Abstract: A method for machining the wheel running surfaces of wheels for rail vehicles using a wheel machining machine is described herein. The method includes performing a rolling process on the wheels with a rolling tool that applies a rolling force to the wheels, and adjusting the rolling force by controlling the torques of drive motors of feed axles of the rolling tool.

Abstract: An erosion resistant and hydrophobic article includes a core that has a first hardness and a surface on the core. The surface includes a plurality of geometric features that have a second, greater hardness. The geometric features define a surface porosity by area percent and a corresponding surface solidity by area percent. The surface includes a ratio of the surface solidity divided by the surface porosity that is 1.8 or greater. The geometric features and the ratio establish the surface to be hydrophobic, and the second, greater hardness and the ratio establish an erosion rate of the surface that is equal to or less than an erosion rate of the core under identical erosion conditions.

Abstract: A rolling train for rolling a strip has a number of rolling stands and a coiler. The rolling stands have work and backing rolls. Data of the strip are fed to a control device of the rolling train which determines individual pass reductions for the rolling stands based on the data. It controls the main rolling stands and the coiler such that the strip is rolled in the main rolling stands according to the individual pass reductions and then coiled up. It determines the individual pass reductions such that they are zero and controls the rolling stand arranged directly upstream of the coiler such that—with respect to this main rolling stand—the tension in the strip on the outlet side is less than on the inlet side, but the strip runs through this rolling stand without undergoing any forming, at least on one side.

Abstract: An apparatus for providing a curl on a top edge of a can comprises a forming head; and a forming turret with a push ram to load the can into the forming head. The forming head includes a plurality of independent rollers mounted on a common head. The plurality of rollers includes a first set of rollers configured to form an inner portion of a curl and a second set of rollers configured to form an outer portion of the curl.

Abstract: The invention proposes a method for the integral moulding of a flange (5) onto the end of a round or oval pipe (11) of thin-walled sheet metal. This method takes place in two stages. In a first stage, for the purpose of accumulating material, a sectionally circular or spiral-shaped bead (17) is moulded on by means of a pre-forming roller tool (9), comprising a combination of rollers (13 to 15) (Figure a). In a second stage, the moulded-on bead is compacted with the aid of a final-forming roller tool (18), comprising the rollers (19) and (20), to produce an at least partly solid flange (5) (Figure b).

Abstract: Apparatus for shaping a conduit to form a radially outwardly projecting flange at an end thereof includes a holding fixture, a collar surrounding the conduit disposed in an opening in the holding fixture, rotation imparting structure engaging the collar for simultaneously rotating the collar and the conduit and a flange forming tool connected to the holding fixture engaging a conduit end to apply bending forces to the conduit to form the flange when the conduit is rotated. The apparatus also includes a conduit cutter for cutting the conduit to form the end prior to flange formation.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a forming apparatus for deforming a hollow tubular workpiece, wherein the workpiece is clamped down in a clamping device, a first forming tool is placed into contact with the outer surface of the workpiece, the tool is rotated about an axis of rotation relative to the workpiece and one end of the workpiece is deformed by means of said first tool. A second forming tool is placed into contact with the outer surface of the workpiece and is rotated relative to the workpiece about an axis of rotation. The other end of the workpiece is deformed by means of said second tool and at least one of said tools is moved relative to the workpiece during said deformation and/or between deforming steps (On the same workpiece), wherein the axis of rotation of said tool is translated and/or pivoted about an axis with respect to said workpiece.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and device for forming a one-piece flange (10, 18) or rim on the end of a steel or sheet-metal (12) pipe. The pipe is placed in a flat position on all sides on the inner surface thereof close to the end thereof and is clamped. One part of the pipe (10) protrudes above the clamped section of the tube (12). The protruding part of the pipe is bent by applying surface pressure against a peripheral section on the inner surface thereof, until a desired outward flectional angle is obtained. The desired flectional angle on all parts of the pipe (10, 18) or a part or section (10) thereof is gradually achieved by rotating the pipe (12) relative to the peripheral section wherein the flexing occurs.

Abstract: An apparatus adapted to condition the outer flanges of a vehicle wheel includes a main base assembly secured to a fixed surface, a lower tool assembly operatively supported by the main base assembly, at least one upper drive assembly operatively supported by the main base assembly, and an upper rim guide assembly. The upper drive assembly of the apparatus includes an electric servo drive unit operatively connected to drive a conditioner roll having an outer surface provided with a predetermined profile adapted to engage and condition at least one of the outer flanges of the vehicle wheel.

Abstract: A cylindrical workpiece (20) is mounted onto and connected to a mandrel (14) that is itself mounted for rotation about a vertical axis (12). A first end portion of the workpiece (20) is housed within the mandrel (14). A second end portion projects axially outwardly beyond a radial forming surface (60) on the mandrel (14). A first forming roller (30) is mounted on a swing post (52) that is positioned by an adjustable length strut (56). The strut (56) is elongated to swing the post (52) downwardly and place the roller (30) inside the second end portion of the workpiece (20). Then, a lead screw (28) is used for pulling on a base (50) that supports the post (52). This pulls a convex face portion (32) of the roller (30) against the inside of the second end portion of the workpiece (20). Lead screw operation moves the roller (30), causing it to stretch the second end portion of the workpiece (20) and move it up onto and then move it radially outwardly along the forming surface (60).

Abstract: Formerly, several machines or workstations have been required for bordering and closing creases, especially on pipes used in ventilation technology. The invention provides a machine that can carry out all of the operations without the workpiece having to be rechecked. By positioning the closing wheel (6), known per se, underneath the work surface, all of the operations, including the insertion of a sealing strip, can be carried out precisely and economically at the same workstation. According to a preferred method, a bead is first pressed in the workpiece (100) using a moulding roll (2) and a beading and feeding roll (1). During machining with these hydromechanically driven rolls (2, 1), the workpiece (100) is held in the correct working position. The closing process is carried out from the bottom and enables optimum adjustment of the angle of intervention on the closing wheel (6) and reduces wear.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a gearwheel (10) by clutch gear tooth forming with an axial undercut and a roof-shaped entry geometry consists in causing the gearwheel blank to perform a rotating movement and to cause profiled shaping tools in the form of rolls with external toothing, toothed racks or hollow rolls with internal toothing to perform a motion in rolling contact for engagement in the material, and in initiating the corresponding shaping operation by a radial or axial feeding motion, respectively.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide a rolling system and a rolling method capable of avoiding the occurrence of a pinch fold by effectively preventing the zigzag movement of a rear end portion of a material to be rolled. The rotational speeds (rolling speeds) of work rolls (2) of a rolling mill stand (F.sub.1) from which the rear end of a plate material (6) releases, and a succeeding rolling mill stand (F.sub.2) are controlled to the same value. Moreover, the tension between the rolling mill stand (F.sub.1) and the rolling mill stand (F.sub.2) is controlled to zero. The difference in tension between a work side and a drive side can be made null between the rolling mill stand (F.sub.1) and the rolling mill stand (F.sub.2). Similarly, the difference in tension between the work side and the drive side can be made null between the plurality of rolling mill stands (F.sub.2 to F.sub.n) during release of the rear end of the plate material (6).

Abstract: A method of controlling a continuous skin-pass and reduction operation for a metal strip includes the steps of passing a strip through a gap between working rollers of at least two successive rolling stands, only an upstream one of the stands providing substantial thickness reduction of the strip; determining an extension rate of the strip provided by the upstream stand; determining a tension of the strip downstream of the upstream stand; adjusting the speed of the working rollers of the upstream stand compared to the speed of the working rollers of a downstream one of said stands according to the determination of the extension rate; and adjusting the squeezing force of the upstream stand according to the downstream tension determination. A response time to the step of adjustment of the squeezing force is longer than a response time to the step of adjusting the speed of the working rollers.

Abstract: The invention relates to a control process for a roll stand consisting of a pair of work rolls, a pair of backup rolls, and optionally a pair of intermediary rolls. The controls for a rolling force, a deflecting force, and optionally a roll shift are given specified values, which are obtained on-line in a roll stand model with a roll deflection model. According to the invention, relationships between the rolling force, the deflecting force, and the roll shift, on the one hand, and a corresponding roll gap variation on the other hand are determined on line in the roll deflection model at interpolation points. These relationships are used to calculate at the interpolation points set points for the rolling force, the deflecting force, and the roll shift.

Abstract: The stretch leveling or stretch-bend leveling of aluminum or stainless steel strip of a thickness of 0.1 to 0.5 mm is carried out following a measurement of strip nonplanarity or strip profile by regulating the stretch in the stretch leveler or the contour of a roller thereof or both and/or by regulating the depth of penetration or degree of bending by the stretch-bend rollers. The tension in the strip just before coiling is varied in response to measurement of the thickness of the strip across the width, thereby optimizing the leveling and surface qualities of the strip.

Abstract: The stretch leveling or stretch-bend leveling of aluminum or stainless steel strip of a thickness of 0.1 to 0.5 mm is carried out following a measurement of strip nonplanarity or strip profile by regulating the stretch in the stretch leveler or the contour of a roller thereof or both and/or by regulating the depth of penetration or degree of bending by the stretch-bend rollers. The tension in the strip just before coiling is varied in response to measurement of the thickness of the strip across the width, thereby optimizing the leveling and surface qualities of the strip.

Abstract: A system and method for achieving an optimum interstand strip tension providing substantially equal loading of adjacent stands of a tandem rolling mill where such optimum tension is determined by the expression ##EQU1## where A1 and B1 are, respectively, the load ratio intercept and the slope of the load ratio versus interstand tension function for a first mill rolling stand, and A2 and B2 are, respectively, the load ratio intercept and the slope of the load ratio versus interstand tension function for an adjacent second mill rolling stand, and whereby the rolling capacity of the mill is substantially fully utilized.

Abstract: A process for the cold rolling of a metal strip between rollers of rolling stands arranged sequentially is provided, along with a plant for its implementation, wherein the process involves:analyzing, as a function of frequency, a signal from an inter-stand tension measurement sensor corresponding to a level of tension of the metal strip to determine periodic variations in the signal having frequencies corresponding to a speed of rotation of the pair of rollers in a downstream rolling stand and proportional to out-of-roundness defects present in the rollers of the downstream rolling stand; andcompensating for the out-of-roundness defects in the rollers in the downstream rolling stand by adjusting the clamping setting of the rollers in the downstream rolling stand in accordance with a compensation signal, produced by the means for compensating, that is proportional to the periodic variations.

Abstract: A method of controlling and maintaining a drawing force applied to a length of rolled stock between two-spaced apart rolling units includes the steps of determining the value of at least one of a frequency and an amplitude of a transversed vibration of the rolled stock between the drawing units, correlation of the determined value to a corresponding value of drawing force, comparison of the correlated value of the drawing force to a reference value, and adjustment of the drawing force to maintain it at a substantially constant selected value. In another aspect of the invention an apparatus is provided which includes elements for measuring at least one of a frequency and an amplitude of a traversed vibration experienced by a length of rolled stock between two drawing units, a unit for correlating the measured value to a corresponding value of applied drawing force, and a control unit for adjusting the applied drawing force as necessary to maintain it substantially at a selected constant value.

Abstract: A control method of strip travel for ensuring, in a tandem rolling operation for metal strips, stable positioning of rolled work during the rolling process including the rolling of the leading and trailing ends of the work, and a tandem rolling mill in which the method is used are disclosed.

Abstract: A looper control system has a looper that is interposed between two rolling stands of a tandem rolling mill and is actuated by a hydraulic actuator; and a control calculating section for calculating a speed change rate command value of a primary rolling machine and a pressure command value of a hydraulic looper actuator so that an interstand tension and a looper height can be both controlled at target tension and looper height values, respectively, on the basis of a detected looper height value and a previously determined control gain. A resonance frequency changing section detects hydraulic flow rate of the hydraulic actuator and multiplies it by a gain to obtain a first speed change rate command value; and a damping constant changing section detects pressure in the hydraulic actuator and multiplies it by another gain to obtain a second speed change rate command value.

Abstract: The stretch leveling or stretch-bend leveling of aluminum or stainless steel strip of a thickness of 0.1 to 0.5 mm is carried out following a measurement of strip nonplanarity or strip profile by regulating the stretch in the stretch leveler or the contour of a roller thereof or both and/or by regulating the depth of penetration or degree of bending by the stretch-bend rollers. The tension in the strip just before coiling is varied in response to measurement of the thickness of the strip across the width, thereby optimizing the leveling and surface qualities of the strip.

Abstract: A control device for the purpose of achieving highly precise rolled material. The response and robust stability of the rolled material tension and looper height are specified, and a controller is designed so that the rolling mill main motor and looper operate in concert to suppress variations in rolled material tension, thereby achieving stable optimum control which is responsive to the rolling state and rolling conditions.

Abstract: An interstand tension controller for a continuous rolling mill having a plurality of rolling stands and provided with a looper between the adjacent rolling stands controls two controlled variables, i.e., the interstand tension of the workpiece and the looping angle of the looper, to adjust the measured interstand tension and the measured looping angle to desired values, has control loops that control the rotating speed of the rolls of the rolling stand and the looping torque or the looping speed of the looper to regulate the interstand tension and the looping angle, estimates disturbances acting on the control loops, the variation of the characteristics of the controlled system and the interference between the control loops, and operates manipulated variables to offset the disturbances.

Abstract: In a method of forming a rim on a lamp reflector, a forming roller is positioned on one side of the reflector rim to be formed and a support roller is positioned on the other side. The reflector is rotated about its center axis and the rollers are rotated with the same circumferential speed as the reflector rim. Then the rollers are moved such relative to each other and to the reflector that the rim is flanged between the rollers. The forming roller is moved such that the final tangent line of the circumferential face of this roller to the reflector rim is tilted about a pivot point which is positioned substantially on the bending line of the reflector rim. The invention also includes an apparatus for performing this method.

Abstract: A fin mill machine (12) for forming strip stock (14) into corrugated fins (16) to form heat exchanger fins or the like. The fin mill machine (12) includes a tension control subsystem (20) employing a pneumatic cylinder (32) to create the tension which is controlled by a first feedback loop that automatically adjusts cylinder pressure based upon tension as measured by a strain gauge (44). Adjustments to the pressure in the pneumatic cylinder (32) can also be made by a second feedback loop based on air pressure measurements from a pressure transducer (58) for use in a set-up or trouble shooting mode.

Abstract: The cross bowing in metal strip, especially thin metal strip of a thickness less than 2 mm, is removed by providing downstream of the high tensioned section of the strip at which stretch leveling or stretch bend leveling is effected at least one correcting roller which has an adjustable depth of penetration into the path of the strip at a low tension section, the depth of penetration being controlled by measuring the cross bowing also in the low tension section.

Abstract: A rolled strip extending out of a rolling stand is pushed by a push roll to apply a tension to the strip. The flatness measuring surface of a flatness bar is moved above the pass line to measure flatness values at a plurality of points in the widthwise direction of the rolled strip, based on the applied tension.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing a disc structure. The disc provides a radially extending annular wall formed by pressing a workpiece against a contoured tool with a pressure roll. The contoured tool and workpiece move relative to the pressure roll about a first axis while the tool and pressure roll move toward each other in the direction of the first axis. The pressure roll rotates about a second axis perpendicularly intersecting the first axis and provides a cylindrical working surface. The tooling is arranged to radially confine the workpiece. In one embodiment, the tool is formed with a plurality of ribs extending in the direction of the first axis. These ribs cooperate to produce annular grooves in the workpiece along the surface thereof remote from the pressure roll. One embodiment provides a disc particularly suited for use in electromagnetic clutches. The other embodiment may be used to produce wheels, pulleys, and the like.

Abstract: The machine according to the invention is used for shaping bodies of rotation--preferably tank bottoms--fixed with radius, by metal spinning between two rollers without the need of costly metal spinning mushroom.The tank bottom is shaped from sheet metal disc between the inner shaped and driven roller forming the arc corresponding to the curvature to be shaped, as well as the opposite free-running roller producing the necessary compressive force. The inner and outer rollers are arranged on a closed frame construction provided with two shanks on which the center of tilting is arranged as to correspond to the required arc. The large radius is formed by the simultaneous tilting of the inner and outer rollers. The flanging is carried out by rolling over the inner shaped roller in such a way that the tilting bridge is fixed and the outer roller moves on in radial direction with the aid of a sledge.

Abstract: Disclosed are an apparatus and method for making a sheave by forming an external annular radial groove in the periphery of a circular workpiece. The apparatus includes a support for supporting the workpiece for rotation about its own axis. At least one groove-forming tool having a working surface for extending radially into the periphery of the workpiece is carried by a tool guide adjacent the support for movement past the workpiece in a path such that the outer extremity of the working surface passes generally tangentially to the locus of the bottom of the groove to be formed. A tool drive assembly is provided for moving the tool in such path. A pair of drive rollers are mounted on the support for rotation about respective axes disposed angularly with respect to the axis of the workpiece and having respective opposed drive surfaces for engagement with opposite sides of the workpiece distal its axis.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing annular metal workpieces which have a deeply profiled cross-section, such as a blank flange, comprises heating the workpiece bloom or bar to a forging temperature and upsetting and piercing the workpiece to form a pierced blank. The pierced blank is then roughened by applying a force which acts at least on the outside and the inside periphery while the blank is rotated in order to form the blank into a ring which has a substantially rectangular cross-section and an inside diameter which is equal to or slightly larger than the inside diameter of the finished part. Thereupon, the ring is rotated and is shaped to the desired profile by directing a force on the front face of the rotating ring and finish-rolling it to the final internal and external diameters. The forces are exerted simultaneously on the peripheral surfaces and the front surfaces of the rotating ring. The material flow of the rotating ring is limited in the radial direction during this process.

Abstract: A machine, comprising a portal-type bed, two slide rests located on circular guides rotatably mounted about shafts fastened to the bed, rolling heads mounted each in a corresponding slide rest so that they are capable of shifting with respect to the slide rest, rolling rolls set up in each head, a slide rest turning gear and a gear for displacing the rolling heads relative to the slide rests, a carriage with a gear for clamping an article being rolled, with said carriage being mounted movably on the bed to introduce the article into the rolling zone and to withdraw it therefrom, a carriage transfer gear linked mechanically to the slide rest turning gear, and drives of the above-mentioned gears.