Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and processes for performing optimized batched packet processing in deep packet inspection (DPI) computing systems. A batch of network packets is received. A stateless processing operation is performed for the batch that includes updating a current time for the batch, decoding the network packets in the batch, creating a flowhash lookup key for each decoded network packet, and generating a first output that includes the current time and corresponding flow-hash lookup keys for the decoded network packets. Next, a stateful processing operation is performed for the batch that includes accessing the first output of the stateless processing operation, dividing the batch into multiple sub-batches, performing a parallel flow-hash table lookup operation on the network packets that are part of the sub-batches, and generating a second output that includes the sub-batches with associated packet flows.

Abstract: Aspects described herein may relate to a transaction exchange platform using a streaming data platform (SDP) and microservices to process transactions in accordance with corresponding workflows. The transaction exchange platform may receive transactions from origination sources, which may be added to the SDP as transaction objects. Microservices on the transaction exchange platform may interact with the transaction objects based on configured workflows associated with the transactions. Further, the microservices may leverage machine-learning models to determine whether transaction objects may be more effectively processed using alternative or secondary workflows. Processing on the transaction exchange platform may facilitate clearing and settlement of transactions. Some aspects may provide for dynamic and flexible reconfiguration of workflows.

Abstract: A device receives border gateway protocol (BGP) data associated with links provided in a segment routing network. The segment routing network includes a first autonomous system (AS) with first network devices interconnected by a first portion of the links, a second AS with second network devices interconnected by a second portion of the links, and an inter-AS link provided between one of the first network devices and one of the second network devices. The device filters prefixes of the BGP data to identify BGP data associated with the inter-AS link, where the BGP data associated with the inter-AS link includes data identifying state information associated with the inter-AS link. The device determines an operational state of the inter-AS link based on the BGP data associated with the inter-AS link, and performs one or more actions based on the operational state of the inter-AS link.

Abstract: A method for developing a containerized application using a pipeline platform consisting of a plurality of stages with associated development tools, the method comprising the steps of: receiving application parameters and a check-in code for the containerized application; generating a configuration file based on the application parameters, the configuration file containing configuration content including insert code; embedding the insert code into the check-in code; dynamically provisioning an opinionated pipeline based on contents of the configuration file, the opinionated pipeline including the plurality of stages with the associated development tools; setting up one or more control gates in one or more of the plurality of stages; receiving customized code for the containerized application, the customized code representing modifications of the insert code; and packaging the containerized application to include code contents of the check-in code, the customized code, and the insert code; wherein the containe

Abstract: Disclosed herein are an apparatus and method for autoscaling a service shared in a cloud. The apparatus may include memory in which at least one program is recorded and a processor for executing the program, and the program may perform autoscaling by which at least one second service for performing the same function as a first service is additionally generated or deleted depending on a load that is incurred when multiple clients call the first service in the cloud. The at least one second service may be set to one of two or more execution types having different response times depending on a response time required by each of the multiple clients.

Abstract: Placement of a tenant database in an oversubscribed, database-as-a-service cluster comprised of a plurality of nodes is described. The placement may be based on per-node estimates of a probability of resource demand violation if the tenant database is placed on the node. Past resource usage of similar tenant databases subscribed to the cluster that are collected and stored as compressed traces may be used to obtain the estimates. In some examples, based on the estimates, a per-node expected number of resource violations is determined and compared across nodes, where the determined placement minimizes the number of resource violations. In other examples, when the tenant database is being placed in parallel with other tenant databases, a score assigned to each valid configuration for the placement may be modified based on the estimates, where the determined placement is the configuration having a lowest score.

Abstract: Aspects described herein may relate to a transaction exchange platform using a streaming data platform (SDP) and microservices to process transactions according to review and approval workflows. The transaction exchange platform may receive transactions from origination sources, which may be added to the SDP as transaction objects. Microservices on the transaction exchange platform may interact with the transaction objects based on configured workflows associated with the transactions. Processing on the transaction exchange platform may facilitate clearing and settlement of transactions. Some aspects may provide for dynamic and flexible reconfiguration of workflows and/or microservices. Other aspects may provide for data snapshots and workflow tracking, allowing for monitoring, quality control, and auditability of transactions on the transaction exchange platform.

Abstract: Methods, systems, devices, and tangible non-transitory computer readable media for checking computing device inactivity are provided. The disclosed technology can access, based on a device policy, organizational data associated with activity of a user's computing device. Based on the device policy and the organizational data, a valid inactivity time period including continuous organization approved time periods of valid inactivity beginning at a most recent time the computing device was active and ending a predetermined amount of time after the most recent time can be determined. Based on the device policy and the organizational data, a determination of whether inactivity criteria associated with inactivity of the computing device are satisfied is made. Satisfying the inactivity criteria can include the computing device being inactive after the valid inactivity time period. Furthermore, indications associated with the computing device's inactivity can be generated if the inactivity criteria are satisfied.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for instantiation of network service (NS) or virtualized network function (VNF) are disclosed. A virtualized network function manager (VNFM) receives, from a first network management entity, a first request for instantiating or changing a VNF instance. The first request comprises scaling information for at least one scalable VNF deployment unit (VDU) included in the VNF instance. The VNFM instantiates or changes the VNF instance based on the scaling information.

Abstract: There are provided measures for optimization of network function profile administration and registration. Such measures exemplarily comprise, at a network repository function entity, receiving, from a control entity, network entity profile template information, storing said network entity profile template information, wherein said network entity profile template information comprises a network entity profile template including an identifier of said network entity profile template and a profile content of said network entity profile template, said profile content including at least one profile attribute, receiving, from a network entity, a network entity registration request comprising said identifier of said network entity profile template, and generating a network entity profile for said network entity based on said at least one profile attribute.

Abstract: A method includes determining an information dispersal algorithm width number and determining a number of primary storage slots from a number of storage slots associated with a set of storage units deployed across multiple sites, where the number of primary storage slots is equal to or greater than the information dispersal algorithm width number. The method further includes determining a mapping of primary storage slots to storage units. The method further includes sending configuration information to the set of storage units that includes the mapping. The method further includes storing a set of encoded data slices in the primary storage slots in accordance with the configuration information, where a data segment is error encoded into the set of encoded data slices in accordance with the information dispersal algorithm width number and a decode threshold number, which is a number of encoded data slices are needed to reconstruct the data segment.

Abstract: A device may receive load data identifying loads of network functions provided by a cloud computing environment, resource data associated with resources of the cloud computing environment, and resource distribution data associated with the resources. The device may perform data analytics on the load data, the resource data, and the resource distribution data to identify, from the network functions, a network function being impacted and to determine that the network function requires resource modification. The device may calculate, based on the data analytics and based on determining that the network function requires resource modification, parameters for the resource modification and may perform one or more actions based on the parameters for the resource modification.

Abstract: A scaling method related to the field of network function virtualization (NFV) includes a VNF manager (VNFM) that receives a virtualized network function (VNF) scale out request from an NFV orchestrator (NFVO), where the request includes VNF instance information and indication information that indicates a scale aspect and step; the VNFM determines, based on the VNF scale out request, information about a virtualization deployment unit (VDU) and a corresponding subnet that need to be created; and the VNFM requests creation of the VDU and the corresponding subnet from a virtualized infrastructure manager (VIM).

Abstract: Techniques implemented by a cloud computing system for providing fallback capacity providers to ensure that infrastructure capacity required to run containerized services is available despite primary capacity providers experiencing a failure. Cloud providers offer container-management services that automate the management and scaling of containerized services of users. The container-management services are supported by capacity providers that manage the computing infrastructure on which the containerized services run (e.g., servers, VMs, etc.). However, there are times when a capacity provider is unable to provision capacity for containerized services, such as due to a large scale failure. Rather than leaving capacity requests unserved, the container-management service designates a fallback capacity provider that acts as a failover for provisioning requested infrastructure capacity.

Abstract: A method for determining sidelink resource includes: determining sidelink resource configuration information, where the sidelink resource configuration information is used to instruct the user equipment to determine a target sidelink resource according to quality of service (QoS) information of to-be-transmitted sidelink data; determining a target resource determination mode according to the QoS information of the to-be-transmitted sidelink data and the sidelink resource configuration information; and determining the target sidelink resource for conveying the to-be-transmitted sidelink data in the target resource determination mode.

Abstract: Systems and methods electronically produce a local estimate of less-than-critical resources based on a client side version of digital rules and a coarse values received from an online service provider. Although using the client side version of digital rules and the coarse values may not include all the parameters and values needed to provide a fully accurate estimate of the resource, the ability to locally estimate resources without having to make network calls to the online service provider, such as when there are unfavorable conditions or latency of the network, imminent overloading of the online service provider or other operating conditions or demands on the online service provider preventing it from producing a timely more accurate estimate, provides a faster and more efficient way of obtaining a potentially useful estimate of resources.

Abstract: A method and system for policy-driven traffic management in cloud-based multi-tenant systems is disclosed. Routes delivers services to end user devices. The routes are specified for policies. The policies specify residencies for the routes, cloud services, and data storage. An application running on an end user device selects a policy and a cloud service. A route corresponding to the policy, a residency specified by the policy, and the cloud service is returned to the application. An operation of the end user device in compliance with the policies is monitored to generate telemetry. An access resource server receives a non-compliance with the policy, and identify new routes, policies and configuration for remediation.

Abstract: A system includes a computing system associated with a financial institution and communicatively coupled with one or more automated teller machines (ATMs), where the computing system is configured to authenticate an account holder via an ATM of the one or more ATMs based on identification information of the account holder, identify an event associated with the account holder, determine a message relating to the event to be displayed to the account holder based on the event, and display the message to the account holder via the ATM where the message being displayed is based on the account holder accessing the ATM within a threshold time period associated with the event.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a method includes receiving user-behavior data for a plurality of software applications. The method also includes determining activity windows for the plurality of software applications. The method also includes generating a time map of the activity windows. The method also includes detecting a usage pattern, where the usage pattern indicates two or more applications of the plurality of software applications that are used in combination. The method also includes identifying a user-centric workload from the usage pattern. The method also includes generating a user-centric workload specification for the user-centric workload, where the user-centric workload identifies the two or more applications indicated by the usage pattern. The method also includes associating the user-centric workload specification with an optimization trigger and an optimization profile. The method also includes optimizing the user-centric workload in accordance with the optimization trigger and the optimization profile.

Abstract: A method and apparatus enable sidelink resource management using a sidelink discovery signal. The method provides for determining a resource configuration for a sidelink discovery signal. The resource configuration provides one or more parameters for transmitting the sidelink discovery signal. The method also provides for measuring link quality between the UE and at least one candidate relay UE. Based on the measured link quality one of the candidate relay UEs is selected and serves as a relay UE.

Abstract: A decrease in responsiveness when storing content in a flash memory is reduced. A storage management apparatus includes a flash memory including a plurality of blocks that include a plurality of usable blocks and one or more spare blocks. The apparatus is configured to acquire a new data set; change at least a part of the one or more spare blocks into a usable block and store the new data set in the thus changed usable block, in a case where a size of the new data set is larger than the writable area of the plurality of usable blocks and where the size of the new data set is larger than the writable area when an unnecessary data set contained in the plurality of usable blocks is deleted; and change the usable blocks all the data sets of which are deleted into spare blocks through garbage collection.

Abstract: A mobile terminal displays a guide screen for causing a printing apparatus to participate in a wireless network in which the mobile terminal is participating. An SSID of an access point to which the mobile terminal is connected is displayed.

Abstract: Methods and systems for managing operation of data processing systems are disclosed. To manage the operation of the data processing systems, the data processing systems may include a secure processing module that hosts a management controller. While free standing, the secure processing module may be selectively powered via a port. While selectively powered, the management controller may obtain data structures usable to resolve incompatibilities between modules of the data processing system. Once integrated with other modules, the data structures may be used to place the modules into compatibility with each other.

Abstract: An example operation may include one or more of a computer generating an output of a variable random function applied to a public key of a user of a blockchain and a hash of the blockchain block, the computer determining a function f that gives a number x in [0,1] to each of a plurality of transactions on the block based on the output, and the computer ordering the transactions, using the function f, within the block.

Abstract: A plurality of switches may be arranged according to a spine and leaf topology in which each spine switch is connected to all leaf switches. A leaf switch includes a memory configured to store a plurality of policies, each of the plurality of policies being associated with a respective source identifier value and a respective destination address; a network interface communicatively coupled to one of the spine switches; and a processor implemented in circuitry and configured to: receive a packet from the spine switch via the network interface, the packet being encapsulated with a Virtual Extensible Local Area Network (VXLAN) header; extract a source identifier value from the VXLAN header; determine a destination address for the packet; determine a policy of the plurality of policies to apply to the packet according to the source identifier value and the destination address; and apply the policy to the packet.

Abstract: Customers of a shared-resource environment can provision resources in a fine-grained manner that meets specific performance requirements. A customer can provision a data volume with a committed rate of Input/Output Operations Per Second (IOPS) and pay only for that commitment (plus any overage), and the amount of storage requested. The customer will then at any time be able to complete at least the committed rate of IOPS. If the customer generates submissions at a rate that exceeds the committed rate, the resource can still process at the higher rate when the system is not under pressure. Even under pressure, the system will deliver at least the committed rate. Multiple customers can be provisioned on the same resource, and more than one customer can have a committed rate on that resource. Customers without committed or guaranteed rates can utilize the uncommitted portion, or committed portions that are not being used.

Abstract: A hot-standby redundancy control system is disclosed. In an embodiment, the system includes multiple primary control apparatuses, each respectively running a process of the hot-standby redundancy control system; a backup control apparatus pool including at least one industrial personal computer (IPC), with multiple virtual control apparatuses being established on at least one IPC, and the multiple virtual control apparatuses established being in one-to-one correspondence with the multiple primary control apparatuses, and each respective multiple virtual control apparatus running a same process as a respective corresponding primary control apparatus; a control bus, to connect one or more of the t least one IPC in the multiple primary control apparatuses and the backup control apparatus pool; and a field bus, to connect one or more of the at least one IPC in the multiple primary control apparatuses and the backup control apparatus pool and multiple field apparatuses.

Abstract: An information processing system including Application Platform capable of communicating with Edge1 connected to each other to be able to communicate each other, in which Application Platform includes a second processor, information on microservices and data possessed by Edge1, and performance information describing the performance of Edge1, and the second processor uses predetermined data to combine a plurality of predetermined microservices and causes Edge1 to execute them in a predetermined order. When executing the application, microservices and data are moved between Edge1 based on the information of the microservices and the data possessed by Edge1, and the performance information.

Abstract: A prioritization system includes a memory that stores an access record with, for each of the users, an indication of a previous usage of computing applications. The memory stores a permission record with, for each of the users, an indication of the computing applications that the user is permitted to access. The memory stores user affinities that include, for each of the users, an affinity score corresponding to a predetermined ability level of the user to engage in an activity associated with one or more of the computing applications. The prioritization system determines a priority score for each of the users. In response to receiving a request for a priority of a first user of the users, the prioritization system provides a response with the priority score determined for the first user of the users.

Abstract: A control apparatus and method for a wireless communication system supporting cognitive radio. The control apparatus includes an acquisition unit and a management unit. The acquisition unit is configured to acquire information about at least one factor capable of affecting performance of transferring an access request for a frequency spectrum resource by a communication apparatus, the access request being used for making a request to a device which controls the frequency spectrum allocation for allocating a frequency spectrum to the communication apparatus. The management unit is configured to receive the access request sent by the communication apparatus, and optimize a route for the access request of the communication apparatus according to the acquired factor in the case that the access request contains information indicating that the communication apparatus is a slave apparatus of another communication apparatus.

Abstract: Multi-cloud orchestration as a service, including: receiving a provisioning request for one or more cloud computing resources; identifying, based on a first one or more metrics, a particular cloud computing environment from a plurality of cloud computing environments to satisfy the provisioning request; and provisioning, in the particular cloud computing environment, the one or more cloud computing resources.

Abstract: An Internet of Things (IoT) system that includes an orchestration device is provided. The orchestration device receives resource requirements and accesses a device/capability map to produce a task deployment map.

Abstract: A device can determine, based on a first packet flow associated with a first user device and application identifiers associated with applications accessible by the first user device, that a first packet associated with the first packet flow is destined for a low-latency application having a specified latency range. The device can identify a first low-latency bearer that satisfies the specified latency range associated with the low-latency application. The device can map the first packet flow to the first low-latency bearer.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for managing workload among server clusters is disclosed. According to certain embodiments, the system may include a memory storing instructions and a processor. The processor may be configured to execute the instructions to determine historical behaviors of the server clusters in processing a workload. The processor may also be configured to execute the instructions to construct cost models for the server clusters based at least in part on the historical behaviors. The cost model is configured to predict a processor utilization demand of a workload. The processor may further be configured to execute the instructions to receive a workload and determine efficiencies of processing the workload by the server clusters based at least in part on at least one of the cost models or an execution plan of the workload.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for distributing decentralized compute resources. Compute resource metadata that identifies a set of decentralized compute resources can be received. A request to use one or more compute resources can be received. A digital twin can be generated. The digital twin can facilitate identification of a particular compute resource, and the digital twin can be representative of potential interactions between a receiver entity and a set of provider entities. An interaction can be initiated between the receiver entity and a particular provider entity. The interaction may involve allocating the particular compute resource from the particular provider entity to the receiver entity in response to the request.

Abstract: A method for managing allocation of network resources at a site in a communication network is disclosed. The method is performed by a resource manager and comprises receiving a notification of an event occurring at a network entity, the network entity being associated with the site and with a network operator. The event comprises at least one of a performance event, a fault event or an update event. The method further comprises determining an implication of the notified event for traffic flow in the network and determining, on the basis of the implication of the notified event for traffic flow in the network, an operational requirement to compensate for the event. The method further comprises obtaining configuration information for fulfilment of the operational requirement and instructing an infrastructure manager for the site to allocate network resources in accordance with the obtained configuration information in order to satisfy the operational requirement.

Abstract: A system, method, and computer-readable medium for performing a data center monitoring and management operation. The data center monitoring and management operation includes: receiving workload provisioning information associated with a data center asset, the workload provisioning information comprising a set of data elements; identifying an anomalous data element from the set of workload provisioning elements; remediating the anomalous data element to provide a remediated anomalous data element; and, provisioning a component of information technology infrastructure using the workload provisioning information and the remediated anomalous data element.

Abstract: Systems and methods for analyzing risks associated with one or more developers in multi-cloud platforms is disclosed. The system includes a processor coupled to a memory. The processor is configured to recommend one or more cloud infrastructures for the one or more developers to host one or more projects assigned to them. The one or more cloud infrastructures are recommended based on one or more parameters. The processor is further configured to determine a risk pattern for each developer upon selection of at least one cloud infrastructure. The risk pattern is determined based on one or more factors. In addition, the processor is configured to generate a cloud wallet for each developer based on the risk pattern determined.

Abstract: Described are examples for information discovery using domain-specific term matching, including obtaining, for a search session related to a domain, a set of search strings used for searching the domain for information discovery during the search session, identifying, for the search session, a string of the set of search strings as a search string hit and the remaining strings in the set of search strings as search string misses, and correlating, into a set of domain-specific search string misses, the remaining strings in the set of search strings with additional remaining search strings from one or more other search session related to the domain that have the same string identified as the search string hit.

Abstract: Various embodiments are generally directed to an identity proofing platform. The platform may receive, from a user, personally identifiable information (PII) related to a consumer and determine one or more verifications requested by the user. The verifications may be one or more of a government identification (ID) verification, a credit bureau verification, or a mobile network operator verification. The platform may send a SMS message to the consumer for consent approval and receive consent from the consumer. The platform may perform the one or more verifications, generate an identity proofing result based on the performed one or more verifications, encrypt the identity proofing result, and send the identity proofing result to the user.

Abstract: An example method for a software container includes instantiating the following in a sandbox of a computing device: an operating system, a Berkeley Packet Filter (BPF) virtual machine within a kernel of the operating system, and a software container. The kernel monitors runtime behavior events of the software container, with the monitoring at least partially performed by the BPF virtual machine. Based on the monitoring, a respective risk score is assigned to each of the runtime behavior events that is potentially malicious, with each risk score indicating a likelihood that a corresponding behavior event is malicious. An overall risk score is assigned to the software container that indicates a likelihood that the software container is malicious based on the respective risk scores.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a multi-node storage system and a data deduplication method thereof. The method includes determining a similarity hash value of a super block, wherein the similarity hash value indicates similarity between super blocks The method further includes comparing the similarity hash value of the super block with a feature similarity hash value of a node of the multi-node storage system to determine whether the super block matches the node and, in response to determining that the super block matches the node, allocating the super block to the node.

Abstract: An application specific interface (AA-NAPI) associated with an application for the purpose of controlling the networking aspects of the application session is provided by communication service provider (CSP). Cost model of network service types associated with a specific application type is learned by using the AA-NAPI. For each service-point joining the session, network properties are queried by using the AA-NAPI. During continuous service quality monitoring, upon detection of quality degradation leading to the decision to upgrade session quality, network service-type associated with a specific server-point is changed by using the AA-NAPI. Network specific actions are taken to reconfigure the network so that the requested service type is received by the specific service-point. New network capability is activated to improve network service level by using the AA-NAPI.

Abstract: Some examples described herein relate to providing a customized cloud service. In an example, Key Service Indicators (KSI) may be received for a cloud service. The Key Service Indicators may be associated with a cloud service template for providing the cloud service. The resources required for providing the cloud service may be identified based on the Key Service Indicators.

Abstract: A resource determination device according to a storage unit configured to store a model indicating a relationship of: a processing load of a virtual machine; a processing performance of the virtual machine; a resource operational status of a physical machine accommodating the virtual machine; and a resource operational status of the virtual machine, with respect to an amount of resources allocated to the virtual machine, and a calculation unit configured to calculate the amount of resources allocated to the virtual machine in a way such that a requirement for the processing performance of the virtual machine and a policy of the resource operational status of the virtual machine are each satisfied based on a monitoring result of the resource operational status of the physical machine accommodating the virtual machine, the processing load of the virtual machine, and the model stored in the storage unit.

Abstract: Various systems and methods for providing opportunistic placement of compute in an edge network are described herein. A node in an edge network may be configured to access a service level agreement related to a workload, the workload to be orchestrated for a user equipment by the node; modify a machine learning model based on the service level agreement; implement the machine learning model to identify resource requirements to execute the workload in a manner to satisfy the service level agreement; initiate resource assignments from a resource provider, the resource assignments to satisfy the resource requirements; construct a resource hierarchy from the resource assignments; initiate execution of the workload using resources from the resource hierarchy; and monitor and adapt execution of the workload based on the resource hierarchy in response to the execution of the workload.

Abstract: A computer implemented method to specify a software defined network (SDN) for deployment by an SDN controller, the SDN controller being adapted to configure a plurality of physical network components to deliver communication services, the method including generating a model of the physical network components by accessing each of a plurality of data sources; defining the model including an indication of a location, type and interconnections of physical components based on the data sources; associating each indication in the model with a degree of confidence of accuracy of the indication based on the degree of confidence information from the data sources; accessing a set of rules defining relationships between types of physical component; refining the model based on the rules including adjusting a degree of confidence of accuracy of indications in the model based on satisfaction of the rules; and selecting a subset of network components in the refined model for inclusion in the SDN specification.

Abstract: Based on analysis of a workload associated with a throttling key of a client request directed to a first service, a scale-out requirement of the throttling key is obtained at respective resource managers of a plurality of other services which are utilized by the first service to respond to client requests. The resource managers initiate, asynchronously with respect to one another, resource provisioning tasks at each of the other services to fulfill the scale-out requirement. A throttling limit associated with the throttling key is updated to a second throttling key after the resource provisioning tasks are completed by the resource managers, and the updated limit is used to determine whether to accept another client request associated with the throttling key.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a method for operating a relation server and a system using the method. The method for operating the relation server for managing relations between machines includes generating, by the relation server, a capability set required to execute a command by analyzing the command, and grouping, by the relation server, machines that are to execute the command, among the machines, based on the generated capability set, and capability parameters and status parameters of respective machines that have been previously registered in the relation server or that are extractable by the relation server.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure include a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing thereon sequences of computer-executable instructions for automatically identifying underutilized features of an electronic device, the sequences of computer-executable instructions including instructions that instruct at least one processor to determine whether at least one underutilized-feature trigger is satisfied, identify, based on determining that the at least one underutilized-feature trigger is satisfied, at least one underutilized feature of the electronic device, identify the at least one underutilized feature of the electronic device to a user of the electronic device, and store an indication of the identification of the at least one underutilized feature of the electronic device to the user.