Abstract: Integrity of a physical object is verified by receiving, data encapsulating a request to verify the integrity of the physical object. Subsequently, a data structure is accessed that includes a plurality of linked segments each characterizing an entity within a supply chain for the physical object. Each segment includes a respective predecessor field and a respective hash value. All of the segments can be iterated through in reverse chronological order to confirm, for each segment, whether a value for the predecessor field is equal to a hash value in a hash field in an immediately previously segment, the hash value being a hash of all values of the particular segment. Data characterizing the iteration can then be provided. Related apparatus, systems, techniques and articles are also described.

Abstract: A message is generated to initiate an ACH (automated clearing house) transaction to benefit a recipient account associated with a recipient token. The message includes the recipient token. After the message is transmitted, an authentication message is received. The authentication message indicates authentication of the recipient token. The ACH transaction is implemented in response to receiving the authentication message.

Abstract: Methods and systems for conducting a secure online transaction with a physical payment card. In an embodiment, a user computer identifies, during an online transaction, a selection of a secure payment option involving a physical payment card. Next, a security module of the user computer enters a secure transaction mode of operation which prevents other applications running on the user computer from access to cardholder data, establishes a communication session with a payment provider device, and prompts a user to present a payment card to a card reader device associated with the user computer. The card reader device then reads cardholder data from the physical payment card, and the security module creates a request message. The security module then transmits the request message to a payment provider computer (which provides substitute payment card details to the merchant computer to complete the online payment transaction) and exits the secure transaction mode.

Abstract: Systems, apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture are described herein for providing for a proof-of-work parallel-chain architecture for a distributed ledger system (e.g., a blockchain) with efficient throughput and security.

Abstract: A method for consensus verification implementable by a first blockchain node in a consensus network may comprise: receiving a transaction request from a client, and performing a first security verification on the transaction request; in response to determining that the transaction request passes the first security verification, storing the transaction request, and broadcasting the transaction request to each of second blockchain nodes in the consensus network, causing the each second blockchain node to store the transaction request in response to the second blockchain node determining that the transaction request passes a second security verification; performing pre-processing on at least one stored transaction request in response to determining that a preset condition is satisfied, to obtain and store a pre-processed block; and broadcasting the obtained pre-processed block to the second blockchain nodes, causing the second blockchain nodes to perform consensus verification on the obtained pre-processed block

Abstract: Provided is a method comprising acquiring information on a branch formed on blockchain data, calculating a difference in a block height between a target block corresponding to a current block height of the blockchain data and a block in a non-branched state based on the information on the branch and calculating a transaction confirmation reliability of transaction data recorded in the target block based on the difference in the block height, wherein the transaction confirmation reliability indicates a probability that, for as k blocks are further connected after the target block, a position of the block at which the transaction data is recorded will not change, wherein k is an integer greater than zero.

Abstract: Systems, computer program products, and methods are described herein for a centralized resource transfer engine for facilitating resource transfers between distributed IoT devices. The present invention is configured to receive, from a first autonomous IoT device, a transaction authorization request to execute a transaction with a second autonomous IoT device; receive information associated with the first autonomous IoT device, information associated with the second autonomous IoT device, and information associated with the transaction; determine one or more constraints associated with the transaction; determine that the first autonomous IoT device is authorized to execute the transaction with the second autonomous IoT device within the one or more constraints; transmit a transaction authorization to the first autonomous IoT device to execute the transaction within the one or more constraints; and receive, from the first autonomous IoT device, an indication that the transaction has been executed.

Abstract: A safe card system comprising: a plurality of safe cards, at least one safe card reader and a service provider computer. Each safe card: Capable of generating at a specific time a temporary number based on combination of a first number representing at least one biometric identifier, and a temporary second number, and a card signal based on the temporary number; The at least one safe card reader capable of reading the card signal, and converting the card signal into a card reader number, The service provider: Capable of drawing at a specific time at least one fifth number associated with said time, generating at least one sixth number derived from the fifth numbers, and comparing the sixth numbers to the card reader number so as to allow service to the safe card when a sixth number is identical to the card reader number.

Abstract: Methods and systems are presented for a cryptocurrency based on distributed ledger (such as blockchain) technology, where a currency emission mechanism is tied to providing useful electronic resources such as computational power, storage, or connectivity to other nodes of the network, effectively creating a distributed computational cloud or supercomputer. Such resources may be provided in a secure (in case of computation sandboxed) environment in order to provide security for the nodes providing the resource. Stored data chunks may be encrypted in order to prevent the storage nodes from accessing the information. Resources may be provided on a non-exclusive basis, with a certain degree of redundancy to assure the nodes requesting the service about its integrity. The present disclosures allow free trading of electronic resources, and have a cryptocurrency that has its value associated with them, effectively building a supercomputer or a cloud where the nodes are rewarded monetarily for their participation.

Abstract: At an artificial intelligence system, a random cut tree corresponding to a sample of a multi-dimensional data set is traversed to determine a tree-specific vector indicating respective contributions of individual dimensions to an anomaly score of a particular data point. Level-specific vectors of per-dimension contributions obtained using bounding-box analyses at each level during the traversal are aggregated to obtain the tree-specific vector. An overall anomaly score contribution for at least one dimension is obtained using respective tree-specific vectors generated from one or more random cut trees, and an indication of the overall anomaly score contribution is provided.

Abstract: According to an example aspect of the invention, there is provided an apparatus comprising at least one processing core and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and the computer program code being configured to, with the at least one processing core, cause the apparatus at least to receive, from a first user, a ciphertext, a first hash value and a first ciphered encryption key, receive, from a second user, a second hash value, responsive to a determination the first hash value is the same as the second hash value, obtain a re-encryption key, and apply the re-encryption key to the first ciphered encryption key to obtain a re-encrypted encryption key, the re-encrypted encryption key being decryptable with a secret key of the second user.

Abstract: The present solution discloses methods and apparatuses for automatic processing of member management data in a blockchain. One example method includes storing, in a blockchain, a contract rule, wherein the contract rule includes a rule that is agreed upon by blockchain members and is used for determining registration conditions of registering users for joining a blockchain. Receiving a registration transaction message from a registering user based on the contract rule, wherein the registration transaction message includes identification information of at least one certification authority and a signature certificate of each of the certification authorities identified in the identification information. Verifying the at least one signature certificate based on the identification information by using public keys of the at least one certification authorities in a blockchain node.

Abstract: A system for authenticating a user with a mobile device comprising a memory storing instructions, and a processor in communication with a network. The processor may be configured to execute the stored instructions to receive, from a mobile device, an authentication request; obtain, from a database, a permanent identifier associated with a transaction card; generate a temporary identifier associated with the transaction card; generate an expected value by encrypting the permanent identifier and the temporary identifier; verify the expected value against an encrypted value received from the mobile device; and transmit an authorization command to the mobile device.

Abstract: A data item block is linked to a construction item block in a blockchain representing a construction project. A multi-dimensional tensor is constructed from a set of blocks in the blockchain, the set of blocks including the data item block, the construction item block, a block describing an operation relative to the construction item of the construction item block. An event is forecasted along a dimension of the tensor. The event is of the dimension, and is likely to occur relative to the construction item at a future time. A determination is made whether the event complies with a specification included in a spec block of the blockchain. When the event is non-compliant, an exception block corresponding to the event is linked with the construction item block in the blockchain.

Abstract: A method for consensus verification implementable by a first blockchain node in a consensus network may comprise: receiving a transaction request from a client, and performing a first security verification on the transaction request; in response to determining that the transaction request passes the first security verification, storing the transaction request, and broadcasting the transaction request to each of second blockchain nodes in the consensus network, causing the each second blockchain node to store the transaction request in response to the second blockchain node determining that the transaction request passes a second security verification; performing pre-processing on at least one stored transaction request in response to determining that a preset condition is satisfied, to obtain and store a pre-processed block; and broadcasting the obtained pre-processed block to the second blockchain nodes, causing the second blockchain nodes to perform consensus verification on the obtained pre-processed block

Abstract: Selection of fault detection and diagnostic rules in a building automation system and generation of configuration data associated with the selected rules.

Abstract: Example embodiments for controlling access in a network system based on a distributed ledger are presented. In an example embodiment, a plurality of nodes of a computer network capture information describing requested data transactions in the computer network. At least some of the nodes construct transaction blocks for a distributed ledger, with each of the transaction blocks including information describing one or more of the requested data transactions. The nodes publish the transaction blocks to other nodes. The nodes receiving the transaction blocks add those of the transaction blocks that do not include a disallowable requested data transaction to copies of the distributed ledger. One or more arbitrator nodes approve those of the requested data transactions represented in transaction blocks added to the copies of the distributed ledger by a consensus of the nodes.

Abstract: One or more embodiments of the specification provide a method, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable storage medium for processing an event involving a plurality of users in a blockchain. The method is implementable by any user involved in the event, the method comprising: receiving, through a non-blockchain computer network, descriptive information; verifying a plurality of homomorphic commitments in the received descriptive information; generating a signature endorsing the descriptive information based on a private key; submitting to the blockchain triggering information comprising the signature; determining, by querying the blockchain through the blockchain computer network, that the event has been marked as executable by a smart contract on the blockchain, the mark indicating that all of the plurality of blockchain nodes have submitted corresponding triggering information; and executing the event according to the descriptive information.

Abstract: Methods and systems described in this disclosure receive a call from a device associated with a caller and determine whether the caller is eligible for biometric authentication via the device by sending, via a communications network, an eligibility determination request to an issuer of the device. In response to the caller being eligible for biometric authentication, a request to initiate a biometric authentication process on the device is sent to an issuer of the device, where biometric credentials are received by the device and an indication of whether the biometric credentials were verified is received from the issuer of the device.

Abstract: A system for integrating blockchain-enabled shared datasets across databases having varying formats and structures is disclosed. The system may include various entity systems in communication via a peer-to-peer network. A first entity system may receive a dataset update request to update the shared dataset. The first entity system may broadcast the dataset update request across the network, and one or more entity systems connected to the network may consent to the dataset update request. The consenting entity systems may broadcast the consented dataset update request to the other entity systems connected to the network. Each entity system may update its local copy of the shared dataset with the consented dataset update request. Each entity system may comprise a mapping module configured to reformat the consented dataset update request into a format that can be stored in a local data structure.

Abstract: A method for performing a secure payment in an offline mode in an electronic device is provided. The method includes launching a secure application at the electronic device, obtaining a nonce token from an authentication unit of the electronic device, obtaining a nonce signature from a server via a network, entering an offline mode where the electronic device is disconnected from the network, encrypting, by the secure application, a user credential input by a user using the nonce token and the nonce signature, decrypting and validating, by the authentication unit, an encrypted user credential, generating a secure object based on the decrypted user credential and a random number generated by the authentication unit and performing a secure payment based on the secure object.

Abstract: An electronic device includes: a memory configured to store at least one instruction; and a processor connected to the memory. The at least one instruction executed by the processor is set to receive an application identifier for payment transaction from a reader device and generate payment related information including payment identification information for the payment transaction and additional service information relating to the payment transaction by a payment application corresponding to the application identifier.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for transferring an asset from a parent chain to a sidechain. A simplified payment verification (SPV) proof associated with the parent chain asset may be generated. The SPV proof may include a threshold level of work. The SPV proof associated with the parent chain asset may be validated, and a sidechain asset corresponding to the parent chain asset may be generated. If no reorganization proof is detected, the sidechain asset is released. To redeem the sidechain asset in the parent chain, a SPV proof associated with the sidechain asset may be generated. The parent chain may validate the SPV proof associated with the sidechain asset. The parent chain asset associated with the sidechain asset may be held for a second predetermined contest period. The parent chain asset may then be released if no reorganization proof associated with the sidechain asset is detected.

Abstract: A method for monitoring medical data is disclosed, the method being applicable to a system comprising a portable medical device, a mobile communications device, and, optionally, a medical care server. The portable medical device and the mobile communications device each comprise at least one interface for data transfer. The method comprises a step of establishing a download link between the mobile communications device and a download server. The method comprises a step of selecting an appropriate communication software package from a plurality of communication software packages for controlling data transfer between the mobile communications device and the portable medical device from the download server. Further, the method comprises a download step for downloading communication software package from the download server to the mobile communications device and a step of installation of the communication software package on the mobile communications device.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention may relate to systems, methods, and apparatus for using a contactless transaction device reader with a computing system. According to one embodiment, a system for conducting a transaction on a personal computing system using a contactless transaction device may include a communications interface operable to connect with a network, a memory, a contactless transaction device reader operable to communicate wirelessly with a contactless transaction device, and a processor in communication with the memory, the communications interface, and the contactless transaction device reader.

Abstract: Techniques for invocating a smart contract are described. One example method includes receiving a target transaction that is used to initiate an invocation of a smart contract, wherein the target transaction comprises invocation data, and wherein the invocation data comprises a data digest associated with target data stored in a third-party storage system interconnected with a blockchain; querying the target data from the third-party storage system; receiving a query result returned by the third-party storage system, wherein the query result comprises the target data; performing a content verification on the target data; determining that the content verification on the target data succeeds; invoking the smart contract to perform a smart contract computation on the invocation data included in the target transaction; and storing a computation result from the smart contract computation in a distributed database associated with the blockchain after the smart contract computation is completed.

Abstract: A method of securing authentication in electronic communication between at least one user authentication mechanism and at least one server authentication mechanism, wherein primary authentication is performed in the first step, and during the primary authentication a secondary authentication secret is created and shared between the user authentication and the server authentication mechanisms and is valid only for the given authentication transaction, and the secondary authentication secret is subsequently used as an input for a cryptographic transformation performed by the user authentication mechanism separately on each authentication vector element while creating the first authentication vector product, wherein authentication vector (AV) is an ordered set of authentication vector elements (AVE)(i)), wherein the first authentication vector product is transferred from the user authentication mechanism to the server authentication mechanism and is evaluated by the server authentication mechanism using the seco

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses relating to accelerating blockchain transactions are described. In one embodiment, a processor includes a hardware accelerator to execute an operation of a blockchain transaction, and the hardware accelerator includes a dispatcher circuit to route the operation to a transaction processing circuit when the operation is a transaction operation and route the operation to a block processing circuit when the operation is a block operation. In another embodiment, a processor includes a hardware accelerator to execute an operation of a blockchain transaction; and a network interface controller including a dispatcher circuit to route the operation to a transaction processing circuit of the hardware accelerator when the operation is a transaction operation and route the operation to a block processing circuit of the hardware accelerator when the operation is a block operation.

Abstract: One or more embodiments of the specification provide a method, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable storage medium for processing an event involving a plurality of users in a blockchain. The method is implementable by any user involved in the event, the method comprising: generating, by a computing device of the user of the event, descriptive information of the event; sending the descriptive information to a computing device of another user of event through an off-chain channel for the another user to verify the descriptive information and to submit triggering information associated with the another user corresponding to the event to the blockchain after verifying the descriptive information; and submitting, by the computing device of the user, triggering information associated with the user corresponding to the event to the blockchain for the blockchain to process the event according to the descriptive information after verifying all triggering information submitted by the plurality of users.

Abstract: An electronic device is provided. The electronic device includes a memory, a communication circuitry, and a processor configured to transmit, a first signal for requesting to access an external device, to the external device, receive, a second signal for requesting to provide a token stored in the electronic device, from the external device, the token being generated based on at least part of a block chain including at least one block that is respectively associated with at least one external device that has been accessed by the electronic device, in response to the reception, transmit, information on the token, to the external device, receive, a third signal indicating allowed the access, from the external device, the third signal being transmitted from the external device in response to identifying, by the external device, to validate the token in all of the plurality of external devices, and access the external device based on the third signal.

Abstract: According to some embodiments, a multi-currency transaction routing apparatus may include a first input to receive, from an acquirer bank, an electronic message containing information about a business as usual transaction including a generic primary account number. The multi-currency transaction routing apparatus may also include a storage device storing: (i) an association between the generic primary account number and a first primary account number of a first funding bank account in a first currency, and (ii) an association between the generic primary account number and a second primary account number of a second funding bank account in a second currency. A routing module computer may detect the generic primary account number within the electronic message and automatically transmit data about the transaction to a remote device associated with one of the first and second funding bank accounts in accordance with the associations stored in the storage device.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a memory and a hardware processor. The processor detects that a transaction involving a mobile device occurred. After detecting the transaction, the processor receives, from the mobile device, transaction information about the transaction, the transaction information comprising an identification of a merchant performing the transaction and an identification of a user of the mobile device. The processor receives, from the mobile device, a media file generated by the mobile device during the transaction and links the media file to the transaction information. The processor stores the transaction information and the media file in the memory.

Abstract: A method includes receiving, by a server via a network, transaction information descriptive of a money transfer transaction initiated at a point of entry device. The transaction information includes information that identifies a location of the point of entry device. The method includes determining, by the server, receipt information to be included in a receipt for the money transfer transaction. The receipt information may be determined based, at least in part, on the transaction information, and at least a portion of the receipt information included in the receipt satisfies regulatory requirements associated with the location of the point of entry device. The method includes generating, by the server, the receipt that includes the receipt information, and transmitting the receipt from the server to the point of entry device via the network.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention disclose an identity authentication method. The method includes: receiving a request for identity authentication on a target user; sending identity-authentication information on the target user to one or more users in social-network-association with the target user; receiving feedback information from the users in social-network-association with the target user based on the identity-authentication information; and obtaining a result of identity authentication on the target user according to the feedback information from the users in social-network-association with the target user.

Abstract: Systems and methods for managing mobile payments is provided. An account issuer provides an application that is loaded onto a mobile device, which enables a consumer to pay for transactions. The mobile payment application generates a unique code. The code is read by the point of sale terminal, which is then provided to the payment management system. The payment management system contracts the account issuer and authenticates the code, thereby receiving a primary account number. Account number and transaction information is used to authorize the transaction via payment systems. The payment system accepts or declines the transaction in a response. Tokens may be generated for the account number, and value added services may be generated based upon user behaviors.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and articles of manufacture for transferring funds from multiple transaction accounts are provided. The system may allow a user to link one or more credit, debit, or other similar transaction accounts to a single transaction instrument. The system may receive a transaction authorization request, retrieve a merchant account number and a consumer transaction account number based on the transaction authorization request, and generate a funds transfer request comprising the merchant account number, the consumer transaction account number, and a payment amount. The funds transfer request may be executed by a transaction account network to transfer funds from the consumer transaction account to the merchant account.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for fluid blob tracking. One of the methods includes receiving from a user device, a request to change an address with a financial institution. The method includes accessing an electronic bill pay system of the financial institution. The method includes identifying an external party to notify of the change of address based on data in an electronic bill pay system. The method also includes notifying the external party of the change of address, wherein the external party is independent of the financial institution.

Abstract: A system and method of preserving the integrity and privacy of user data in a semi-distributed ledger by saving validation files to user computers and comparing the validation files to the ledger data.

Abstract: Implementations of the present disclosure include obtaining, by a computing system, a unified blockchain domain name (a UBCDN) message of a blockchain instance, wherein the UBCDN message includes a UBCDN of the blockchain instance, a digital signature of an owner of the UBCDN of the blockchain instance (a UBCDN owner) on the UBCDN, and a domain certificate of the UBCDN; verifying whether the domain certificate of the UBCDN is issued by a trusted certificate authority (CA) using a public key of the CA; and verifying whether the UBCDN is issued by the UBCDN owner using a public key of the UBCDN owner. The UBCDN message includes a blockchain domain name and a chain identifier of the blockchain instance uniquely corresponding to the blockchain domain name.

Abstract: Implementations of the present disclosure include receiving, from a first account, a digitally signed copy of a commitment value of a first amount of a transaction amount generated based on a first random number, the first amount of the balance transfer and the first random number encrypted using a public key of the first account, a second amount of the balance transfer and a second random number encrypted using a public key of the second account, and a set of values generated based on one or more selected random numbers. The first account determines if the first amount and the second amount are the same and if the first random number and the second random number are the same based on the set of values, and updates the balance of the first account and a balance of the second account based on the first amount of the balance transfer.

Abstract: A network computer system can associate an operator with a mobile device. Additionally, the network computer system can monitor the operator using the mobile device over a time interval that a freight vehicle is operated between a start location and a destination location. During the time interval, the network computer system can control the mobile device in transmitting interval data. Additionally, based on the interval data, the network computer system can evaluate the operator over the time interval using the interval data. The evaluation of the operator can include using the mobile device information to evaluate the operator over the one or more sub-intervals.

Abstract: Embodiments are directed to systems, apparatus, and methods for account pool processing. In some embodiments, a server computer can store account information for a first pool of accounts and a second pool of accounts. The server computer can receive a payment request message from a buyer that identifies a payment amount and a supplier, and can determine that the payment amount corresponds to the first or second pool of accounts. If the payment amount corresponds to the first pool of accounts, the server computer can select an account from the first pool of accounts, and can transmit account information for the selected account to the supplier. If the payment amount corresponds to the second pool of accounts, the server computer can select an account from the second pool of accounts, and can transmit account information for the selected account to the supplier.

Abstract: A data transaction processing system including multiple transaction processors also includes an active transaction receiver that sequences all incoming messages from various sources to facilitate transactional determinism, as well as a results arbiter to efficiently decide which transaction processor result to choose as the correct output. The data transaction processing system minimizes overall latency by optimizing which transaction processors and results arbiters are responsive to specific client computer input requests or messages.

Abstract: The solutions disclosed enable security credentials to be shared between two entities. Embodiments of the present invention can be used to facilitate the transfer security credentials associated with a first level of permission of a first entity to a second entity that does not have the security credentials associated with the first level of permission in response to receiving a request to share security credentials between two entities.

Abstract: Aspects of the present invention provide systems and methods that solved the problems of how to participate in a marketplace exchange without using a centralized intermediary. In embodiments, a secure distributed transaction ledger may be used as an integration framework that supports communications between parties, the transfer of funds from one party to another party, and the ability to for the provisioning or transfer of deliverables by a seller to a buyer or for the benefit of a buyer. In embodiments, a buyer, a seller, and an escrow entity have defined functions that facilitate transactions and help build in more trust into the marketplace.

Abstract: A novel architecture for a data sharing system (DSS) is disclosed and seeks to ensure the privacy and security of users' personal information. In this type of network, a user's personally identifiable information is stored and transmitted in an encrypted form, with few exceptions. The only key with which that encrypted data can be decrypted, and thus viewed, remains in the sole possession of the user and the user's friends/contacts within the system. This arrangement ensures that a user's personally identifiable information cannot be examined by anyone other than the user or his friends/contacts. This arrangement also makes it more difficult for the web site or service hosting the DSS to exploit its users' personally identifiable information. Such a system facilitates the encryption, storage, exchange and decryption of personal, confidential and/or proprietary data.

Abstract: In one or more embodiments, a cloud operation reservation system is provided through which cloud operations may be scheduled and managed. The cloud operation reservation system includes logic for defining a set of time windows that are available to perform one or more cloud operations on cloud targets and presenting the set of time windows to one or more tenants of a cloud service. Tenants may browse the presented set of time windows and submit reservation requests to update and/or perform other operations on cloud targets. In response to receiving, a request to reserve one or more slots in a particular time window, the cloud operation reservation system schedules one or more cloud operations to be performed on a cloud target that is available to at least one tenant.

Abstract: A connection processing method includes receiving, by a first processor included in a communication device, first information that specifies a user of the communication device, executing an inquiry for a connection to one or more other communication devices, selecting a target communication device that has transmitted a response including information indicating that the target communication device has second information that specifies the user and has been acquired when the target communication device communicated with another communication device, from among the one or more other communication devices, and transmitting the first information to the target communication device, and receiving, by a second processor included in the target communication device, the first information from the communication device, executing connection processing without executing authentication processing of the user with the communication device, when the received first information matches with the second information, and executi

Abstract: A system for authenticating a user with a mobile device comprising a memory storing instructions, and a processor in communication with a network. The processor may be configured to execute the stored instructions to receive, from a mobile device, an authentication request; obtain, from a database, a permanent identifier associated with a transaction card; generate a temporary identifier associated with the transaction card; generate an expected value by encrypting the permanent identifier and the temporary identifier; verify the expected value against an encrypted value received from the mobile device; and transmit an authorization command to the mobile device.

Abstract: A blockchain of transactions may be referenced for various purposes and may be later accessed by interested parties for ledger verification and information retrieval. One example method of operation may include one or more of monitoring a computing service via various nodes operating on a blockchain, identifying a proposed change to the computing service, storing details of the proposed change in a smart contract, storing the smart contract as a transaction in the blockchain, and validating the proposed change of the smart contract.