Abstract: Methods, systems, apparatuses, and computer program products are provided herein for rendering secured content. For instance, a computing device may be utilized to view content that is to be displayed via a display device coupled thereto. However, rather than rendering the content, the computing device generates and/or provides a graphical representation of the content to a rendering device coupled between the computing device and the display device. The rendering device analyzes the graphical representation to determine characteristics of the graphical representation, characteristics of a display region of an application window in which the content is to be rendered, and a network address at which the actual content is located. The rendering device retrieves the content using the network address and renders the retrieved content over the display region of the application window in accordance with the characteristics determined for the graphical representation and the display region of the application window.

Abstract: Examples provide a system for automatically identifying a user with a visual impairment and providing assistance navigating a website. A visual assist (VA) manager monitors user interactions with a webpage, such as zooming-in to increase the size of text and graphics and navigation errors, such as clicking on an area outside a clickable icon, failing to enter text in the correct field, etc. A trained machine learning model analyzes the user interaction data using visual assist criteria to predict whether the user has a visual impairment. If the VA manager predicts a visual impairment, an audible VA activation prompt is provided to the user. If the user activates the VA manager, a chatbot is provided to assist the user in performing tasks while navigating the webpage. The VA manager optionally applies user-specific VA settings adjusting the webpage layout and appearance to accommodate the user's visual impairment.

Abstract: Merchandise content is aggregated from numerous merchant sources and presented on computing devices of individual users. Users are able to purchase select individual merchandise items by performing a simplified action, such as a screen tap on a touchscreen device. When the user performs the action, a series of actions are performed programmatically and/or automatically on behalf of the user to initiate and complete the transaction for the selected merchandise item from the merchant source.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure provide for a system for navigating a conversation graph using a language model trained to generate Application Programming Interface (API) calls in response to natural language input from a user computing device. A conversational agent implementing a state handler and a language model (LM) communicates with a user computing device through a user frontend. Rather than communicating directly with a user with output in natural language, the agent uses a (LM) trained as described herein to navigate a conversation graph. The state handler receives API calls generated by the LM and updates the state of a conversation with a user as indicated in the graph. After the update, the state handler can perform one or more predetermined actions associated with a node indicating the current state of the conversation.

Abstract: In various embodiments, systems, methods, and techniques are disclosed for generating a collection of clusters of related data from a seed. Seeds may be generated based on seed generation strategies or rules. Clusters may be generated by, for example, retrieving a seed, adding the seed to a first cluster, retrieving a clustering strategy or rules, and adding related data and/or data entities to the cluster based on the clustering strategy. Various cluster scores may be generated based on attributes of data in a given cluster. Further, cluster metascores may be generated based on various cluster scores associated with a cluster. Clusters may be ranked based on cluster metascores. Various embodiments may enable an analyst to discover various insights related to data clusters, and may be applicable to various tasks including, for example, tax fraud detection, beaconing malware detection, malware user-agent detection, and/or activity trend detection, among various others.

Abstract: An anomaly detection method includes receiving, at a processor, a request including a query that references a database. A plurality of attributes is identified based on the request. The processor concurrently processes the query to identify a result, and analyzes the plurality of attributes to identify an anomaly score. When the anomaly score exceeds a first predefined threshold, a signal representing a quarantine request is sent, and a signal representing the result is not sent. When the anomaly score is between the first predefined threshold and a second predefined threshold, a signal representing a notification and a signal representing the result are sent. When the anomaly score is below the second predefined threshold, a signal representing a quarantine request is sent, and a signal representing the result is not sent.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer programs are presented for recommending a group for posting content generated by a user. One method includes an operation for detecting a post of a user being added to an online service. The method further includes an operation for determining post interest scores for the post. The post interest scores are for a plurality of interests and each interest is associated with a topic. A match score is calculated for a plurality of groups based on the post interest scores, where the match score for each group indicates a degree of relevance of the post to the group. The method further includes operations for determining whether to recommend a group, from the plurality of groups, for including the post of the user in a feed of the recommended group, and for causing presentation of the recommended group based on the determined recommendation.

Abstract: An apparatus for processing natural language according to an embodiment includes a collection module that collects documents having tags, a parsing module that extracts text from the collected documents and extracts tag-related information on the tag surrounding each extracted text, and a preprocessing module that generates tokens of a preset unit by tokenizing each extracted text, generates token position information for each token in full text of the document, and sets the token and the token position information as training data in matching with the tag-related information.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for executing an electronic transaction using a digital wallet. One method includes receiving a guest checkout request and electronic transaction data from an electronic transaction browser. Whether a user is enrolled in the digital wallet system may be determined by the digital wallet system. The digital wallet system may authorize an electronic transaction based on the electronic transaction data upon determining the user is not enrolled in the digital wallet system. The digital wallet system may initiate a digital wallet enrollment upon authorizing the electronic transaction. The digital wallet system may store the user data in the digital wallet system and transmit a verification request to the electronic transaction browser. The digital wallet system may receive a verification response from the electronic transaction browser and may generate a digital wallet enrollment status message based on the verification response.

Abstract: An image identifying apparatus includes: an obtainer that obtains image data; an image processor that generates test image data by performing resizing to reduce the image data with predetermined aspect ratio distortion; a storage unit that stores a machine learning model used to identify attribute information of the test image data; and an identifier that identifies the attribute information of the test image data, using the machine learning model. The machine learning model includes trained parameters that have been adjusted through machine learning using a training data set including items of second training image data obtained through application of one or more types of aspect ratio distortion including the predetermined aspect ratio distortion to each of items of first training image data, and items of attribute information associated with the items of second training image data.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure involve a system comprising a computer-readable storage medium storing a program and method for surface-based zone creation. The program and method provide for receiving a snapshot of a webpage, the snapshot depicting a plurality of elements; determining coordinates and dimensions for each of the plurality of elements; identifying, using the coordinates and dimensions for each of the plurality of elements, parent-child relationships within the webpage, based on a first requirement that a child element has a threshold amount of overlap with a parent element, and based on a second requirement that the child element has a smaller area than that of the parent element; and determining zones for the webpage based on the identifying, the zones being usable to perform zoning metrics with respect to the webpage.

Abstract: An example embodiment may involve determining, based on a predefined policy, one or more configuration settings, wherein the predefined policy specifies a permitted value of a key within the configuration settings; obtaining, from a cloud-based service provider, an actual value of the key; determining, by applying the predefined policy, that the actual value of the key does not match the permitted value of the key; identifying a remediation for the key that includes determining an updated value of the key, wherein the updated value of the key satisfies the predefined policy; and causing the updated value to be applied to the key in the cloud-based service provider.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for modifying a user interface. The method comprises receiving user interface data at a client from a first server, receiving modification computer program code at said client, and executing said modification computer program code at said client to modify said user interface data to generate modified user interface data. The modification computer program code can be received from said first server or from a further server.

Abstract: A device may receive a lock request associated with using an embedded device of a containerized environment from a first instance of an application being executed in a first container of the containerized environment. The device may perform a lock operation associated with the embedded device to permit the first instance of the application to use the embedded device and to prevent a second instance of the application, executing in a second container of the containerized environment, from using the embedded device. The device may monitor use of the embedded device during an access operation of the first instance of the application to detect an unlock event associated with unlocking the embedded device. The device may perform an unlock operation based on detecting the unlock event to permit the second instance of the application to use the embedded device.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a compliance evaluation system, which may implement a software-based compliance evaluation tool for accurate notation, capture, and reporting of all potential compliance problems within a technical, a procedural or a process domain associated with a software program. The compliance evaluation system may enable a rapid and pro-active response to reported potential compliance problems by routing the reported potential compliance problems to appropriate analyst computers before the potential compliance problems become real and serious for company and vendors.

Abstract: A method and related system of operations include obtaining, from a client computing device, a request comprising a request header field that is populated with a first domain name and updating the request by modifying the request header field to comprise a second domain name. The method further includes sending the updated request to a server, receiving a response comprising a response header, and updating the response by modifying a response header field of the response header to indicate the first domain name as an origin domain of the response. The method further includes sending the updated response to the client computing device.

Abstract: An assistance device (1) includes: a first storage unit (14) storing therein characteristic words related to risks; a second storage unit (16) storing therein pieces of risk countermeasure information related to risk countermeasures; an extraction unit (13) that extracts a word from an input character string, searches in the first storage unit for a characteristic word that is same as or similar to the word, and extracts one of the pieces of risk countermeasure information corresponding to the characteristic word from the second storage unit; and a presentation unit (18) that presents the extracted piece of risk countermeasure information.

Abstract: A processing system may obtain a request from a user device to activate an access credential locker for use in accessing at least one enterprise system of an enterprise via the processing system, the request comprising a token that identifies the access credential locker, obtain a first key from the user device, transmit, to the enterprise, a request for a second key, obtain the second key from the enterprise in response to the request, apply the first key and the second key to the access credential locker, the access credential locker being encrypted in accordance with the first and second keys and being decrypted via the applying of the first and second keys, and establish a communication session between the user device and the at least one enterprise system via the processing system using at least one access credential that is stored in the decrypted access credential locker.

Abstract: A system includes processor hardware and memory hardware that stores instructions. The instructions include, in response to receiving a request, determining a request type of the request, retrieving a first set of collected information, and selecting a first set of instructions corresponding to the request type. The instructions include constructing a first result by executing each instruction of the first set of instructions to create the first entry as a nested entry within the first result including data of the first set of collected information identified in the first set of instructions as nested or retrieve first data of the first set of collected information identified by the first instruction and add the first data to the first entry of the first result. The instructions include transforming a display of the operator device to complete a set of fields displayed on the display with corresponding entries of the first result.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and other embodiments associated with associated with automatic two-way generation and synchronization of notebook and pipeline are described. In one embodiment, a computer-implemented method includes: identifying a difference between pipeline and notebook representations of application logic, wherein the difference is one of (i) a notebook paragraph without a corresponding pipeline node and (ii) a pipeline node without a corresponding notebook paragraph; synchronizing the pipeline representation and notebook representation by, for the notebook paragraph that does not have a corresponding pipeline node, automatically generating a new pipeline node in the pipeline representation, and for the pipeline node that does not have a corresponding notebook paragraph, automatically generating a new notebook paragraph in the notebook representation; and updating either a pipeline user interface to show the new pipeline node or a notebook user interface to show the new notebook paragraph.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer-readable medium are disclosed for presenting web application content. For example, a computer-readable medium may include instructions executable by one or more processors to perform operations including: executing a parent application using a web browser, the parent application being a single page application configured to display a web page element in the web browser; identifying a child application requested by a user action; obtaining, from a server system, child application code of the identified child application, the child application code defining a micro-frontend in a first programming language; transpiling the child application code from the first programming language to a second programming language executable by the web browser, to obtain a transpiled child application code renderable by the web browser; and rendering the transpiled child application code so that the micro-frontend is displayed in the web browser.

Abstract: A method and system of detecting script-based attacks. In this approach, behavioral analysis is performed against a traceable data structure, preferably in the form of a call flow graph (CFG) that is generated at an instrumented end user client browser. The CFG comprises a set of runtime JavaScript execution data points and one or more associated event chains that include the execution data points and their relative ordering. It is generated in a client browser in association with an interaction with a page, and it represents a context-based record of that specific interaction. By collecting similar CFGs from other such interactions with that page, the system identifies execution flow anomalies that represent malicious JavaScript attack(s). These attacks can then be mitigated, e.g., by updating the page or access policy associated with the page such that the attack cannot be successfully executed against other users interacting with the page.

Abstract: A method for inserting links to one or more webpages of a website is disclosed. The computerized method includes operations of detecting a first set of keywords for a first webpage of the website, determining a second set of keywords for webpages external to the website, determining, for the first webpage, a set of intersection keywords in both (i) the first set of keywords, and (ii) the second set of keywords, and generating first intersection keyword:link pairings for each intersection keyword of the first webpage. The method may also include inserting a code module into web code of the first webpage, the code module including the first intersection keyword:link pairings. The method may include determining one or more of the intersection keywords in content of the first webpage, and replacing each intersection keyword detected in the content of the first webpage with a link from the first intersection keyword:link pairings.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for detecting a table. The method includes: acquiring a to-be-processed image; inputting the to-be-processed image into a pre-trained deep learning model, and outputting a full table detection branch result, a column detection branch result and a header detection branch result through the deep learning model; where the full table detection branch result represents a detection result for a full table in the to-be-processed image, the column detection branch result represents a detection result for a column in the table in the to-be-processed image, and the header detection branch result represents a detection result for a header in the to-be-processed image; and obtaining a detection result of the table in the to-be-processed image, based on the full table detection branch result, the column detection branch result and the header detection branch result.

Abstract: A printing system includes a printing mechanism. The printing mechanism is configured to perform printing. The printing system stores a plurality of print jobs in a storage, and receives selections of two or more print jobs to be executed as two or more target jobs from among the plurality of print jobs stored in the storage. The printing system determines a total fee to be charged for executing the two or more target jobs, and performs a settlement related process related to settlement of the determined total fee. The printing system executes the two or more target jobs to print images by using the printing mechanism in response to completion of settlement of the total fee.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods are provided for using dynamic shipping options. A method may include receiving a request to add a first product to a virtual shopping cart of a first user; determining a first delivery fee for a first order comprising the first product; generating user interface data indicative of the first delivery fee and with which the first user may input a first offered delivery fee; presenting the user interface data; receiving a first user input indicative of the first offered delivery fee offered by the first user; determining that a coincident delivery fee discount based on the first order and a second order is less than a delivery fee threshold including delivery fee discounts of the first offered delivery fee and of a second offered delivery fee of the second order; initiating a first purchase of the first product a second purchase of the second product.

Abstract: Results of applying a set of voting rules to a target corpus of documents are used to obtain a set of derived probabilistic labels indicating the probabilities of the presence of a particular attribute within the documents' constituent objects. A machine learning model is trained to identify a candidate portion of a document from which a value of the attribute is to be extracted. The training data for the model includes learned representations obtained from paths of constituent objects, and the corresponding derived labels. A proposed value for the attribute, obtained based on an assigned attribute value presence probability score for an individual constituent object from a selected candidate portion of a document, is provided.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus includes a processor configured to: acquire information indicating a size of an external shape of each of characters in data of a first image and data of a second image that are used for comparison; and determine a presence or absence of a fault in the data of the second image with respect to each of the characters with reference to a degree of a difference that is between the data of the second image and the data of the second image and is detected in accordance with a detection condition varying in response to the size of the external shape of each of the characters.

Abstract: A method for conducting a transaction may include: receiving, at a user device from a transaction system, a request for a data element for conducting the transaction; in response to receiving the request, determining a data map corresponding to the requested data element, the data map including containing a plurality of pointers, each pointing to a respective one of a plurality of data fragments located on a respective one of a plurality of different data storage locations, such as a plurality of different data storage systems; retrieving, using the data map, the plurality of data fragments from the plurality of data storage locations; assembling the data element using the retrieved data fragments; and providing, by the user device to the transaction system, the data element to conduct the transaction.

Abstract: Nested namespaces for selective content sharing.

Abstract: Implementation of a guided rules editor comprises displaying a view of a user interface (UI) of the guided rules editor to a user on the client device. Metadata of an organization to which the user belongs is fetched and used to identify which data of the organization is eligible for rule creation and attributes of the metadata are used to determine a layout of the one or more UI selection elements. One or more UI selection elements are rendered in one or more positions in the view on a display screen according to the layout and at least a portion of the one or more UI selection elements are populated with the data of the organization. Responsive to receiving user input of the one or more UI selection elements, an organization-specific rule is generated and saved to a data repository for execution by a rules engine after rule compilation.

Abstract: A computing system is configured to execute a method of displaying customized graphic content on a user device and includes steps of requesting, from a user of the user device, a selection regarding a change of display template to be utilized in determining graphic content to be displayed by the user device on the graphical user interface thereof, reconfiguring the user device and/or a mobile banking software application executable on the user device to cause the graphic content to be displayed by the user device during execution of the mobile banking software application on the user device, and displaying the graphic content on the user device during execution of the mobile banking software application.

Abstract: An embodiment may involve web page metadata that defines a web page, first sub-page metadata that defines a first sub-page, and second sub-page metadata that defines a second sub-page, wherein the web page metadata includes specification of a viewport, and wherein the viewport is associated with an identifier. One or more processors may be configured to: receive a request for the web page; resolve the web page metadata into web content, wherein resolving the web page metadata includes: (i) determining, based on the identifier, a route associated with the viewport, (ii) determining, based on the route, a set of conditions associated with the viewport, (iii) determining that a particular condition is satisfied, wherein the particular condition is associated with the first sub-page and (iv) placing, based on the particular condition being satisfied, the first sub-page metadata in the viewport; and transmit the web content.

Abstract: A video curation service (VCS) method provides video content provided by an open streaming service (OSS) by adding video content information in conjunction with the OSS. The VCS method comprises: a step in which a subtitlist produces subtitle data with regard to predetermined video content provided from an OSS server, and uploads same onto a VCS server; and a step in which the VCS server operates a web or app page for viewing video content on a viewer terminal in accordance with a request of a viewer.

Abstract: Techniques are provided to enable paste operations to directly create files, of an appropriate file type, within a file system based on non-file content items contained in a clipboard at the time of the paste operation. In addition to clipboard-to-file paste operations that create a single file based on a single non-file content item in the clipboard, techniques are described herein for performing one-to-many clipboard-to-file paste operations. In one-to-many clipboard-to-file paste operations, multiple files are created, in different file formats, for the same non-file content item, in response to a single clipboard-to-file paste operation. Techniques are also provided for many-to-many clipboard-to-file paste operations, where a single paste operation creates files for multiple distinct non-file content items identified within the buffered-content-data. Thus, a single clipboard-to-file paste operation may result in creation of files for two different images, a text file, and a shortcut file.

Abstract: A home appliance control method includes receiving, by a server, a voice message sent from a first home appliance, determining appliance information and control information of a second home appliance according to the voice message, generating a control instruction corresponding to the appliance information according to the control information, storing the control instruction, upon receiving a control instruction acquisition request sent from the second home appliance, acquiring the appliance information corresponding to the second home appliance, and sending the stored control instruction corresponding to the appliance information to the second home appliance to configure the second home appliance to execute the control instruction.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a multi-component abstract association and fusion method and apparatus in page design. The method includes the following steps: step S1: a construction demand is acquired, and the construction demand is analyzed through a speech recognition method to obtain a natural language text; step S2: an abstract model is constructed by predefining a component library, a rule library and a relationship library, and the abstract model performs components fusion to obtain a JSON structure of a fused component; step S3: the JSON structure of the fused component is escaped into a virtual DOM by using a rendering function, and attributes and events of a virtual DOM node are mapped to obtain a fused component drawing result; and step S4: a real DOM structure is created and interpolated into a real DOM node, so as to realize display of the fused component on a view.

Abstract: A facility for managing a document conversion environment is described. In various embodiments, the facility includes a native application associated with a native document type and an isolation service. The isolation service determines whether a native application associated with the native document type has started and when it has not started, starts the native application and causes the started native application to load and convert a native document to a common document format, wherein the isolation service starts a single instance of the native application and monitors the single instance of the native application so that it complies with specified a parameter, condition, or setting of operation.

Abstract: In some aspects described herein, a computer-based system that is capable of constructing digital documents is provided. In some implementations, a machine learning system is provided that learns certain terms within a document. The terms may be, for example, part of a document that forms a legally-binding contract between two entities. In one implementation of the machine learning system, the machine learning system interoperates within a user interface to show predictions of certain terms within the document to the user. Further, the machine learning system may capture user answers relating to certain terms and provide feedback into the system that learns during operation of the system, improving user interactions, accuracy and reducing the number of user interactions.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus includes a reception unit that receives data from a communication destination, an output unit that outputs the received data, a sensor that senses a first space in which the output unit is arranged, a transmission unit that transmits sensing data obtained by the sensing to the communication destination, and a control unit that performs control to present an event that is a cause of cognitive dissonance to the output unit, based on at least the sensing data of a user in the first space, when the user has the cognitive dissonance.

Abstract: The present teaching relates to a fraud detecting system and method for providing protection against fraudulent advertisement requests. Upon receiving a request for an advertisement, the system extracts an identifier, associated with a source from which the request originates, included in the request. The system determines whether the extracted identifier is included in a list of designated identifiers, and when the identifier is included in the list, the system denies the request for the advertisement. When the identifier is not included in the list of designated identifiers, the system provides the advertisement in response to the request, and extracts a set of features from the request and other requests that originate from the source to determine whether the identifier associated with the source is to be included in the list of designated identifiers based on the set of features in accordance with one or more models.

Abstract: Techniques are described herein for automatically synthesizing programs that include one or more functions in a spreadsheet programming language. A method includes: receiving a first example including input provided in a first cell in a spreadsheet; automatically synthesizing a plurality of candidate programs including a first set of candidate programs consistent with the first example, wherein each candidate program in the first set of candidate programs comprises at least one function in a spreadsheet programming language and, when the candidate program is executed, the candidate program generates output that matches the first example; ranking the plurality of candidate programs; and storing a highest-ranked program of the plurality of candidate programs in association with the first cell in the spreadsheet.

Abstract: This disclosure improves computer functionality by enabling various web forms, whether dynamic or static. For example, some of such web forms may enable a responsive user experience. For example, some of such web form may enable an efficient computing architecture. For example, some of such web forms may enable a freeform text to be analyzed in substance.

Abstract: A method and system for producing an Electronic Report Presentation (“ERP”) of result values derived from pre-collected data is provided. The method includes providing a set of calls directed to predefined functions that derive the result values and couple the result values to the location pointers. The method further includes automatically storing the coupled result values and location pointers in one or more technical interface datasets and automatically retrieving the coupled result values and location pointers and feeding the result values into the ERP in accordance with an ERP template dataset using the location pointers. The location pointer may include at least two parts, wherein each part refers to a structure of an ERP, wherein the location pointer is automatically calculable. The method is implementable in single or multiple computers that with or without server configurations.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method according to one embodiment includes receiving a request to create a container; retrieving a manifest for a container image of the container; and mounting a file system for the container, utilizing the manifest.

Abstract: Techniques are provided for message content reduction using message templates. One method comprises obtaining a message of a given type, of multiple types, to be transmitted over a network; identifying one or more templates, of multiple templates, for the given type, wherein the templates comprise a respective message identifier; selecting a given template of the given message type based on a similarity of the message with the given template; updating the message by (i) incorporating the message identifier of the given template into the message and (ii) removing one or more fields of the message that match respective fields of the given template; and transmitting the updated message to a recipient device. The recipient device may determine whether the updated message comprises the message identifier, and may retrieve a message template using the message identifier. The recipient device may store the updated message as a template in a message cache.

Abstract: A system and method are presented for interoperability of computer software applications. Subdocuments are located within slots of a main document along with a fully-qualified file identifier. Subdocuments can be saved in the main document in an intermediate format. Editing a slot triggers the opening of the original document in its native application. An intermediate format file is then created and reimported into its original slot. A document containing subdocuments can be exported in its entirety from one program to another. An auxiliary program identifies a target template format and converts the original document to the target template in its native application using the original subdocuments. Page image exports are used to transfer all content in the original application document to a destination document in a different format.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatus are described herein for determining a location from anonymous data. For example, a computing device may receive anonymous data associated with a browser session initialized by a user via a browser on a user computing device. The computing device may determine that the user has not been assigned a unique identifier. The computing device may determine whether the user opted-in to location tracking. If the user opted-out of location tracking, the computing device may determine a latitude coordinate and a longitude coordinate of the user computing device during the browser session. The computing device may identify a physical address for the user based on the latitude coordinate and the longitude coordinate, for example, using a map application programming interface (API). The computing device may assign the unique identifier to the user. The computing device may associate the unique identifier to the physical address.

Abstract: Printer includes at least one memory configured to storage a first template, a second template, and a common script and a controller configured to execute first applying processing includes processing of applying the common script stored in the at least one memory to the first template in the at least one memory, processing of applying the common script to a first individual script when the first template is corresponded to the first individual script, processing of applying the common script to the second template in the at least one memory, and processing of applying the common script to a second individual script when the second template is corresponded to the second individual script.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods and devices for managing document layout of an electronic document. In a particular embodiment, a method implemented by a computing devices comprises: displaying in an electronic document a block containing at least one item; in response to a first finger gesture of two or more fingers defining at least two selection points, determining a space line specifying an initial position from which a space is to be managed in the electronic document; in response to a second finger gesture of two or more fingers defining a movement of the selected points along a first orientation, monitoring a current position of the space line moving over time; and performing a space management based on the current position of the space line along the first orientation, comprising creating and/or reducing a space in the electronic document.