Abstract: The invention relates to a solid, particulate, urea-based blend composition comprising a urea-based compound in particulate form, one or more components in particulate form, selected from the group of nitrates, phosphates, sulphates and chlorides, and a urease inhibitor of the type phosphoric triamide, in particular N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (nBTPT), wherein the urea-based blend composition is further characterized in that it comprises one or more reactive alkaline or alkaline-forming inorganic or organic compounds. The composition according to the invention has been stabilized against the degradation of a urease inhibitor of the type phosphoric triamide, in particular N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (nBTPT). The invention further relates to a method for the manufacture of the claimed solid, particulate, urea-based blend composition.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of enhancing growth conditions for plants by growing the plants in soil containing, in proximity to the plant roots, both a phosphorus source and at least two strains of the fungus Penicillium, particularly P. bilaiae, more particularly strains NRRL 50162 and NRRL 50169.

Abstract: Animal waste is processed to form a biomaterial that is employed as a coating layer for typical fertilizer particles. The biomaterial coating layer can be used neat or with additives and serves to do one or more or any combination of the following: (a) impart a slow or controlled release property to the fertilizer, (b) prevent or reduce the tendency of the fertilizer particles to cake together, or (c) prevent or reduce the tendency of the fertilizer particles to create dust. The biomaterial coating layer can also release nutrients when used as part of a fertilizer composition.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and system for producing electric power and fertiliser. The method comprises the steps of: (a) combusting biomass to produce energy for the generation of electric power and an exhaust gas; (b) producing a liquor from compounds extracted from the exhaust gas; and (c) producing a fertiliser by composting organic materials in the presence of the liquor.

Abstract: According to the present invention, there is provided a process for the manufacture of sulphur-containing fertilizer compositions, said process comprising the steps of: a) providing a slurry of at least one phosphate-based fertilizer material selected from the group consisting of ammonium phosphates, ammonium phosphate based nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) compounds, super phosphates and partially acidulated phosphate rocks; b} bringing said slurry into contact with at least one surfactant and elemental sulphur; and c) introducing the mixture obtained in step b) into a granulator unit in order to obtain granules of the fertilizer composition, wherein the elemental sulphur is present in an amount in the range of form 1 to 25 wt. %, based on the total weight of the fertilizer composition The present invention also provides a fertilizer composition.

Abstract: An agricultural fertigation method includes the continuous introduction of concentrated raw materials into a high-dilution irrigation-water environment whereby the stream of flowing irrigation water dampens the resultant dissolution and reaction exotherms. A system wherein raw materials are efficiently continuously fed to the irrigation system main line or a side-arm reactor efficiently implements the method.

Abstract: An agricultural fertigation method includes the continuous introduction of concentrated raw materials into a high-dilution irrigation-water environment whereby the stream of flowing irrigation water dampens the resultant dissolution and reaction exotherms. A system wherein raw materials are efficiently continuously fed to the irrigation system main line or a side-arm reactor efficiently implements the method.

Abstract: Process for the manufacture of sulphur-containing fertilizer compositions, comprising the steps of: a} providing a slurry of at least one phosphate-based fertilizer material selected from the group consisting of ammonium phosphates, ammonium phosphate based nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) compounds, super phosphates and partially acidulated phosphate rocks; b) bringing said slurry into contact with at least one anionic surfactant and elemental sulphur; c) introducing the mixture obtained in step b} into a granulator unit in order to obtain granules of the fertilizer composition, wherein the at least one phosphate-based fertilizer material is present in an amount in the range of at least 50 wt. %, the elemental sulphur is present in an amount in the range of from 1 to 25 wt. % and the anionic surfactant is present in an amount in the range of from 0.001 to 3 wt. % based on the overall weight of the fertilizer composition. The present invention also provides a fertilizer composition.

Abstract: Multiple-component fertilizer materials and methods of use are provided, wherein the fertilizer materials include first and second fertilizer products respectively including an ammoniacal fertilizer (e.g., urea) in combination with a partial calcium salt of a selected copolymer, and a phosphorous fertilizer (e.g., DAP) in combination with a partial sodium salt of a selected copolymer. The copolymer fractions of the first and second fertilizer products are most preferably copolymers of itaconic acid and maleic anhydride. The fertilizer materials give synergistically enhanced crop yields when applied to soil or growing plants.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the antagonistic bacteria for controlling the Fusarium wilt of continuous cropping banana and their microbial organic fertilizer. It belongs to technology of intensive agricultural production. The present invention separates two antagonistic bacteria NJN-6 and NJN-11 and produces the microbial organic fertilizer through inoculating the two said strains into pig manure compost and rapeseed cake compost to conduct solid-state fermentation. The microbial organic fertilizer is characterized in that in the fertilizer, the content of each of the antagonistic bacteria NJN-6 and NJN-11 is above 1×108 cfu/g, total nitrogen is 4˜5% (weight percent), above 90% (weight percent) of the total nitrogen is organic nitrogen, total nitrogen-phosphorus-kalium nutrient is 6˜10% (weight percent) and organic matter is 30˜35% (weight percent).

Abstract: A composition which provides bactericidal, fungicidal and insecticidal activity when treating plants with effective amounts. The composition comprises the blending of: (1) an aqueous salicylate solution from salicylic acid reacted in an aqueous media with ammonium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide; (2) a reaction mixture that provides fungicidal activity and fertilizes plants when applied in an effective amount and which comprises potassium phosphates, potassium polyphosphate, potassium phosphites, and potassium polyphosphite and potassium phosphate phosphite copolymers; and, optionally, (3) aqueous potassium acetate.

Abstract: Multiple-component fertilizer materials and methods of use are provided, wherein the fertilizer materials include first and second fertilizer products respectively including an ammoniacal fertilizer (e.g., urea) in combination with a partial calcium salt of a selected copolymer, and a phosphorous fertilizer (e.g., DAP) in combination with a partial sodium salt of a selected copolymer. The copolymer fractions of the first and second fertilizer products are most preferably copolymers of itaconic acid and maleic anhydride. The fertilizer materials give synergistically enhanced crop yields when applied to soil or growing plants.

Abstract: A granular cohered MOP fertilizer having one or more micronutrients, and one or more binding ingredients. The fertilizer is prepared by compacting MOP feed material with one or more micronutrients and one or more optional binders to form a cohered MOP composition. The cohered MOP composition is then further processed, such as by crushing and sizing, to form a cohered granular MOP product containing micronutrients. The process yields a fertilizer product containing micronutrients with superior elemental and granule size distribution without comprising handling or storage qualities.

Abstract: A system for conveying critical and non-critical words of multiple cache lines includes a first node interface of a first processing node receiving, from a first processor, a first request identifying a critical word of a first cache line and a second request identifying a critical word of a second cache line. The first node interface conveys requests corresponding to the first and second requests to a second node interface of a second processing node. The second node interface receives the corresponding requests and conveys the critical words of the first and second cache lines to the first processing node before conveying non-critical words of the first and second cache lines.

Abstract: In one aspect, an improved nutritive media is provided that comprises from 10 g/L to 100 g/L of an adsorbent material, from 350 mg/L to 450 mg/L of NH4NO3, from 2000 mg/L to 3000 mg/L of KH2PO4, from 5 mg/L to 25 mg/L of FeSO4, from 600 mg/L to 1500 mg/L of MgSO4; and at least one component selected from the group consisting of: from 150 mg/L to 300 mg/L of Myo-inositol, from 1.5 mg/L to 3.0 mg/L of Thiamine-HCl, from 0.30 mg/L to 0.80 mg/L of Pyridoxine-HCl, from 1.5 mg/L to 3.0 mg/L of Nicotinic acid, from 0.15 mg/L to 0.30 mg/L of Riboflavin, from 0.75 mg/L to 2.0 mg/L of Ca-pantothenate, from 0.01 mg/L to 0.03 mg/L of Biotin and from 0.15 mg/L to 0.30 mg/L of Folic Acid. In another aspect, a manufactured seed is provided comprising the improved nutritive media.

Abstract: Coated fertilizer wherein the fertilizer comprises fertilizer particles coated with a biomass composition comprising 1-60 wt. % solid biomass particles with a D50 between 0 and 150 ?m and 99-40 wt. % oil, a biomass composition wherein the biomass composition comprises solid biomass particles with a D50 between 0 and 150 ?m and a process for the production of a biomass composition wherein a biomass composition comprising solid particles having a D50 between 30 and 500 ?m is filtrated and the residue is grinded until the solid particles have a D50 between 0 and 150 ?m.

Abstract: Preferred aspects of the present invention provide ammonium nitrate compositions comprising ammonium nitrate and at least one stabilizing agent, and preferably a third compound. In certain preferred embodiments, the stabilizing agent, together with third compound, is present under conditions and in amounts effective to substantially reduce the detonation sensitivity of the composition and/or to otherwise improve a desired property of the composition.

Abstract: Kimberlite based fertilizer products are produced by treating micronized Kimberlite with alkali or first acid then alkali or by mixing the micronized kimberlite with DAP or NPK fertilizer.

Abstract: This invention relates to insecticidal fertilizer mixtures containing (a) an agonist or antagonist of ion channels in the insect nervous system; (b) a fertilizer; (c) optionally, an adherent; and (d) optionally, one or more auxiliaries and/or carrier materials.

Abstract: The invention relates to the chemical industry and can be used while producing granulated nitrogen-potash fertilizers. An ammonia nitrate melt in the amount of 33-69 weight %, potassium chloride in the amount of 22-65 weight %, and a specific mineral admixture—phosphogypsum in the amount of 2-9 weight % are fed into a mixture as well as ammonia, which is necessary for keeping pH value of the mixture within the range of 6.5-7.5. The obtained slurry is sprayed onto a recycle product in a drum granulator and granulated under a recycle ratio being equal to 1:(2-2.5), the final product is dried. A stirring is carried out under the optimal operational mode within the temperature range of 100-130° C. during 20-30 minutes. Due to such conditions, a productivity rate of the process is increased and granules of the fertilizer have higher strength and reduced leachability from the soil.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for the combined production of (i) a fertilizer selected from the group consisting of ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphates or a combination thereof, (ii) a concentrated stream of CO2 through an indirect neutralization of ammonia with an acid selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, phosphoric acid, a salt thereof and a combination thereof; said method comprising: (I) reacting a carbonate product with a reagent selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, phosphoric acid, a salt thereof, and a mixture thereof to form CO2, and a fertilizer containing an ammonia component; and (II) separating at least a portion of said carbon dioxide from said fertilizer in a condensed and relatively concentrated stream.

Abstract: A method for removing and recovering phosphorus from a spent adsorbent medium to result in a regenerated medium and a phosphorus-containing solution useful as a fertilizer.

Abstract: According to a method of producing a phosphate fertilizer, a first portion of the phosphate is produced in a pipe cross reactor, and a second portion of the phosphate is produced in a pre-neutralizer. Both the first and second portions of the phosphate are supplied to a granulator. Ammonia is added to the granulator to react with the first and second portions of the phosphate. To produce the first portion of the phosphate, a micronutrient is added to phosphoric acid to produce an enriched acid, and the enriched acid and ammonia are added to the pipe cross reactor where they are allowed to react to produce ammonium phosphate.

Abstract: An embodiment of the invention is a method for capturing hardware trace data. A wrap-back address space is defined and during compression mode, trace data is circularly stored in the wrap-back address space. Upon exiting compression mode, a write address is established for further trace data such that trace data prior to existing compression mode is maintained.

Abstract: A method of producing chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is described which employs Urea as a reducing agent to reduce alkaline chlorate (NaClO3 or KClO3) in a mineral acid medium. The method of the invention can, for example, by means of a very high transfer rate, be used to reduce over 90% of the reactant, alkaline chlorate, to the product, chlorine dioxide. Furthermore, ClO2 product purity is accomplished, for example, over 95%. The mother solution of the reaction can then be processed, for example, to produce other useful inorganic salts, including potassium sulfate, potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, and the like, and/or compound fertilizer resulting in useful chemical products rather than toxic waste. Accordingly, the method of the invention provides for efficient, cost effective, and safe production of ClO2 as well as inorganic salts and/or compound fertilizer.

Abstract: The subject invention provides methods for producing homogenous organic base fertilizer for plant nutrition and soil fertility. Also provided by the subject invention are value added fertilizer products for plant nutrition and soil fertility and concentrated liquid formulations/nutrient supplements that provide the value added nutrients to fertilizer products. Methods according to the invention involve the application of concentrated liquid(s) and/or dry formulation(s) comprising a mixture of one or more plant nutrient(s), one or more additional organic compound(s), one or more penetrate(s), and one or more optional supplement(s) into one or more organic base material(s). These organic base materials include, and are not limited to, biosolids, activated sludge, municipal compost, animal manures (e.g., horse, cow, chicken, pig, and sheep), and composted organic byproducts.

Abstract: The present invention describes a composition which has as its base a dry, granular fertilizer and to which is added a flowing agent and further to which is added a hydrophobic agent. The present invention also describes methods for making this composition.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods for producing nitrogenous-potash granulated fertilizers. The inventive method consists in the following: potassium chloride is mixed with ammonium nitrate, the mixture is granulated in a granulating drum. For mixing ammonium nitrate is taken in the form of a fusion cake and 0.5-3.2 mass % of magnesium sulphate is added to the mixture. 37-60 mass % of chloride potash is chosen for mixture. A mass ratio of nitrogen in the mixture upstream from the granulating drum and in the final product is maintained in the range of 1.005 to 1.05. The nitrogenous-potash fertilizer produced in this way comprises (mass %): N 12-25, K2O 16.6-40.

Abstract: The present invention describes a composition which has as its base a dry, granular fertilizer and to which is added a flowing agent and further to which is added a hydrophobic agent. The present invention also describes methods for making this composition.

Abstract: Foliar fertilizers which include a phosphate ester in concentrations greater than approximately ½ molar with water. The phosphate esters are preferably polyhydroxy alcohol orthophosphate esters, such as ethylene glycol phosphate esters. The fertilizer solutions or mixtures are provided with a water miscible hygroscopic agent which retains the applied fertilizers on the leaf in liquid form by extracting moisture from the atmosphere. The hygroscopic agent is preferably provided by an appropriate hygroscopic alcohol such as used in the production of the esters, or substitutes thereof. The esters can be formed into substituted salts using metals or other elements which are preferably of nutritional value to plants. Methods for the production of the esters and fertilizers are described. Also described are novel methods of use and fertilization using the foliar fertilizer compositions.

Abstract: A dust control composition for and method of treating fertilizer particles, the composition comprising 10-100% by weight oxidized oil, 0-90% by weight non-oxidized oil, and 0-90% by weight wax. The fertilizer particle is selected from the group consisting of ammonium phosphate, potash, granulated single super phosphate, granular triple super phosphate, NP-fertilizer and NPK-fertilizer. A preferred composition includes a composition of 30-90% by weight oxidized oil, 10-70% by weight non-oxidized oil, and 10-70% by weight wax. The oxidized oil is selected from the group consisting of corn oil, canola oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, soy oil, linseed oil, castor oil, tall oil, mixtures thereof, and distillation products and distillation residues thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a solid water soluble fertilizer composition containing one or more fertilizer materials and a phosphate free, organic acid which is solid at ambient temperatures. The fertilizer materials include primary macro nutrients, secondary macro nutrients, micro nutrients and mixtures thereof. The organic acid has a water solubility of at least 10 g/l (at 25° C.) and an acidifying effect in the range of 0.5 to 1.3 g HCO3−/g acid. The acidifying effect is defined as the amount of HCO3− that can be transformed into H2CO3 per gram of acid and is calculated in accordance with the following formula: 61 ⁢ n M w , acid wherein Mw,acid is the molecular weight of said acid and n represents the number of dissociation constants (i.e., pKa values) of the acid below the value of 6.35.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of granular fertilizer grade DAP (a product composed of ammonium phosphates, principally diammonium phosphate, resulting from the ammoniation of phosphoric acid, as defined in Official Publication No. 52 of the Association of American Plant Food Officials, dated 1999) comprising partially preneutralizing orthophosphoric acid with ammonia, completing the ammoniation of the orthophosphoric acid with ammonia in a rotary ammoniator-granulator to provide granular DAP, sizing the granular DAP to provide the granular DAP product, reducing the particle size of the oversized granular DAP, and recycling the undersized granular DAP and the sized-reduced oversized granular DAP to the ammoniator-granulator.

Abstract: Solids having a tendency to cake are treated with distillation heavies that are liquid at about 60.degree. C. or less and are obtained from production of a ketone having the formula:R.dbd.O,wherein R is substituted or unsubstituted, branched, straight chain or cyclic, C.sub.4 to C.sub.18. The solids so treated have a reduced tendency to cake.

Abstract: The invention relates to a stable, concentrated aqueous fertilizer suspension, which can be diluted with water to provide a working solution. The suspension contains 10 to 60% by weight of water and 40 to 90% by weight of a plant nutrient composition based on at least a calcium, and/or a magnesium and a phosphate ion, and the suspension comprises at least one plant nutrient containing water-insoluble solid particles with a particle size less than 50 .mu.m, the pH of the suspension being in the range of 0.5 to less than 2.

Abstract: A substantially non-caking solid is treated with distillation bottoms that are liquid at about 60.degree. C. or less and are obtained from production of an alcohol having the formula:R2--R1--OH,wherein R1 is substituted or unsubstituted branched, straight chain or cyclic C.sub.4 to C.sub.12 and R2 is OH or H.

Abstract: Solids that, untreated, have a tendency to cake are treated with distillation bottoms that are liquid at about 60.degree. C. or less and are obtained from production of an alcohol having the formula:R2-R1-OH,wherein R1 is substituted or unsubstituted, branched, straight chain or cyclic, C.sub.4 to C.sub.12 and R2 is OH or H.

Abstract: The invention relates to a stable aqueous fertilizer suspension suitable for drip irrigation, which suspension contains 5-55% by weight water and 45-95% by weight of one or several plant-nutrient containing substances, of which at least one contains water-insoluble solid particles, the particle size of the solid particles contained in the suspension being less than 50 .mu.m and the pH of the suspension being within the range 2-7. The invention also relates to a process for the preparation of this suspension.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a controlled release fertilizer having water-soluble fertilizers as nucleus and limited-soluble plant nutrient compounds as coating layers, characterized in that more than two coating layers of limited-soluble compounds are formed around the nucleus, and that the release rates of the fertilizer can be controlled by regulating the solubilities of the limited-soluble compounds. The invention also relates to a process for preparing the controlled release fertilizer.

Abstract: A coated product comprising a water soluble core material having a water insoluble polymeric coating encapsulating said core and a process for the production thereof. The encapsulating coating comprising a water-borne, polyvinylidene chloride-based latex composition which provides for the release of the water soluble core material over an extended period of time.

Abstract: Potassium phosphate useful as a low-chloride content fertilizer is prepared by reacting phosphoric acid, commercial or technical grade, with fertilizer-grade potassium chloride (Muriate of Potash, 60-63% K.sub.2 O) at a reaction temperature of about 130.degree. C. and a mole ratio of phosphorus to potassium of at least about 1.3:1. The vaporization of hydrogen chloride from the reaction mixture is effected by a novel technique combining air followed by steam stripping. The reaction product is used to produce various types as well as grades of fertilizers. The procedure may be used to form sodium phosphate in analogous manner from sodium chloride, which then may be converted to trisodium phosphate or sodium tripolyphosphate. The potassium phosphate may be converted to potassium pyrophosphate by neutralization with potassium hydroxide followed by calcination.

Abstract: Potassium phosphate useful as a low-chloride content fertilizer is prepared by reacting phosphoric acid, commercial or technical grade, with fertilizer-grade potassium chloride (Muriate of Potash, 60-63% K.sub.2 O) at a reaction temperature of about 130.degree. to about 200.degree. C. and a mole ratio of phosphorus to potassium of at least about 1.3:1. The vaporization of hydrogen chloride from the reaction mixture is effected by a novel technique combining air followed by steam stripping. The reaction product is used to produce various types as well as grades of fertilizers.

Abstract: Synthetic inorganic chemical fertilizers are treated with lignosulfonate to harden and provide anti-caking and anti-dusting properties to the fertilizer particles. The fertilizer/lignosulfonate mixture includes up to about 5.0% by weight lignosulfonate on fertilizer. An improved method of treating inorganic fertilizers with lignosulfonate is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method and composition for increasing the amounts of phosphorus and/or micronutrients available for uptake by plants from the soil. The invention involves introducing an inoculum of the fungus Penicillium bilaji into (or onto) the soil. This has the effect of increasing the solubility of phosphates and micronutrient sources which may be either native to the soil or added to it, e.g. in the form of insoluble rock phosphate or manufactured phosphate fertilizer. The invention can be used to increase the health, growth rates and yields of plants, especially crop plants grown on nutrient-deficient soils, while eliminating or minimizing the need for expensive manufactured fertilizers.

Abstract: In the production of suspension fertilizers the addition of an additive comprising lignosulfonate to the wet-process acid prior to the ammoniation step prevents severe thickening of the suspension during its formation, which severe thickening is normally associated with in situ mass crystallization of monoammonium phosphate and which mass crystallization results in (1) the total prevention of further ammoniation of said acid or, at the very least, extremely slow further ammoniation thereof, and/or (2) excessive ammonia losses. Also, addition of said lignosulfonate to the acid prevents the formation of metallic impurity gel-like compounds which cause extremely high viscosities, nonpourability, and complete destruction of fluidity.

Abstract: Synthetic inorganic chemical fertilizers are treated with lignosulfonate to harden and provide anticaking and anti-dusting properties to the fertilizer particles. The fertilizer/lignosulfonate mixture includes up to about 5.0% by weight lignosulfonate on fertilizer. An improved method of treating inorganic fertilizers with lignosulfonate is also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of recovering nutrients from the flue gases of a fertilizer plant by exposing hot, almost water-saturated reaction gases (4) obtained from the fertilizer production process to a countercurrent scrubbing (5, 6) and by scrubbing the hot gases (19) obtained from the drying (16) of the fertilizer, in order to recover the gaseous impurities present in the gases. According to the invention, the hot gases (19) obtained from the drying of the fertilizer are scrubbed (21) with the scrubbing solution (7) coming from the countercurrent scrubbing (5, 6) of the hot, almost water-saturated reaction gases (4), in order to concentrate this scrubbing solution (7) before it is returned to the fertilizer production process (1-3).

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a compound solid fertilizer is disclosed in which, inexpensive chlorides such as potassium chloride, ammonium chloride and so forth are used as supplementary fertilizer components to be admixed with a phosphate or silicophosphate gel-sol mixture prepared by mixing phosphoric acid with the aforementioned inorganic compound minerals consisting principally of iron, aluminum, magnesium and others. During granulation and hardening, resultant combined chlorine is separated and recovered in the form of hydrochloric acid to minimize the chlorine radical content, thereby permitting not only the manufacture of a fertilizer with practically no bad effect on soil but also the fabrication of hydrochloric acid. Concentrated phosphoric acid, such as super phosphoric acid or concentrated phosphate can be used as the phosphoric acid. A slow-working fertilizer raw material can be further mixed with the gel-sol mixture.

Abstract: A fluid fertilizer composition based essentially on potassium chloride and an ammonium phosphate prepared by a process which comprises comminuting a solid substance containing potassium chloride and ammonium phosphate by grinding in the presence of a saturated solution of solid in a liquid in which the solid has a solubility greater than 1% by weight, the mixture of the solution and the solid being in fluid condition with the solid being a separate phase during grinding and the solution having dissolved therein an additive which is a crystal growth inhibitor for the solid whereby crystal growth is inhibited at both existing crystal surfaces and new crystal surfaces created by the breaking down of relatively coarse particles.

Abstract: NP- or NPK-containing fertilizers are manufactured from low-grade phosphate ore digested by nitric acid. Substantial problems have been experienced during previous attempts to produce fertilizers from phosphate ore having a high content of magnesium. The problems relate to the solution's viscosity, which becomes extremely high during neutralization with ammonia of the mother liquor, obtained by removal of most of the calcium as calcium nitrate-tetrahydrate from the digested phosphate. The novel process solves the viscosity problems by adjusting the conditions during ammoniation and the subsequent evaporation before prilling or granulation. The adjustment is characterized in that a substantial part of the remaining calcium is kept outside the process itself, at least during the neutralization and evaporation stages.