Abstract: Apparatuses, methods and storage medium associated with installing and executing an application program on an embedded system are described herein. In embodiments, an embedded system may include an application management program and an application execution program to install an application program onto the embedded system. The application management program is to verify metadata associated with the application program, in response to a first request to install the application program on the embedded system; and the application execution program is to verify the application program, in response to a second request, subsequent to the first request, to verify the application program. Other aspects and embodiments may be described and/or claimed.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and computer program product for performing database maintenance. A database running in a computer includes a first data file and a first log file. A snapshot copy of the first data file is created. Database maintenance is performed on the first snapshot copy of the first data file to produce a maintained snapshot copy of the first data file. A snapshot restore operation is performed on the database by replacing the first data file with the maintained snapshot copy of the first data file. The maintained snapshot copy of the first data file is updated according to logged transactions in the first log file which occurred after the snapshot copy of the first data file was created. In this way, a new data file is created which is both a product of the database maintenance as well as the database transactions which occurred while the database maintenance occurred.

Abstract: Presenting changes to versioned files. The method can include presenting a first view comprising a plurality of indicators, each of the indicators corresponding to a respective version of a file. A selection of a particular version of a file can be detected. A selection of another version of the file can be detected. In response to the selection of the other version of the file, the versions of the file can be compared to identify differences between the versions. Comparison information based on the differences can be generated. The comparison information can be filtered so that the comparison information fits within a second view having a desired size.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved approach to implement a management environment for the storage infrastructure of a virtualization system. The invention provides the ability at a granular basis to allow a user/administrator to configure and control the service levels for virtualization objects in a virtualization system, particularly for storage-related components.

Abstract: The data storage system according to certain aspects can manage the archiving of virtual machines to (and restoring of virtual machines from) secondary storage. The system can determine whether to archive virtual machines based on usage data or information. The usage information may include storage usage, CPU usage, memory usage, network usage, events defined by a virtual machine software or application, etc. The system may archive virtual machines that are determined to have a low level of utilization. For example, a virtual machine can be archived when its usage level falls below a threshold level. The system may create a virtual machine placeholder for an archived virtual machine, which may be a “light” or minimal version of the virtual machine that acts as if it is the actual virtual machine. By using a virtual machine placeholder, a virtual machine may appear to be active and selectable by the user.

Abstract: Embodiments are directed to a computer implemented method of processing multiple versions of documents. The method includes importing a new version of a document. The method further includes determining that a section of the document can be imported from a previous version of the document. The method further includes creating a table of contents entry for the section and indexing the new version of the document. Another embodiment can be directed to a computer implemented method of implementing searches across multiple versions of a document. After receiving a search query, the search query can be performed across multiple versions of the document. Duplicates can be analyzed and removed. If there are no results from a target version, search results from a prior version of a document are analyzed to find a result from the target version.

Abstract: Technologies are described for a local interface override that allows a program code function to be executed on a computing hub and interface with a local service located on the computing hub. An example method may include loading, on a computing hub included in a local device network, a program code function configured to interface with a shared service located in a service provider environment. Loading a local library to overlay a service provider library, where the local library provides a local service interface for a local service located on the computing hub that is similar to a shared service interface for the shared service. Overriding the service provider library with the local library in response to service requests generated by the instance of the program code function; thereby providing the local service interface for the local service located on the computing hub.

Abstract: A client-configurable tiering service implements an interface allowing a client to specify a tiering policy selected from a plurality of supported tiering policies for data of the client stored in a warm tier, wherein the tiering policies specify conditions for relocating portions of the data to a cold tier. The interface also allows a client to specify a tombstone forwarding policy selected from a plurality of supported tombstone forwarding policies, wherein the tombstone forwarding policies specify how data relocated from the warm tier to the cold tier is subsequently retrieved in response to an access request directed to the warm tier. The client-configurable tiering service relocates and retrieves data between a warm tier and a cold tier in accordance with the client's selected policies. In some embodiments, a client may specify further aspects of how data is stored and relocated between different tiers of a data store.

Abstract: A data structure for storing specific information of a non-volatile memory is disclosed. To store a file, the non-volatile memory is allocated to provide a first block and a second block to store file content and file system data separately. A root table is maintained on the non-volatile memory, wherein the root table contains usage information of the first block and the second block. When updating the root table to update the usage information of the first block and the second block, the usage information of the first block and the second block is also updated to the second block as metadata. The power restoration procedure is greatly simplified.

Abstract: A computer-implanted method for creating a filtered digital entry includes generating, via a processor implementing a trace generation engine, a trace indicative of successful transactions and erroneous transactions. The processor instantiates a plurality of buffers in a buffer pool each configured to record a trace function boundary. The processor then analyzes each buffer in the buffer pool based on the trace function boundary to evaluate whether each function entry in the trace contains an erroneous transaction. If the processor determines that a function entry contains an erroneous transaction, the processor sets an output flag in a call stack map associated with that function. The processor then generates a filtered digital entry based on the call stack map. The filtered digital entry includes only erroneous transaction data from the trace.

Abstract: A method for identifying critical parts in software code comprised in a number of software code files. The method comprises fetching at least two revisions of the software code, wherein the at least two revisions includes a first revision and a second revision, and the second revision being a latter revision. The method further comprises comparing the second revision to the first revision in order to identify at least a first and a second segment of software code in the second revision that have been changed, fetching at least a first and second timestamp correlated with the change of the at least first and second segment of software code respectively, and determining a time difference between the change of the at least first and second segment of software code based on the at least first and second timestamp. If the time difference is within a predetermined range, the method includes assigning a temporal coupling between the at least first and second segment of software code.

Abstract: Systems and methods for a real time embedded trace are provided. In certain embodiments, a system for acquiring data that uses a real time embedded trace includes a first computing system. The first computing system includes a memory unit; and a processing unit executing software, wherein the software comprises at least one real time trace instruction. Further, the at least one real time trace instruction directs the processing unit to directly store data onto the memory unit; and wherein the stored data is translated for a user after it is stored onto the memory unit.

Abstract: A memory device includes a plurality of bit lines extending in a first direction and arranged in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction; a page buffer circuit including a plurality of page buffers which are electrically coupled to the plurality of bit lines; and a cache circuit including a plurality of caches which are electrically coupled to the plurality of page buffers, wherein the page buffer circuit is divided into a plurality of page buffer regions and is laid out at both sides of the cache circuit in the first direction.

Abstract: In various embodiments, methods and systems for implementing garbage collection in distributed storage systems are provided. The distributed storage system operates based on independent management of metadata of extent and stream data storage resources. A hybrid garbage collection system based on reference counting garbage collection operations and mark-and-sweep garbage collection operations is implemented. An extent lifetime table that tracks reference weights and mark sequences for extents is initialized and updated based on indications from extent managers and stream managers, respectively. Upon determining that an extent is to be handed-off from weighted reference counting garbage collection operations to mark-and-sweep garbage collection operations, a reference weight field for the extent is voided and a mark sequence field of the extent is updated. The mark sequence field is updated with a latest global sequence number.

Abstract: An information handling system includes a host processing complex with a memory, and a baseboard management controller (BMC) with a processor and a video capture and difference engine (VCDE). The processor receives a memory compare command. The memory compare command includes a first pointer to a first block of the memory, a second pointer to a second block of the memory, and a memory block size. The processor further determines whether the memory block size is greater than a threshold, and forwards the memory compare command to the VCDE when the memory block size is greater than the threshold. The VCDE compares contents of the first block to contents of the second block in response to receiving the memory compare command.

Abstract: A method for communicating over a specified protocol enabling bi-directional streaming between a network manager and a network device is provided. The method includes receiving, at data processing hardware of a network device, a request from the network manager requesting data including at least one of state information or configuration information. The request includes a get request to obtain a snapshot of the requested data existing on the network device or a subscribe request to subscribe to updates for the requested data existing on the network device. The method also includes transmitting a data response from the data processing hardware to the network manager via telemetry. The data response includes the requested data having data elements defined by at least one data schema supported by the network device. The capability and data requests and the capability and data responses adhere to a protocol configured to enable bi-directional streaming between the network manager and the network device.

Abstract: The invention introduces a method for garbage collection, performed by a processing unit, including at least the following steps: executing instructions of a GC (garbage collection) process to direct a first access interface to read data from a storage unit, collect good data from the read data and direct the first access interface to program the good data into a spare block of the storage unit. During the GC process, each time that a timer has counted to a time period, the processing unit directs a second access interface to clock a portion of data requested by a host device out to the host device and resets the timer.

Abstract: Content creation and deployment collaboration techniques are described. In one or more implementations, metadata that describes the creation of the content may be associated with the content. The content may then be provided from a content creation service to a content deployment service for deployment as part of a marketing activity. Deployment data obtained from this tracking may be utilized to support a variety of functionality, such as by content creators to determine which of their content has been successfully employed as part of marketing activities, marketers may also use knowledge of the deployment of the content to choose content to be included in a marketing activity as well as select content creators that are best suited to provide this content, used to configure badges, by retailers and manufacturers, and so forth.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and systems to perform transparent database switching using master-replica high availability setup in relational databases are disclosed. An example system includes a first virtual appliance including a first proxy and a master database, the first proxy to forward service traffic to the master database, the master database to read and/or write data based on the service traffic; a second virtual appliance including a second proxy and a first replica database, the second proxy to determine data stored in the master database, the first replica database to replicate the master database; and a third virtual appliance including a third proxy and a second replica database, the third proxy to, in response to determining the master database of the first virtual appliance is to power down, promote the second replica database to the master database.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved system, method, and computer program product for generating backups in a database system. This is accomplished by using a disaster recovery infrastructure of a database system to generate the database backup, where the backup activities are performed on a standby database system, thereby freeing up the primary database system. To avoid authorization/authentication requirements between the primary and standby that may require human intervention to type passwords when backups are performed on the standby, a backup solution is provided that does not require human intervention to enter passwords when automating the backup process.

Abstract: Objects across multiple database manipulation language (DML) redo log records are cached, during continuous replay of redo log records on a secondary system, for the same table partition to enable reuse of such cached objects. Later, these cached objects can be reused as they are accessed during the sequential processing of DML redo records for a specific table partition.

Abstract: Improved techniques for disaster recover within storage area networks are disclosed. Embodiments include replicating a LIF of a primary cluster on a secondary cluster. LIF configuration information is extracted from the primary cluster. A peer node from a secondary cluster is located. One or more ports are located on the located peer node that match a connectivity of the LIF from the primary cluster. One or more ports are identified based upon one or more filtering criteria to generate a candidate port list. A port from the candidate port list is selected based at least upon a load of the port. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: Computer-implemented methods, program storage devices, and systems are provided for object copying in a computer performing parallel copying garbage collection on deques using work stealing. A method includes acquiring, for original objects in a source deque space, a destination deque space to copy the original objects to, and copying, from the source deque space to the destination deque space, any original objects in the source deque space having a reference to other ones of the original objects, or having a pre-known structure for estimating copy overhead. The method also includes registering, together with an address to copy to, any original objects in the source deque space lacking the reference to the other ones of the original objects, or lacking the pre-known structure for estimating copy overhead. The method additionally includes setting, in the source space, forwarding pointers to copied ones of the original objects in the destination deque place.

Abstract: Cleartext passwords represent a security risk. An unencrypted password can be exploited to gain access to a system and/or perform unauthorized functions. This disclosure describes how to detect cleartext passwords in a generalized manner using predictive text classifiers (e.g. Word2Vec). Using a corpus of text, an artificial intelligence model can be built by training a predictive text classifier to identify password anomalies (e.g., areas of text that occur with low statistical probability). Source program code, configuration files, log files, and other types of text can be automatically scanned for cleartext passwords without having to rely on password lists or other limited and/or labor intensive mechanisms, thus improving system security and reducing the chances of data exfiltration and unauthorized actions.

Abstract: A method for reclaiming memory resources may include segmenting a plurality of memory resources in an in-memory database into a first resource partition and a second resource partition; generating, for the first resource partition, a first heap containing a first plurality of memory resources sorted based on an age of data occupying the first plurality of memory resources; generating, for the second resource partition, a second heap containing a second plurality of memory resources sorted based on an age of data occupying the second plurality of memory resources; and when a shortage of memory resources is detected, identifying, from the first heap, a first memory resource containing a least recently used data, identifying, from the second heap, a second memory resource containing a least recently used data, and reclaiming the first memory resource and/or the second memory resource. Related systems and articles of manufacture are also disclosed.

Abstract: A system and method for property assignment in a data storage system is presented. A data storage system defines a client configuration profile comprising a set of storage operation properties, wherein the storage operation properties regulate criteria for performing storage operations by the data agent on client devices that are associated with the client configuration profile. A storage management system associates a first client device to the client configuration profile; and communicates the set of properties of the client configuration profile to property tables of corresponding objects in the first client device.

Abstract: A storage device includes a first memory having a first access speed, a second memory having a second access speed slower than the first access speed, and a processor coupled to the first memory and the second memory and configured to copy one or a plurality of first data blocks included in a plurality of data blocks stored in the first memory, to the second memory, determine whether a processing amount per unit of time in the first memory reaches a threshold value based on a limit value of the processing amount when the processor receives a read request of a second data block included in the first data blocks, and read the second data block from the first memory when the processing amount does not reach the threshold value, and read the second data block from the second memory when the processing amount reaches the threshold value.

Abstract: A method, system, and computer program product to troubleshoot a problem with a device are provided herein. According to the method, based on a symptom associated with the device, a first solution is transmitted to a first troubleshooting system. A second solution is transmitted to a second troubleshooting system while tracking the troubleshooting session from the first troubleshooting system. A list of solutions associated with the symptom is automatically updated based on percentage success rates for the solution.

Abstract: A machine learning engine can be used to identify inconsistencies and errors in a plurality of bug reports and to glean new information from the bug reports. Bug data associated with a large number of bug reports from different bug categories may be processed and used by a machine learning model of the machine learning engine. The machine learning engine can extract bug attributes from the bug data of a first bug. The machine learning engine can then compare the attributes of the first bug to a machine learning model created using a plurality of second bug reports. Based on then similarity between the first bug report and the second bug reports, the machine learning engine can apply, or correct, various attributes of the first bug report. The machine learning model may be updated over time by the machine learning engine as data correlations evolve.

Abstract: One general aspect of asynchronous local and remote generation of consistent point-in-time snap copies in consistency groups in accordance with the present description, is directed to receiving a local-remote pair point-in-time snap copy establish command to establish a local point-in-time snap copy in a local data storage system, and a remote point-in-time snap copy in a remote data storage system. In one aspect, establishment of the remote point-in-time snap copy relationship may be delayed as a function of the state of a consistency group formation process upon receipt of the local-remote pair point-in-time snap copy establish command. As a result, consistency of the local-remote pair of point-in-time snap copies may be realized, notwithstanding an asynchronous relationship between the local and remote storage systems. Other features and aspects may be realized, depending upon the particular application.

Abstract: Various systems and methods for creating, storing, structuring, displaying, enhancing, and/or referencing publications and related content in an online user network are described. In some embodiments, documents are stored in the form of individually addressable document elements in conjunction with an ordered list of the document elements. Updates to a document can then be analyzed to identify omissions of document elements and/or additions of new document elements, which can be reflected in an updated list of document elements.

Abstract: A memory management process monitors a communication channel for messages comprising allocation data corresponding to a first discrete memory region and receives a message comprising the allocation data. The memory management process executes a memory management decision for the first discrete memory region based on the allocation data, wherein the first discrete memory region is not addressable by the processing device.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and processes to improve backup and restore performance in deduplication storage environments. A metadata stream that includes data segment offsets that are associated with data segments of a previous backup image and indicate data segment boundaries is received. An offset for an include operation is determined. The include operation references one or more data segments, and is part of a request to perform a backup operation. The backup operation is performed by modifying the include operation, if the offset involves one or more partial data segments.

Abstract: A method may include generating, for a host application, an image including an image heap including objects and a writeable object partition including a subset of the objects. The method may further include initializing, by executing the image in a process of a computer system, a first isolate including a first address space and a first read-only map of the image heap. The first read-only map may designate the writeable object partition of the image heap as copy-on-write. The method may further include initializing, by executing the image in the process, a second isolate including a second address space and a second read-only map of the image heap. The method may further include performing, in the first isolate and using the first read-only map, a first task that accesses an object, and performing, in the second isolate and using the second read-only map, a second task that accesses the object.

Abstract: Disclosed are systems and methods for protecting a computer system from ransomware and malware by copying and backing up files using a volume filter. A storage stack of the computer system includes a file protector driver and a volume filter driver. The file protector driver monitors for potentially dangerous actions to the system's files. The volume filter driver tracks any requested changes to files on a block level, and makes backup copies of the modified blocks when the blocks change on a block level of the storage device.

Abstract: A computer system, comprising first computers, an application operate on each of the first computers; the each of the first computers is coupled to a second computer for providing a storage area; the each of the first computers includes a processor, a memory, a cache device to which a cache area, and a interface; the memory includes a program for realizing an operating system; the operating system includes a cache driver; and a cooperation control module configured to issue a control I/O request for instructing arrangement control; and the cooperation control module generate the control I/O request from a detected I/O request based on a analysis result of the detected I/O request in a case where an issuance of the I/O request from the cache driver is detected; and transfer the control I/O request to an apparatus different from an apparatus of a transfer destination of the detected I/O request.

Abstract: A first threshold corresponds to a data change at which a backup is triggered. A second threshold corresponds to a time interval at which the backup is triggered. A client is polled to obtain a first value indicating an amount of data changed since a last backup. A second value is tracked indicating an amount of time elapsed since the last backup. A determination is made as to whether to trigger the backup based on at least one of the first value exceeding the first threshold or the second value exceeding the second threshold. When the backup is not triggered because neither the first value exceeds the first threshold nor the second value exceeds the second threshold, the backup is triggered regardless based on a degree to which the first threshold has been reached, a degree to which the second threshold has been reached, and current usage of resources.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method, a device and a computer readable medium for managing a storage system. The method can determine a mapping between a logical storage extent and a plurality of storage devices in a storage pool without storing a table of the mapping. Further, the method can record a new mapping after a storage devices fails and restore the original mapping after the failed storage device is replaced.

Abstract: A system and method for detecting vulnerabilities in software containers at runtime are provided. This method includes intercepting a request to instantiate a new software container in a first execution environment; creating a second execution environment; migrating the new software container from the first execution environment to the second execution environment for execution therein; monitoring the operation of the new software container in the second execution environment to detect at least one unauthorized action; and upon detection of the at least one unauthorized action, generating a detection event identifying at least a type of vulnerability associated with the detected unauthorized action.

Abstract: Herein are techniques of zero data loss with asynchronously replicated redo logs. In an embodiment, a first server instance (FSI) of a plurality of server instances (PSI) of a primary database (PDB) sends, to a standby database (SDB) during an shutdown of FSI, a first recovery count (RC) and a remainder of an instance redo log (IRL). In response to recovering FSI, a second server instance of PSI increments a recovery counter to a second RC (SRC), publishes SRC to PSI, and sends SRC to SDB. After restarting FSI, FSI makes a change to contents of PDB, and stores, into IRL, a redo entry that defines the change. During failover, a database management system (DBMS) detects whether RCs associated with FSRL and SSRL are unanimous. If unanimous, DBMS fully rolls forward SDB by replaying FSRL and SSRL. Otherwise, DBMS limits replay and indicates that FSRL and SSRL might be inconsistent.

Abstract: A system and method are presented that reduce the use of snapshot space. One embodiment of the present invention only performs snapshot copies for blocks on the source volume that have not yet been backed up. Another embodiment stores the data in the snapshot space in multiple files, and then deletes those files that contain data whose corresponding blocks have been backed up. A third embodiment stores the data in the snapshot space directly onto a dedicated device and then reuses the data blocks for data already backed up when the dedicated device is full.

Abstract: System and techniques are described which apply a method for automatic database schema migration. An initial database is installed, according to rules that define tables of data, in an adaptive private network (APN) having a centralized management system including a network control node (NCN) coupled through the APN to a plurality of client nodes, wherein the NCN provides timing and control to the client nodes. An update to the initial database is received, wherein the initial database includes a first table of data stored in a first set of columns and the updated database includes a modified first table having a second set of columns that has a different number of columns as compared to the first table is automatically detected. One or more columns from the second set of columns that are different than the first set of columns are updated for data content.

Abstract: A system with an interactive user interface for users to view and interact with sanitized log data received from a plurality of hosts, such as those associated with various services of an organization. The system may receive from hosts log files and/or metadata that have been filtered by agents executing on the respective hosts to remove or anonymize any sensitive or confidential information prior to transmission to the system. In some embodiments the system does further filtering of the sanitized data. Received sanitized data is parsed, indexed, and/or otherwise processed for optimal searching, and stored in a log pipeline. The system causes display of an electronic visualization interface comprising a dynamic electronic search configured to receive an indication of various log search criteria, such as an error or trace identifier, that are used to identify matching log files meeting the provided criteria, such as log files associated with services executed on different hosts.

Abstract: Methods, computer-readable media and devices are disclosed for storing content from an endpoint device in a network cache. For example, a processor receives a security policy for the endpoint device defining a type of content for storing in the network cache, and determines that traffic from the endpoint device includes content of the content type for storing in the network cache. When it is determined that the traffic includes the content of the content type for storing in the network cache, the processor instantiates the network cache, stores the content in the network cache, and sends a notification to a designated device. The notification includes at least one parameter associated with the content. The processor further receives a decision from the designated device and performs a task regarding the content in response to the decision.

Abstract: The data storage system according to certain aspects can manage the archiving of virtual machines to (and restoring of virtual machines from) secondary storage. The system can determine whether to archive virtual machines based on usage data or information. The usage information may include storage usage, CPU usage, memory usage, network usage, events defined by a virtual machine software or application, etc. The system may archive virtual machines that are determined to have a low level of utilization. For example, a virtual machine can be archived when its usage level falls below a threshold level. The system may create a virtual machine placeholder for an archived virtual machine, which may be a “light” or minimal version of the virtual machine that acts as if it is the actual virtual machine. By using a virtual machine placeholder, a virtual machine may appear to be active and selectable by the user.

Abstract: Forward and/or backward compatibility between an invoking program and the invoked program can be maintained by using compatibility indicators and/or annotations to configuration settings that specify the desired behavior of the invoked program. Compatibility indicators and/or annotations can be used to override default behavior to ensure compatibility between a version of a program and a version or revision of a dependency of the program. Annotations can be made to configuration settings or to initialization programs and/or files. Configuration and/or initialization settings for the program can be annotated to indicate when default behavior of the dependency is to be overridden to provide alternate behavior. Configuration settings for the program can be annotated to indicate when future revisions to the dependency are to be applied.

Abstract: A system, method, and computer-readable storage medium enable configuring data replication in a three-site disaster recovery solution by replicating data from more than one primary volume of storage devices at a primary datacenter using a first copy technology to a secondary data center and using a tertiary copy technology to a tertiary data center. A graphical user interface presents the sessions of replicating the data using the second copy technology including: (i) one or more characteristics of the sessions; (ii) identified volumes that are in each session; and (iii) any additions or removals of volumes per session.

Abstract: A system capable of identifying and locking resources (e.g., items, tickets, etc.) may map resources to a bit vector and use bit vectors to efficiently identify and lock the resources. For example, tickets to a concert may be mapped to a bit vector and the system may generate an availability bit vector indicating an availability of the seat locations. Thus, the tickets may be reserved by changing a binary value for bits corresponding to individual tickets. In addition, the system may generate bit vectors corresponding to metadata associated with the seat locations (e.g., aisle seat, handicap accessible, first ten rows, back ten rows, etc.), allowing the system to easily identify available seat locations that satisfy the search request. As the bit vectors are relatively small and can be processed easily, the system may improve a latency and reduce an error rate associated with searching for and reserving seat locations.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an analysis device configured to analyze a communication sequence. The analysis device includes a memory configured to store a desired communication sequence and a processor. The processor is configured to read out the desired communication sequence from the memory, create a Petri net as a function of the read-out desired communication sequence, compare the communication sequence to the created Petri net, and analyze the communication sequence.

Abstract: A system and method for transferring data between different types of systems, and in particular uses log-based replication to transfer data between different types of systems. In accordance with an embodiment, the system can be used to perform a one-time or initial copy of the MySQL data from a source database system to a target database system, and/or to replicate the on-going transactions captured from a MySQL database's binary log into one or additional non-MySQL database(s) on a continuous basis, such that the two systems are synchronized for transactions of interest. In accordance with an embodiment, full or partial data changes can be extracted from the MySQL binary log, optionally transformed, skipped or augmented, output or written to a file, and then applied at any of one or more target systems (e.g. another MySQL database, or a non-MySQL database), thereby synchronizing the source and target systems.