuration of the vehicle can be used to provide an enhanced troubleshooting guide by removing non-suspect areas from consideration, thereby mitigating troubleshooting time. The snapshot can be setup to record parameters related to wear and tear on components of the vehicle. Suggestions can be made to a driver of the vehicle to reduce or mitigate actions that negatively impact wear and tear.

Abstract: Embodiments of techniques or systems for customization of, diagnostic assistance, and driving analytics related to snapshot data of a vehicle are provided herein. For example, a snapshot can be taken. The snapshot can be based on a snapshot package customized according to symptoms experienced by a driver of a vehicle, and analyzed individually or in conjunction with other snapshots to determine a trend. Additionally, the snapshot can be based on a configuration of a vehicle. In this scenario, the snapshot and the configuration of the vehicle can be used to provide an enhanced troubleshooting guide by removing non-suspect areas from consideration, thereby mitigating troubleshooting time. The snapshot can be setup to record parameters related to wear and tear on components of the vehicle. Suggestions can be made to a driver of the vehicle to reduce or mitigate actions that negatively impact wear and tear.

Abstract: A ball bearing assembly can include an outer race that includes an inner surface; an inner race that comprises an outer surface that includes an imperfection and a shoulder disposed at a shoulder angle where the imperfection is disposed at an angle in a range from about 50% of the shoulder angle to about 100% of the shoulder angle; and balls disposed between the inner surface of the outer race and the outer surface of the inner race. Various other examples of devices, assemblies, systems, methods, etc., are also disclosed.

Abstract: A system and method for mentoring a driver of a vehicle can include a monitoring device in communication with an onboard diagnostics unit coupled to an engine, the monitoring device monitoring at least one of a plurality of vehicle parameters received from the onboard diagnostics unit including vehicle speed, fuel level, engine speed, load, mass air flow, manifold air pressure, and odometer reading, and using the at least one of a plurality of vehicle parameters to calculate a fuel efficiency and/or emissions of the engine; and an output coupled to the monitoring device, wherein the output notifies the driver when the fuel efficiency changes. The output can notify the driver when the fuel efficiency and/or emissions increases or decreases. The notification can be visual, audible, or a combination of the two.

Abstract: A method and device for accessing maintenance functions of an aircraft from a mobile maintenance terminal. First, the situation of the aircraft is determined. Then, if this situation allows a mobile maintenance terminal to access a maintenance information system on the ground and the information system of the aircraft, a connection is established between the mobile maintenance terminal and the maintenance information system on the ground and at least one maintenance command intended for the information system of the aircraft is transmitted to the maintenance information system on the ground. If this situation allows the mobile maintenance terminal to access only the information system of the aircraft, a connection is established between the mobile maintenance terminal and the information system of the aircraft and at least one maintenance command is transmitted to the information system of the aircraft.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for managing a programmable control panel for a vehicle. A number of first level control functions is assigned to the programmable control panel for the vehicle. A number of second level control functions is assigned to the programmable control panel based on a health of programmable control panels in the vehicle.

Abstract: The present disclosure relate to an indirect tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS). In some embodiments, the indirect TPMS has magnetic field sensor that detects a modulated magnetic field indicative of one or more resonance parameters of an automobile tire. The magnetic field sensor generates a modulated sensor signal based upon the modulated magnetic field. An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) converts the modulated sensor signal to a digital sensor signal, which is provided to a digital signal processing unit that perform analysis of the digital sensor signal to determine the one or more resonance parameters. A communication interface transmit data corresponding to the one or more resonance parameters to an electronic control unit (ECU).

Abstract: An electrical power generation and distribution health monitoring system includes a network of a plurality of nodes included in an electrical system of a vehicle. Each node of the plurality of nodes is synchronized with other nodes of the plurality of nodes. The network is configured to communicate electrical system health data associated with the electrical system to at least one vehicle health reporting system.

Abstract: A diagnostic connector module for a vehicle includes an electronic communication module and a housing enclosing the electronic communication module. The housing has integrated connectors electrically connected to the electronic communication module. The integrated connectors include a diagnostic service connector for connection with an external diagnostic scan tool and a vehicle bus connector connectable to a vehicle bus. The diagnostic service connector has a plurality of female pin-receptors electrically connected to the electronic communication module, and the vehicle bus connector has a plurality of terminals electrically connected to the electronic communication module. A vehicle diagnostic system including the diagnostic connector module is also provided.

Abstract: A method and a measurement system are specified for localizing at least one wheel on a motor vehicle. In this case the operating situation of the motor vehicle and the wheel load of the at least one wheel and/or a variable dependent on this is determined. Then the at least one measured value of the wheel load is compared with a value assigned to the operating situation. As an alternative or in addition, the comparison of at least one parameter dependent on at least two measured values can be undertaken with at least one of the parameters assigned to this operating situation. Finally the point on the motor vehicle at which the wheel is mounted is determined on the basis of the comparison results.

Abstract: Manufacturers and original equipment manufacturers provide vehicles that include various components and systems that operate to provide safe, environmentally conscious transportation compliant with local, state, and federal requirements. Each of the components or systems may include a nontransitory storage media containing data indicative of an authentication code specific to the respective component or system. Authentication data may be communicated from each of the nontransitory storage media on a vehicle to a control system where the authentication data is compared to one or more defined criteria. If the one or more criteria confirm the validity of the authentication data supplied by the components or systems, full operation of one or more vehicular systems is permitted. If the one or more criteria fail to confirm the validity of the authentication data supplied by the components or systems, the operation of at least one vehicular system is at least partially inhibited.

Abstract: An electric storage device including a state detection unit managing and controlling the state of a battery unit, wherein the state detection unit captures an inter-terminal voltage of each of a plurality of batteries measured by a battery management unit in a no-load state where the battery unit is separated from a load, and calculates variation information about the states of charge of the batteries. In addition, the state detection unit, taking into consideration the variation information about the states of charge of the batteries, calculates allowable charge and discharge information required for controlling the charging and discharging of the battery unit in a loaded state where the battery unit is connected to a load and charged or discharged, and outputs the allowable charge and discharge information to a charge and discharge device in the battery unit.