Abstract: A system includes a source code repository which stores source code entries, which include instructions in a programming language for performing computing tasks. A code generator receives, from a user, an input which includes a request in a natural language to perform a first computing task. Keywords, including include a variable-associated keyword and a function-related keyword, are identified in the input. Code-line entries, including a variable-declaration, a function-definition, and a function-call entry, are determined which, when executed in an ordered combination, achieve the first computing task. Based on the variable-associated keyword, variables appearing in the source code repository are determined to declare in order to perform the first computing task. Based on the function-associated keyword, functions appearing in the source code repository are determined to define and call to perform the first computing task. A custom code is generated, in the programming language.

Abstract: A system and method for real-time discovery and monitoring of multidimensional topology models describing structural aspects of applications and of computing infrastructure used to execute those applications is disclosed. Different types of agents are deployed to the monitored application execution infrastructure dedicated to capture specific topological aspects of the monitored system. Virtualization agents detect and monitor the virtualization structure of virtualized hardware used in the execution infrastructure, operating system agents deployed to individual operating systems monitor resource utilization, performance and communication of processes executed by the operating system and transaction agents deployed to processes participating in the execution of transactions, providing end-to-end transaction trace and monitoring data describing individual transaction executions.

Abstract: Present implementations include an electronic device with a system processor (SP) region connectable to an SP, a primary device region connectable to a first electronic device, and a secondary device region disposed between the SP device region and the primary device region, and connectable to a second electronic device. Present implementations further include a debugger region including a debugger unit and disposed adjacent to the primary device region and the secondary device region.

Abstract: Described is a system and method that includes performing a static analysis on code in view of a first set of rulesets, each ruleset in the first set of rulesets defining criteria for validation of the code in a first development stage. In response to validation of the code in view of the first set of rulesets, configuration information for each of a second set of rulesets may be transmitted to a dynamic agent, each ruleset in the second set of rulesets defining criteria for validation of the code in a second development stage, wherein the dynamic agent is in a limited functionality state. The dynamic agent may be brought to a full functionality state in response to receiving the configuration information for each of the second set of rulesets and may perform a dynamic analysis on the code in view of the second set of rulesets.

Abstract: Techniques for event-based electronic communications management. In one embodiment, for example, the techniques include obtaining a directed graph representing a messaging track. Based on detecting an event pertaining to a user, the directed graph is traversed via a directed edge of the graph from a non-messaging action node of the graph to a messaging action node of the graph. Based on traversing the directed graph, the messaging action is caused to be performed. The techniques enable more targeted and timely event-driven electronic messaging campaigns.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for propagating queries across a plurality of datasources that includes receiving user input via an administrative user interface. The input at least in part defines a plurality of asset paths within the datasources. A plurality of adapters corresponding to the datasources is automatically invoked and the input is automatically consolidated via the adapters for collective invocation in response to queries. A search query is received via an application user interface and the datasources are automatically queried at least in part by invoking the adapters and passing the input and the search query to the adapters. Responsive results for the search query from at least one of the datasources are automatically presented at an end user computing device.

Abstract: An instrumentation analysis system processes data streams by executing instructions specified using a data stream language program. A user interface allows users to specify data stream language programs. The user interface presents widgets to the user to specify various components of a data stream language program, including a filter expression, an analytical function representing an aggregation or transformation, and so on. The user interface allows users to specify an expression based on results of previously specified data stream language programs. The instrumentation analysis system processes the data stream language programs specified by the user to generate a set of result data streams and plots the result data streams, for example, on a screen of a client device.

Abstract: A data processing system comprises an information input unit operable to receive information relating to computer gameplay of the computer game, an error characterising unit operable to identify indicators of an error in the computer game based upon the received information, a playtest control unit operable to control one or more playtest bots in the computer game to generate playtest data, the playtest data comprising information relating to the identified indicators of an error, an error reporting unit operable to identify errors in dependence upon the playtest data.

Abstract: Exposing and reproduction of race conditions is presented herein. A method identifies a synchronization mechanism of a grouping of operating system synchronization mechanisms; based on a tunable probability value, adjusts a race window associated with the synchronization mechanism; and based on the race window, raises a likelihood of revealing a race condition.

Abstract: Systems, methods, computer program products, and apparatuses to determine a count of trace records to be generated by each block of a plurality of blocks of an instrumented binary code to be executed on a graphics processor, each trace record to comprise a trace record type, the trace record types of a plurality of trace record types, determine a respective execution count for each of the plurality of blocks of the instrumented binary code to be executed on the graphics processor, and determine a respective size of each of a plurality of trace buffers to be allocated in memory based on the determined counts of trace records generated by each block and the execution count for each block, each trace buffer to store trace records of a respective one of the plurality of trace record types.

Abstract: Technologies are disclosed for identifying firmware functions that were executed in a call chain prior to the occurrence of an error condition, such as an assert or an exception. In particular, a search is made from an instruction pointer (“IP”) for a memory address containing a signature identifying a firmware module. The firmware module that includes a function that generated the error condition can be identified based on the memory address. The name of the function that generated the error condition can be identified using a function mapping file. Previous functions in the same call chain are identified and their names determined using the function mapping file. Output can then be generated that includes the name of the firmware module that includes the function that generated the error condition, the name of the function that generated the error condition, and the names of other functions in the same call chain.

Abstract: An alerting system is provided that includes a network of transformation nodes, and state change processors. The transformation nodes include input transformation nodes, output transformation nodes, and intermediate nodes that connect the input and output transformation nodes. Each input transformation node can receive an events stream, and is coupled to one of the output transformation nodes by one or more intermediate transformation nodes. Each transformation node (except the input transformation nodes) can receive state updates from those transformation nodes that it subscribes to. Each output transformation node can generate a check result when stored state information for each of the transformation nodes that the output transformation node subscribes to collectively indicates that the check result should be generated.

Abstract: A provenance method, system, and non-transitory computer readable medium for a plurality of eidetic systems having logs, include a log-segment clustering circuit configured to crawl the logs of each of the eidetic systems to cluster segments across the logs of temporally correlated events into clustered segments, a probabilistic interleaving circuit configured to analyze the correlated segments to interleave an order of processes in the logs and assign a probability to the order of the processes occurring, and a probabilistic linearization circuit configured to create a probability tree which includes a total probability that a process in the clustered segments causes a next process in the clustered segments until an end of the temporal event of the clustered segments for each of the interleaved order of processes interleaved by the probabilistic interleaving circuit.

Abstract: A tracing system for managing failures of a service provided by a distributed system, the tracing system comprising a state machine store configured to store a distributed execution state machine (DESM), wherein states of the DESM correspond to predetermined milestones of the service and transitions of the DESM correspond to one or more instructions of the service; a logging unit configured to record events of the distributed system in a log store, wherein an event indicates a state and/or a transition of the DESM; a process reconstruction subsystem configured to reconstruct a trace of the DESM from the events stored in the log store; and a linking unit configured to link logging information of the distributed system to the states.

Abstract: The present invention is notably directed to a computer-implemented method of accessing data by an application. The method comprises detecting an application that is accessing an initial file stored in a storage system; fetching an application model of the detected application, the application model comprising an association between access patterns of the detected application when accessing first files with first metadata information of the said first files; identifying one or more second files stored in the storage system, the identified one or more second files having second metadata information that are similar to the first metadata information; and prefetching the identified one or more second files.

Abstract: A data-control-oriented program static analysis method includes: compiling and interpreting a code of a smart contract to generate a bytecode of the code of the smart contract; resolving a control-flow relation between instructions of the bytecode, and building and printing a control-flow graph according to the control-flow relation; adding a taint source in the smart contract to an analysis result of a starting block of the control-flow graph, traversing the control-flow graph, performing a data dependence analysis based on a taint analysis technique, continuously updating an analysis result of a basic block in the control-flow graph; predefining an expression form of an analysis result and a basic operation related to the analysis result for the static analysis, controlling an updating of the analysis result according to a definition, and returning a final analysis result; and according to the final analysis result, generating and returning an analysis report.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to storing, processing, and classification of content resources, such as documents, web-based resources, and other content. More particularly, the present disclosure describes techniques for distributed storage of network session data in hierarchical data structures stored on multiple servers and/or physical storage devices, and techniques for analyzing and classifying the distributed hierarchical structures. Such techniques may include executing different machine-learning algorithms on different servers and/or different storage devices, and generating node mapping data between a plurality of different hierarchical structures and a top-level derivative hierarchy that references the underlying hierarchical structures in order to access and manage the different distributed taxonomies within the underlying hierarchical structures.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus consistent with the invention provide the ability to organize and build understandings of machine data generated by a variety of information-processing environments. Machine data is a product of information-processing systems (e.g., activity logs, configuration files, messages, database records) and represents the evidence of particular events that have taken place and been recorded in raw data format. In one embodiment, machine data is turned into a machine data web by organizing machine data into events and then linking events together.

Abstract: A method, system, and program product for testing adaptive software is provided. The method includes receiving a selection for a software testing model associated with a portion of a software product requiring operational testing. The software testing model is selected from a database of saturated models. Input data for executing the software testing model is received and loaded within a model execution module. The software testing model is executed with respect to the input data and an output verifying results is generated. Input values associated with operational issues of the software product are stored. Machine learning software code is generated. The machine learning software code is configured for executing future processes associated with generating and selecting additional input values for future executions of the software testing model.

Abstract: A system for understanding navigational semantics via hypothesis generation and contextual analysis is disclosed. The system may, such as when examining and testing a software application, address the handling and resolution of constraint hypotheses in an uncertain environment, where potentially overlapping or conflicting suggestions are generated with various confidences. The system may utilize algorithmic and/or machine learning tools to identify consistent constraints for the software application with the highest levels of confidence. During operation, the system may continuously perform hypothesis testing on constraints generated by the system, which may result in the creation of new hypotheses yielding improved confidences. Feedback from the hypothesis testing may be provided to knowledge sources to improve the processing of information subsequently processed by the system. The system may construct complex constraints on multiple fields or functional transitions with associated confidences.

Abstract: A method for debugging asynchronous functions in a computer system that implements a runtime stack when executing a program includes, in response to an asynchronous called function being invoked by a calling function of a first execution thread, copying active stack frames of the runtime stack and storing the copied active stack frames as a duplicate stack.

Abstract: A technique is described for improved issue reporting by a receiving device such as a set-top boxes for satellite and cable television services. In an example embodiment, the receiving device generates an issue report based on internal operational logs, captured screens and/or video of a visual output, and a recording of the user's voice that includes a description of the issue they are experiencing. This issue report can be generated as an object file that can then be transmitted, via a communications network, to an issue reporting platform for processing, for example, by a technical support representative or an automated troubleshooting system.

Abstract: Trace circuitry 22, 6 forms trace objects 34 representing a sequence of executed program instructions and comprising a start address indicator indicating a start address of a sequence of executed program instructions, a branch outcome indicator indicating a sequence of branch outcomes within the sequence of executed program instructions starting from the start address and a count indicator indicating a count of times the sequence of branch outcomes was detected. The trace circuitry may be on-chip 22 or off-chip 6. A trace object may include an indicator of a start address of a next sequence of program instructions to be followed following the sequence of program instructions represented by the trace object concerned.

Abstract: Determining whether a function-internal load modification affects the output of a traced function. A function is identified within a traced portion of a prior execution of an entity. The function comprises a sequence of executable instructions and produces one or more outputs. Traced output data value(s) that were produced by the traced instance of the function are determined, and an executable instruction within the sequence of executable instructions that performs a load from memory is identified. Execution of the function is emulated, while substituting a traced memory value loaded by the executable instruction during the traced instance of the function with a different memory value, and while producing emulated output data values(s). Based on there being a difference between the traced output data values(s) and the emulated output data values(s), a notification is generated at a user interface or to a software component.

Abstract: A system for communicating and managing messaging between a source system and a destination system including a publisher module, a topic module that receives the message from the publisher module and including one or more subscription modules, a queue module that receives the message from the topic module, a success queue module, an error queue module, and a subscriber module that receives the message from the queue module, then decompresses, decrypts, calculates the check sum, then prepares the message for transmission to the destination system and transmits the message to the destination system.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus consistent with the invention provide the ability to organize, index, search, and present time series data based on searches. Time series data are sequences of time stamped records occurring in one or more usually continuous streams, representing some type of activity. In one embodiment, time series data is stored as discrete events time stamps. A search is received and relevant event information is retrieved based in whole or in part on the time stamp, a keyword indexing mechanism, or statistical indices calculated at the time of the search.

Abstract: A just-in-time (JIT) compiler binds constants to specific memory locations at runtime. The JIT compiler parses program code derived from a multithreaded application and identifies an instruction that references a uniform constant. The JIT compiler then determines a chain of pointers that originates within a root table specified in the multithreaded application and terminates at the uniform constant. The JIT compiler generates additional instructions for traversing the chain of pointers and inserts these instructions into the program code. A parallel processor executes this compiled code and, in doing so, causes a thread to traverse the chain of pointers and bind the uniform constant to a uniform register at runtime. Each thread in a group of threads executing on the parallel processor may then access the uniform constant.

Abstract: Described herein are various technologies pertaining to processing a log file, such that the processed log file is well-suited for analysis by a programming by example (PBE) system. When processing the log file, header lines and comment lines in the log file can be automatically identified and filtered from the log file, such that the PBE system does not contemplate the header lines and comment lines. Further, when processing the log file, boundaries of records in the log file can be identified without requiring user input. The PBE system constructs a table based upon the identified boundaries of the records in the log file, wherein the table includes rows that correspond to the records, and further wherein the table fails to include rows that correspond to header lines and comment lines.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a system is configured to replay and/or reconstruct execution events and system states in real time or substantially in real time starting from the point when execution of a target program has stopped to the point when the user desires to step through the target program's execution in order to debug the software. In an embodiment, a system is configured to efficiently collect trace data that is sufficient to reconstruct the state of a computer system at any point of time from the start of execution to the time execution was stopped. Efficient and effective debugging of the software can be performed using embodiments of the disclosed methods, systems, and devices.

Abstract: Disclosed embodiments relate to systems and methods for analyzing data communication attributes of the target application without requiring preexisting knowledge of the data communication attributes.

Abstract: A system and method for the distributed analysis of high frequency transaction trace data to constantly categorize incoming transaction data, identify relevant transaction categories, create per-category statistical reference and current data and perform statistical tests to identify transaction categories showing overall statistically relevant performance anomalies. The relevant transaction category detection considers both the relative transaction frequency of categories compared to the overall transaction frequency and the temporal stability of a transaction category over an observation duration. The statistical data generated for the anomaly tests contains next to data describing the overall performance of transactions of a category also data describing the transaction execution context, like the number of concurrently executed transactions or transaction load during an observation period.

Abstract: Various techniques for diagnostics, troubleshooting, and root-cause analysis are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a method includes receiving operational data from a computing system and identifying an operational pattern based on the operational data. The operational pattern includes a temporal sequence of operations, events, or system states related to the computing system. The method also includes receiving an annotation and associating the received annotation with the identified operational pattern. The annotation identifies a reason, a cause, or a corrective suggestion corresponding to a violation of the temporal sequence.

Abstract: A novel and useful system and method of time traveling source code debugging including several advanced capabilities that significantly improve the source code debugging process. Upon hitting a breakpoint or opening a dump file, the debugger travels to the future which can be altered by a user by modifying code on the fly (live coding) and receiving immediate feedback to validate bug fixes. Visual annotations including values of variables and expressions are provided as a heads up display effectively flattening time and space. A pivoting capability allows a user to switch the execution context of the code at any time. Point in time links that store the state of the debugging session can be created and activated. An asynchronous collaboration and messaging system enables multiple participants to share a debugging session. An optional redaction capability is also provided for obscuring or replacing sensitive private information.

Abstract: A novel and useful system and method of time traveling source code debugging including several advanced capabilities that significantly improve the source code debugging process. Upon hitting a breakpoint or opening a dump file, the debugger travels to the future which can be altered by a user by modifying code on the fly (live coding) and receiving immediate feedback to validate bug fixes. Visual annotations including values of variables and expressions are provided as a heads up display effectively flattening time and space. A pivoting capability allows a user to switch the execution context of the code at any time. Point in time links that store the state of the debugging session can be created and activated. An asynchronous collaboration and messaging system enables multiple participants to share a debugging session. An optional redaction capability is also provided for obscuring or replacing sensitive private information.

Abstract: Multi-port data storage device capabilities can be provided by a remote host connected to a diskgroup that has a first single port data storage device and a second single port data storage device. Initialization of a first logical volume and a second logical volume in each single port data storage device allows a data access request to be serviced from the remote host with the first logical volume of the first single port data storage device. Data virtualized from the first logical volume of the first single port data storage device to the second volume of the second single port data storage device allows accessing the second volume of the second single port data storage device in response to a request to a data request to the first volume of the first single port data storage device.

Abstract: System, methods, and other embodiments described herein relate to determining performance overhead for instrumentation within a program. In one embodiment, a method includes, in response to compiling the program from source code into machine code, analyzing the program to generate overhead scores associated with segments of instrumentation within separate functions of the program. The instrumentation is combined with the source code to provide functionality in addition to a base functionality of the program. The method includes selectively modifying the segments in the source code for the separate functions according to whether the overhead scores for respective ones of the segments satisfies an instrumentation threshold associated with respective ones of the separate functions.

Abstract: A method and system is disclosed herein to identify causes of alarms generated corresponding to each alarm of the static analysis. The system models the basic reasons for alarms as alarm cause points of several types. Further, the system ranks these cause points based on different metrics such as unknown type-based ranking, grouping of cause points based on their lexical similarity or proximity and last but not least contribution score based ranking. The system also uses a workflow in which a user answers queries about the cause points and their answers are used in subsequent round of the static analysis. The collaboration between the answers of the user and the static analysis helps the tool to resolve the unknowns encountered during the analysis and weeding out the alarms. It also helps the user to expedite the manual inspections of alarms.

Abstract: A graphical user interface (GUI) can be tested using a navigation system to access objects. As an example, a processing device in a system can receive a selection of an object. The selection can be made through the GUI. In response to the selection, the processing device retrieves the object and a destination at which the object is located. The processing device recursively traverses a backwards navigation path from the destination to the graphical user interface using the name of the object and the destination. The processing device can then navigate to the destination using the backwards navigation path.

Abstract: A method for debugging a program includes executing, by a computing platform, a given program with a plurality of loops. Each of the plurality of loops includes multiple candidate iterations, and each loop in the given program includes a set of executable statements. A particular loop of the plurality of loops can include at least a particular iteration and one or more other iterations. The method can also include executing at least the particular iteration and the one or more other iterations for the particular loop. During execution of at least the particular iteration and the one or more other iterations for the particular loop, information that indicates which iteration of the particular loop is being executed is stored. Further, the method includes discarding temporarily stored information about the one or more other iterations without storing the information in the log.

Abstract: A static code analysis unit specifies an implementation portion of a Java code in a cooperation mechanism that sends and receives data between an Android application implemented by the Java code and Web content implemented by a JavaScript code and specifies a method in which a return value that can be called by the JavaScript code is set in the cooperation mechanism; a code converting unit inserts, into the Java code, a call code of a simulation function in which the return value of the specified method is inserted into an argument; and a data flow analysis unit analyzes a data flow by observing, by using the argument and the return value of the simulation function and the specified method, the data that is sent and received between the Android application implemented by the Java code and the Web content implemented by the JavaScript code.

Abstract: Technologies for bridging trace gaps include a computing device that traces execution of a program to generate an execution trace and identifies a trace gap in the execution trace. The computing device generates a first call stack that corresponds to a location immediately before the trace gap and a second call stack that corresponds to a location immediately after the trace gap. Each call stack identifies a list of functions, and each function corresponds to a source function of the program. The computing device evaluates connection pairs between the first call stack and the second call stack to determine whether each connection pair is valid and, for each valid connection pair, a number of matching functions. The computing device selects a connection pair that is valid and has a largest number of matching functions and bridges the trace gap with the selected connection pair. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: Technologies for indirectly calling vector functions include a compute device that includes a memory device to store source code and a compiler module. The compiler module is to identify a set of declarations of vector variants for scalar functions in the source code, generate a vector variant address map for each set of vector variants, generate an offset map for each scalar function, and identify, in the source code, an indirect call to the scalar functions, wherein the indirect call is to be vectorized. The compiler module is also to determine, based on a context of the indirect call, a vector variant to be called and store, in object code and in association with the indirect call, an offset into one of the vector variant address maps based on (i) the determined vector variant to be called and (ii) the offset map that corresponds to each scalar function.

Abstract: Systems, computer program products, and methods are described herein for an integrated mainframe distributed orchestration tool. The present invention is configured to receive an indication that one or more source code modules have been uploaded to a source code repository, wherein receiving the indication automatically triggers a compile operation on an automation server; initiate the compile operation on the automation server, wherein the compile operation comprises transforming the one or more source code modules into one or more standalone software artifacts executable on a mainframe data processor, thereby providing a landing zone for the mainframe data processor; initiate a compile operation of the one or more standalone software artifacts on the mainframe data processor to generate an executable build; and export the executable build to one or more repositories.

Abstract: A building management system includes building equipment that operate to affect a variable state or condition in a building, an interface generator configured to generate a graphical user interface, and a system manager. The graphical user interface includes user-configurable options with current settings that define a current system state. The user interface also includes a delta view mode button configured to allow a user to request to enter a delta view mode relative to a comparison system state defined by a comparison setting for each of the user-configurable options. The system manager is configured to identify one or more unchanged user-configurable options by determining the user-configurable options for which the current setting matches the comparison setting. The interface generator is further configured to hide the unchanged user-configurable options in the graphical user interface in response to a user request to enter the delta view mode.

Abstract: Examples disclosed herein relate to detecting object creation when instrumenting an application for security purposes. The examples enable determining, by an instrumenter implemented by a physical processor that implements machine readable instructions, whether to instrument a function; responsive to determining that the function should be instrumented, determining, by the instrumenter, that a base class constructor is to be called by the function; before the base class constructor is called, pushing, by the instrumenter, object related information onto a local storage registry; analyzing, by the instrumenter, the local storage registry to determine whether an object associated with the function was created based on information in the local storage registry; and responsive to determining that the object was created, applying, by the instrumenter, a security rule to the function.

Abstract: Techniques and architectures to provide trace functionality. Trace record data is received from a plurality of client threads executed by one or more processors. The trace record data is stored in a plurality of chunks maintained in an in-use list. The in-use list has a chunk for individual use by the corresponding client threads. Chunks in the in-use list are moved to a completed queue when a chunk in the in-use list is substantially full. A chunk from a free list is placed in the in-use list to replace removed chunks. The chunks from the completed queue are stored in at least one memory device.

Abstract: A method for end-to-end tracing includes receiving, from a user node, a request for a tracing session, receiving an argument and a provider identifier for the tracing session, and initiating tracing on compute nodes by sending the argument to a provider identified by the provider identifier, the provider located on each of the compute nodes. The method further includes receiving event reports from the compute nodes, and combining the event reports into a tracing information for the tracing session. The method further includes sending the tracing information to the user node.

Abstract: A sequence of input language (IL) instructions of a guest system is converted, for example by binary translation, into a corresponding sequence of output language (OL) instructions of a host system, which executes the OL instructions. In order to determine the return address after any IL call to a subroutine at a target entry address P, the corresponding OL return address is stored in an array at a location determined by an index calculated as a function of P. After completion of execution of the OL translation of the IL subroutine, execution is transferred to the address stored in the array at the location where the OL return address was previously stored. A confirm instruction block is included in each OL call site to determine whether the transfer was to the correct or incorrect call site, and a back-up routine is included to handle the cases of incorrect call sites.

Abstract: System, methods, and other embodiments described herein relate to improving detection of program faults. In one embodiment, a method includes executing, in parallel, an extended program and an instrumented program. The instrumented program is an instrumented version of a baseline program that implements runtime checks. The extended program is an extended version of the baseline program with intentional delays inserted into source code of the baseline program to match an execution time with the instrumented program. The method includes supervising execution states of the instrumented program to identify an occurrence of mismatched states between the extended program and the instrumented program. The method includes managing the mismatched states to mitigate effects of the program faults on the functioning of an associated device.

Abstract: A Timed Attestation Process (TAP) utilizes a CPU bus cycle counter/timer to accurately measure the time needed to calculate a specific function value for an attestation query in an embedded system. The attestation query takes into account embedded software and the hardware data path. An attestation value database stores the unique timing and function data associated with each hardware design element in the embedded device, which each have unique timing characteristics. By utilizing the CPU bus cycle counter/timer of the client device, the TAP increases the time accuracy to the smallest tolerance possible relative to a particular CPU (typically +/?one instruction cycle). The integrity of the embedded software contained in the permanent storage elements and the hardware timing to access each component is verifiable against the unique timing characteristics stored in the database. With this timing characteristic, each hardware element is linked to a specific software configuration.