Abstract: Various arrangements for using a k-dimensional tree for a search are presented. A plurality of descriptors may be stored. Each of the plurality of descriptors stored is linked with a first number of stored dimensions. The search may be performed using the k-dimensional tree for one or more query descriptors that at least approximately match one or more of the plurality of descriptors linked with the first number of stored dimensions. The k-dimensional tree may be built using the plurality of descriptors wherein each of the plurality of descriptors is linked with a second number of dimensions when the k-dimensional tree is built. The second number of dimensions may be a greater number of dimensions than the first number of stored dimensions.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a method and system for displaying messages in context. In accordance with a particular embodiment of the present disclosure at least one transaction notification is received. At least one node for the at least one transaction notification is generated. The node is stored in a hierarchical tree data structure.

Abstract: A technique for monitoring software which efficiently communicates transaction trace data, including static and dynamic data, from an agent to a manager is disclosed. A tree data structure describes transactions as a sequence of transaction elements. Each branch may correspond to one type of transaction. The nodes along a branch may be associated with components of monitored software that are invoked to perform the transaction. A provisional branch may be constructed when an agent is unable to initially identify the transaction. Transaction data may be stored in association with the nodes in the provisional branch during the monitoring. After information needed to identify the transaction becomes available to the agent, the provisional branch is updated. The transaction data is reported in response to determining the branch in the tree data structure that matches the provisional branch.

Abstract: Systems and methods for storing and retrieving geospatial data in a geographic information system are provided. Geospatial data can be spatially partitioned along axes of a spherical coordinate system associated with a virtual globe or other spheroid into a plurality of discrete geospatial volumes pursuant to a hierarchical spatial partitioning scheme. For instance, geospatial data can be spatially partitioned into geospatial volumes along surfaces of constant latitude, longitude, and altitude defined by the spherical coordinate system. The discrete geospatial volumes can be stored as nodes in a hierarchical tree data structure. Additional methods are provided for portioning geospatial objects, such as tiles or discrete geospatial volumes, in tritree to reduce polar distortions.

Abstract: Systems for hardware-accelerated lossless data compression are described. At least some embodiments include data compression apparatus that includes a plurality of hash memories each associated with a different lane of a plurality of lanes (each lane including data bytes of a data unit being received by the compression apparatus), an array including array elements each including a plurality of validity bits (each validity bit within an array element corresponding to a different lane of the plurality of lanes), control logic that initiates a read of a hash memory entry if a corresponding validity bit indicates that said entry is valid, and an encoder that compresses at least the data bytes for the lane associated with the hash memory comprising the valid entry if said valid entry comprises data that matches the lane data bytes.

Abstract: Provided is a system and method to perform dynamic state-space partitioning in external memory graph searching. The dynamic partitioning of the state-space search graph leading to substantial improvement of search performance.

Abstract: Visual data mining techniques for increasing data classification accuracy are disclosed. For example, a method comprises the following steps. At least two decision tree data structures from a high-dimensional data set are generated. A composite data structure comprising the at least two decision tree data structures is generated. The composite data structure is generated based on a correlation computed between the at least two decision tree data structures. The composite data structure is visualized on a display. Modification of the composite data structure is enabled via interaction with the visualization of the composite data structure on the display.

Abstract: A computer searching technique identifies high quantitative patterns in data. A spatial indexing technique, such as an R-tree is used to represent the data. Then a pattern searching algorithm is used to identify anchor points that define the componentwise minimum patterns. High quantitative patterns are found responsive to the componentwise minimum patterns. The search strategy is demonstrated relevant to the problem of finding suitable locations for a retail business with reference to environments of prior successful retail businesses.

Abstract: A hybrid object tree that interconnects individual data objects of different data types from a group of different input data sources is provided. The instantiated data objects of the hybrid object tree include an internal dynamic data area that encapsulates at least one reference to an original input data source. At least one attribute is identified that is unavailable at the referenced original input data source of a first instantiated data object of the hybrid object tree. The at least one attribute is added to the first instantiated data object of the hybrid object tree within the internal dynamic data area of the first instantiated data object.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for storing a triple and an inference dependency indexing apparatus appropriate to the method and system are provided. The method of storing a triple related to an inference method for creating other triples by applying an inference rule to the triple includes: (a) adding a serial number to each of triples and inference rules related to inference and storing the triples and the inference rules into a plurality of triple tables and inference rule tables; (b) indexing a triple inferred by applying the triple and the inference rule, using a serial number of the triple and a serial number of the inference rule related to inference; and (c) creating a triple view which allows accessing the triples physically distributed and stored in a plurality of triple storage units (tables) as if the triples are stored in a virtual storage unit (table).

Abstract: To address problems related to use and formation of tables of contents, the present inventors, devised among other things, an exemplary table-of-contents (TOC) data structure and related systems and methods. One exemplary method entails associating a node from one TOC with a node of another TOC and then assigning a unique identifier to the associated pair of nodes. The unique identifier can then be used to logically define another TOC that includes portions of the two original TOCs. Another exemplary method entails tagging or associating nodes of a TOC with one or more view labels. (Identifiers for node relationships rather than the nodes themselves are tagged with the labels in some embodiments.

Abstract: Organization and assignment of access privileges to resources in a computer network. The resources of the network are organized into a hierarchical tree structure, with each node in the tree representing a resource, resource group, or resource instance. Read and/or write permission to one or more resources may be explicitly granted to the resource or implicitly granted based upon the location of the resource in the hierarchical structure. The access rights attach to the resource(s). Upon movement of the resource within the tree structure or to an alternate tree structure, the access rights associated therewith remain with the relocated resource.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer-readable storage media for receiving a plurality of source hierarchical schemas, processing the source hierarchical schemas to generate a merged graph, which is comprising a plurality of merged nodes, each merged node being provided based on one or more nodes from at least two of the source hierarchical schemas, determining and resolving using conflicts in the merged graph to generate a conflict-free merged graph, wherein resolving comprises splitting one or more merged nodes into respective sub-sets of merged nodes, defining and processing a constraints satisfaction problem (CSP) to generate a plurality of mediated hierarchical schemas (MHSs), each MHS being a solution to the CSP, identifying an MHS of the plurality of MHSs as an optimum MHS, wherein a canonical hierarchical schema (CHS) is provided as the optimum MHS, and storing the CHS as a computer-readable document in a computer-readable memory.

Abstract: A method for generating a model of a physical entity, in particular the earth, using one or more hierarchically organized multi-resolutional data trees T, each data tree including a plurality of nodes Nk, each node having a grid with a fixed number of points, wherein each node can store an arbitrary number of data items, each holding scalar field values for each point in the grid, the method including the steps of creating a geometry using one or more data trees; and creating an associated overlay using one or more data trees, wherein at least one of the geometry and overlay includes a formula to be applied to data within one or more data trees. This enables manipulation of the data within the data trees during rendering and increases the adaptability of the model without an increase in the required memory space. In preferred embodiments the nodes of the data trees include time dependent geo-references to allow the data trees to be time rotated.

Abstract: A node apparatus acquires root link information including a serial number of root page information, information for checking the root page information for tampering, and a digital signature for checking the root link information for tampering from a management apparatus or another node apparatus that stores the root link information through a network and determines a range of page information assigned to each node apparatus according to predetermined rules. The node apparatus determines whether page information that is a child of the root page information indicated by the acquired root link information is within the assigned range. If so, the node apparatus acquires the child page information and pieces of page information linked together from the child to leaf page information from the management apparatus or another node apparatus as page information assigned to the node apparatus and stores the acquired page information in a storage area.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for rendering data on a display is provided. A configurable number of dimensions are rendered on the display in a manner that depicts a sequential relationship between the configurable number of dimensions. Each rendered dimension on the display depicts one or more dimension instances. For the rendered dimension having the lowest sequential position in the sequential relationship between the configurable number of dimensions (hereafter the “lowest sequential dimension”), a determination is made as to whether hierarchical data is associated with a particular dimension instance of the lowest sequential dimension, and if so, at least a top level node of a tree of nodes is rendered in association with the particular dimension instance of the lowest sequential dimension on the display. Each node of the tree of nodes may, but need not, comprise a row of data.

Abstract: Evaluating an expression tree. A method includes, at a first domain, accessing an expression tree. The expression tree comprises a plurality of nested expressions. The plurality of nested expressions spans a plurality of domains. The expressions in the expression tree are expressed in a common format in spite of the different expressions of the expression tree being intended to be evaluated by different domains. At the first domain, the method includes evaluating one or more references to local variables included in the plurality of nested expressions. The method further includes determining that one or more expressions in the plurality of expressions are to be evaluated by a different domain. The method further includes expanding the one or more expressions in the plurality of expressions to be evaluated by different domains to allow the one or more expressions to be evaluated by the different domain.

Abstract: Technologies are generally provided for progressive key value store switchover by evaluating a maturity of a migrated data store and allowing piecewise switching of substructure area query servicing from an origin data store to a destination data store. In some examples, abstractions of origin and destination tree structures may be compared to each other in order to generate an evaluation metric at substantially reduced performance evaluation load. The evaluation metric may target performance sampling while assuring a desired performance level with localized query servicing switchover. Piecewise data transfer may also be optionally enabled such that overall storage can be similar to the storage of a single data store copy while reducing an impact on existing data store services.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an object is stored in a k-dimensional forest that has a plurality of k-dimensional trees and each k-dimensional tree has a different size. If the smallest k-dimensional tree in the k-dimensional forest is not full, then the object is stored as a specific node in the smallest k-dimensional tree. Otherwise, a first k-dimensional tree in the k-dimensional forest is located, which is the smallest k-dimensional tree in the k-dimensional forest that is capable of storing the first object, objects in one or more second k-dimensional trees from the k-dimensional forest that are smaller than the first k-dimensional tree, and objects currently in the first k-dimensional tree. The object is stored as a specific node in the first k-dimensional tree. In addition, the objects in the second k-dimensional trees are moved and stored as specific nodes in the first k-dimensional tree.

Abstract: A system includes creation of a first resource queue indicating an order of resources stored in a memory, the order based on respective timestamps associated with the stored resources, association of the first resource queue with a first queue timestamp, reception of a first command to deallocate a first amount of stored resources from the memory, determination that a first stored resource indicated by the first resource queue is associated with a timestamp earlier than the first queue timestamp, deallocation of the first stored resource from the memory, reception of a second command to deallocate a second amount of stored resources from the memory, determination that the first resource queue indicates no stored resources which are associated with a timestamp earlier than the first queue timestamp, and, in response to the determination that the first resource queue indicates no stored resources which are associated with a timestamp earlier than the first queue timestamp, creation of a second resource queue in

Abstract: A defect classification method to classify defects by using a classifier having a binary tree structure based on features of defects extracted from detected signals acquired from a defect inspection apparatus includes a classifier construction process for constructing the classifier by setting a branch condition including defect classes respectively belonging to groups located on both sides of the branch point, a feature to be used for branching, and a discriminant reference, for each branch point in the structure based on instruction of defect classes and feature data respectively associated therewith beforehand. The process includes a priority order specification process for previously specifying target classification performance of purity and accuracy for each defect class, whole and in worst case, with priority order, and an evaluation process for evaluating whether the specified target classification performance under the branching condition is satisfied and displaying a result of evaluation, every item.

Abstract: A method for generating a tree-type data structure composed of a plurality of data strings includes the steps of: summing, with respect to a plurality of data strings classified in a parent node, the numbers of data types of data, respectively, at least one given string position in each of the plurality of data strings; and classifying, based on the numbers of the data types respectively summed at the at least one given string position in the summing step, the plurality of data strings into a plurality of child nodes, for the respective data types at a given string position.

Abstract: Systems and methods that create and edit a network of interconnected concepts are disclosed. In one embodiment, a semantic engine implements a method comprising receiving a primary term representing a first concept to be added to a network of interrelated concepts, receiving at least one related term related to the primary term, receiving at least one relationship between the first concept and a second concept, receiving a strength value associated with the relationship, and adding the first concept to the network.

Abstract: A storage system includes a plurality of vdisks, with each vdisk containing a plurality of storage segments, and each segment providing a specific class of service (CoS) for storage. Each vdisk stores files with data and meta data distributed among its storage segments. A storage system includes a memory having multiple classes of service. The system includes an interface for storing a file as blocks of data associated with a class of service in the memory. The interface chooses the class of service for a block on a block by block basis for storage. A file system for storing a file. A file system for storing includes a plurality of vdisks. A method for storing a file.

Abstract: A method, system and computer program product for creating a report on the basis of a plurality of remote datasets includes an intelligence server, one or more tree servers and one or more databases. Each tree server creates one or more segments, or slices, of a report, using information that resides on the tree server. Slices are aggregated into a tree structure, and the tree structure is converted into a report. The intelligence server receives updates from the tree servers. The tree servers and the intelligence server remain in communication for the purposes of passing update messages. The update messages are received and processed at the intelligence-server in a manner that facilitates synchronization with the contributing tree servers and provides live updates to the user.

Abstract: A system and method is provided for updating a hash tree in a protected environment. An integrity protection controller is provided for observing one or more system parameters of a storage system and one or more hash tree parameters of the hash trees, and for updating a hash tree in dependence on the storage system parameter and the hash tree parameter.

Abstract: A data structure for storing items of information having a time of life includes a time of life interval for each item of information, and methods for using the same. The items of information are organized in a data structure having nodes and edges connecting the nodes. This data structure is preferably a directed acyclic graph structure. The data structure includes parent nodes and child nodes. The time of life interval specified for any child node generally is contained within the time interval specified for that child node's parent node, such that the data structure includes no child nodes with a time of life interval that falls outside of the time of life interval of its parent node.

Abstract: A node in a computer network is enabled to form a hypercube comprising stored metadata. The node is enabled to exchange the hypercube metadata with neighboring nodes and any hypercube metadata therein. Upon receipt of a query at a node, metadata discovery is initiated using the hypercube metadata, and an overlay is built using results from the metadata discovery.

Abstract: Systems and methods for storing and retrieving geospatial data in a geographic information system are provided. Geospatial data can be spatially partitioned along axes of a spherical coordinate system associated with a virtual globe or other spheroid into a plurality of discrete geospatial volumes pursuant to a hierarchical spatial partitioning scheme. For instance, geospatial data can be spatially partitioned into geospatial volumes along surfaces of constant latitude, longitude, and altitude defined by the spherical coordinate system. The discrete geospatial volumes can be stored as nodes in a hierarchical tree data structure. Additional methods are provided for portioning geospatial objects, such as tiles or discrete geospatial volumes, in tritree to reduce polar distortions.

Abstract: Persistent iteration is performed in stages on nodes arranged according to a node identification (ID) that is increasing in order under a parent node in database tree structure. While performing the persistent iteration, storing a start node ID of the node where the persistent iteration commenced, a current node ID of the node that is undergoing the persistent iteration, a parent node ID of the node that is undergoing the persistent iteration, and a numerical value representing the current level and all levels greater than the current level of nodes that are undergoing the persistent iteration. Upon completion of the persistent iteration on the nodes that are the children of the node with the parent node ID, returning to the first node among the children of the node with the parent node ID, as ordered by increasing node ID, and performing the persistent iteration for children nodes of each node.

Abstract: Techniques for facilitating a similarity search of digital assets (e.g., audio files, image files, video files, etc.) are described. Consistent with some embodiments, a cloud-based search service manages one or more search tree data structures for use in organizing digital assets to make the digital assets searchable. Each digital asset is associated with a feature vector based on the various attributes and/or characteristics of the digital asset. The digital assets are then assigned to leaf nodes in one or more search tree data structures based on a measure of the distance between the feature vector of the digital asset and a virtual feature vector associated with a leaf node. When a search for similar digital assets is invoked, a prioritized breadth first search of a search tree is performed to identify the digital assets having the feature vectors closest in distance to the reference digital asset.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for improving performance of database searches are disclosed herein. For example, in some implementations, the methods and apparatuses use a data node structure that prevents the need to duplicate data nodes shared by a plurality of data trees. Additionally, the methods and apparatus facilitate improved database lookup times by implementing an adaptive presence detection system based on the Bloom Filter, performance characteristics of the computing device evaluated at run time and status of the database.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method and system for encoding (and decoding) nodes of a tree structure are provided. The method includes receiving nodes of a tree structure into memory and, with a processor, for each node of at least one node in the tree structure, creating a numeric encoding by assigning an encoding value to the node, a root node N0 having a fixed encoding value and any other node Nj having an encoding value which is a function of an encoding value of its parent node and an integer k, where Nj is the kth child of the parent node. The encoding enables a path from the node to be traversed to the root node of the tree by applying a decomposition function to the encoding.

Abstract: Resolving conflicting graph mutations in a distributed computing system. Graph data for at least a partition of a graph is stored in a worker system of a distributed computing system. The graph represents relationships among a set of tangible items that model a real-world condition having an associated problem. A plurality of conflicting mutation requests are received to mutate the graph. A conflict between the mutation requests is resolved with a conflict resolution function that lacks direct access to the graph data. The graph data is updated responsive to a result generated by resolving the conflict using the conflict resolution function.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide a novel and non-obvious method, system and computer program product for generating a document taxonomy based upon tag data in groupings of tags. In an embodiment of the invention, a method for generating a document taxonomy based upon tag data in groupings of tags has been claimed. The method includes retrieving into memory of a host computer different groupings of tags for correspondingly different documents providing a bottom-up view of the documents. The method further includes deriving a folksonomy from the groupings of tags for the documents and organizing the folksonomy into a hierarchy of nodes. Of note, each of the nodes can be associated with a different subject in the folksonomy. Finally, the method includes publishing the hierarchy of nodes as a taxonomy for the documents to provide a top-down view of the documents.

Abstract: A method for processing a query includes providing an inverted multi-path index for storing path-value pairs. Each path-value pair references at least one structured document stored in a database system, and comprises an index path expression of an indexed element and an indexed value associated with the indexed element. The method includes receiving a clause including a path expression-value pair comprising a path expression associated with an element, determining that the clause can be processed by the inverted multi-path index, processing the clause to identify a path-value pair in the inverted multi-path index matching the path expression-value pair of the clause, and identifying the structured document referenced by the matching path-value pair.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer-readable and executable instructions are provided for selecting data paths. Selecting data paths can include creating a support data tree structure from a number of data trees within a data set. In addition, selecting data paths can include removing a number of paths from the support data tree based on a number of evaluations of each of a number of nodes within the support data tree. Furthermore, selecting data paths can include selecting a desired set of paths based on a desired number of removed paths and an associated number of evaluations of the support data tree.

Abstract: In one example embodiment, a system and method is shown that includes identifying a host setting related to a property of a document data structure and a property of a fragment data structure, the document data structure reflecting an organization of a document, and the fragment data structure reflecting an organization of a portion of the document. Additionally, the system and method may include overriding the property of the fragment data structure using the property of the document data structure, if the host setting includes a command that the property of the fragment data structure is to be overridden by the property of the document data structure.

Abstract: Spooling strategies are described for producing job information that conforms to a hierarchical structure, and then storing the job information in a spool storage. The job information is then retrieved from the spool storage and consumed. The structured job information includes a multi-level hierarchy of nodes, including a job level that represents the entire job, a document level that represents a document to be processed within the job; a rendition level that represents a rendition of the document to be processed; and a page level that represents a page associated with the rendition. In addition, filter logic processes job information based on capabilities of a target entity utilizing the job information.

Abstract: A method for efficiently querying multiple points in an indexed quadtree is disclosed. The elevation along a path containing points covered by nodes in a quadtree is desired. Index nodes covering the nodes with elevation data are retrieved. Based on the data in the index nodes, the highest resolution data is retrieved while limiting database lookups below a specified limit.

Abstract: A system includes generation of an encoding for each of a hierarchy of nodes, each of the nodes associated with one or more attributes, and the encoding for each node including a first pointer and a second pointer, and generation of an order tree comprising a hierarchy of entries, where each pointer of the encoding points to a respective one of the entries, wherein the encoding and the order tree indicate a position of each node in the hierarchy of nodes.

Abstract: Techniques to automatically build a language dependency graph for localizable resources are described. A technique may include storing resources from a file in a translation database with data that indicates the language that the resource is in, the entity that created that version of the resource, and a dependency, if any, on a different language version of the resource. Subsequent translations of a resource may also be stored in the translation database in a manner that groups the translated version(s) of a resource to the original resource, and also stores the language of the resource, the entity that translated it, and the dependency to the language from which the resource was translated. A language dependency graph may be generated from the translation database for a file, where the graph reflects the languages of translation and dependency relationships among the translations. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: A call tracking system and method that uses an automated filtering function to increase accuracy of call tracking. In some embodiments, the system utilizes a spam blocking module, such as a challenge-response test (e.g., a CAPTCHA), a blacklist for callers sharing certain criteria indicative of robo-dialed or spam calls, or other similar spam filter to block unwanted calls from being routed to an advertiser. By using a spam blocking module, the amount of noise in the call tracking system can be reduced and the attribution of calls correspondingly more accurate. In some embodiments, an interactive voice response (IVR) module is utilized to reduce the noise in the system by filtering or blocking unwanted calls. By utilizing an automated filtering function, the disclosed system improves the accuracy of call tracking and allows advertisers to better track the performance of advertising campaigns that they undertake.

Abstract: An indexed hierarchical tree search structure implements incremental tree modification to add new registrants to the tree without requiring reconstruction of the tree. Only data within a leaf node that receives new data is used in the incremental tree modification. Consequently, the original data set used in the creation of the hierarchical tree may be deleted after construction of the tree.

Abstract: Described is a technique for gathering information about a property. A request is received at a first node of a plurality of nodes. The request requests information in accordance with the property for a set of one or more objects defined in a portion of the plurality of nodes. The first node determines information about said property for objects of said set which are defined at said first node. Each of the other nodes determines information about said property for objects of said set which are defined at said each node. Information is communicated to the first node from the other nodes about said property for objects of said set which are defined at each of said other nodes. The first node performs processing to produce final information representing information received from said other nodes and information determined by said first node regarding said property.

Abstract: A capability is provided for representing a set of data values using data structures, including converting a binary trie data structure representing the set of data values to a shape graph data structure representing the set of data values. The shape graph data structure is generated from the binary trie data structure based on the shapes of the sub-trees rooted at the nodes of the binary trie data structure. The shape graph includes vertices representing shapes of the sub-trees of the binary trie data structure. A shape graph data structure permits operations similar to the operations that may be performed on the binary trie data structure for performing lookups for data values from the set of data values, while at the same time reducing the structural redundancy of the binary trie data structure such that the shape graph data structure provides significant improvements in memory usage over the binary trie data structure.

Abstract: Data processing includes accessing a product category tree, the product category tree comprising a plurality of hierarchical levels. A leaf category level of the plurality of hierarchical levels comprises a leaf category node. The leaf category node includes product information. The product information comprises a plurality of product attribute parameters. The plurality of product attribute parameters comprises standard product information. Data processing further includes selecting, among the plurality of product attribute parameters that correspond to the leaf category node, a representative product attribute parameter that is representative of the product information; and partitioning standard product information of the leaf category node to obtain a plurality of sets using the representative product attribute parameter, wherein each of the plurality of sets includes at least some of the standard product information.

Abstract: An embodiment for evaluating rules pertaining to an event includes providing a rule trie comprising multiple nodes, wherein match conditions must be met to trigger a given rule, and each match condition corresponds to a different node. An attribute trie is provided for a string attribute, which includes a node sequence having a value. The string attribute is extracted from the event and also has a value. The value of the extracted string attribute and the value of the node sequence are compared, by traversing a path extending along the node sequence. Responsive to determining that the values of the extracted string attribute and the node sequence are the same, notice is provided that the match condition of a particular node of the rule trie has been met by an attribute of the received event.

Abstract: An embodiment for evaluating rules pertaining to an event includes providing a rule trie comprising multiple nodes, wherein match conditions must be met to trigger a given rule, and each match condition corresponds to a different node. An attribute trie is provided for a string attribute, which includes a node sequence having a value. The string attribute is extracted from the event and also has a value. The value of the extracted string attribute and the value of the node sequence are compared, by traversing a path extending along the node sequence. Responsive to determining that the values of the extracted string attribute and the node sequence are the same, notice is provided that the match condition of a particular node of the rule trie has been met by an attribute of the received event.

Abstract: A disclosed data structure of a phrase tree includes, as data of each node in the phrase tree, a data block including a first area for holding a code for a character or a character string, a second area for holding, for each character that will be used, an appearance sequential number of a second character that appears next to the character or the character string, and a third area for holding, according to the appearance sequential number, a number of appearances or a code corresponding to a character string comprising the character or the character string and the second character when the number of appearances exceeds a threshold.