Abstract: Disclosed are state monitoring method and system for a heating device including a conductive path that electrically series-connects heating elements. The method includes obtaining a potential difference of a conductive path portion including at least one of the heating elements, obtaining monitoring information used to monitor a state of the heating elements, and determining occurrence of an anomaly in the conductive path portion based on the obtained monitoring information. The step of obtaining the potential difference includes obtaining a first potential difference of a first conductive path portion and obtaining a second potential difference of a second conductive path portion that differs from the first conductive path portion. The monitoring information includes comparison information obtained by comparing potential differences including the first potential difference and the second potential difference.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a ventilation apparatus. The ventilation apparatus includes a housing, an inhalation branch, a control unit, a gas source port, an exhalation branch, and a paramagnetic oxygen sensor. The paramagnetic oxygen sensor is used for detecting the oxygen content in the inhalation branch. The gas source port is disposed on the housing. The inhalation branch, the control unit, and the exhalation branch are enclosed within the housing. The paramagnetic oxygen sensor is disposed outside the housing.

Abstract: A detachable filter assembly includes a filter, a filter assembly housing defining a body of the filter assembly, an attachment mechanism configured to couple to a sensor installation, a securing mechanism configured to mate with a mating feature on the sensor installation, and a calibration port configured to provide a direct fluid pathway to the sensor installation.

Abstract: A gas detection device and a process monitor an area for a combustible target gas. A heating segment of a detector (10) is heated when electrical current flows therethrough. A heating segment of a compensator (1) is heated when electrical current flows therethrough. An electrical voltage is applied to both the detector and the compensator. The heating of the detector (10) causes a combustible target gas to be oxidized in an interior of the gas detection device. A detection variable, which depends on the temperature (Temp_10) of the detector, and a detection variable, which depends on the temperature (Temp_11) of the compensator, are measured. A presence and/or a concentration of a target gas are determined as a function of the detection variables. A quality parameter is measured and increases as the detection variable depending on the detector temperature increases and as the detection variable depending on the compensator temperature decreases.

Abstract: Methods of calibrating a pH sensor fixed within an enclosed vessel are disclosed. The methods include introducing a buffer into the enclosed vessel, introducing a gas mixture comprising CO2 into the enclosed vessel, measuring a pH signal of the solution, measuring a CO2 concentration of a headspace gas of the solution, and calculating a pH value with a buffer calibration curve. The methods include calculating a calibration parameter with a sensor calibration curve and calibrating the pH sensor with the calibration parameter. Reactor systems are also disclosed. The systems include an enclosed reactor, a pH sensor, a CO2 sensor, a temperature control subsystem, and a controller. Methods of facilitating pH sensor calibration without sampling in a bioreactor system are also disclosed. The methods include providing a controller and providing instructions to operably connect the controller to the pH sensor and the CO2 sensor.

Abstract: An aircraft landing gear assembly comprising: a structural pin defining a first bore having a longitudinal insertion axis; a cap for covering the bore, the cap comprising: a base portion; a head portion; a body portion positioned between the base portion and the head portion; and a bolt which extends between the head portion and the base portion and comprises a threaded portion so that engagement of either the head portion or the base portion with the threaded portion moves either the head portion or the base portion relative to the other, the body being formed of an elastically deformable material such that upon tightening of the bolt, the base portion moves towards the head portion and the elastically deformable material moves radially outwards such that a contact surface of the elastically deformable material engages with an inner surface of the first bore in order to retain the cap.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a sensor includes a sensor part including a first film, and a structure body including a second film. The first film has a first density, and a first concentration of a first element. The second film has at least one of a second density, or a second concentration of the first element. The second concentration is greater than the first concentration. The second density is greater than the first density.

Abstract: Provided are methods, systems, and apparatus related to a gas detector (100, 402, 802) and a gas detector calibration cap (200, 300, 404, 703, 804). The gas detector calibration cap includes a cap body (202, 302), a first cap wing (204, 304), a second cap wing (206, 306), and an extended strip (216, 316) for opening the gas detector by inserting the extended strip in a groove (106, 707, 808) of the gas detector. The extended strip allows a worker to easily open the gas detector housing, thus improving the speed and reliability of servicing the gas detector while eliminating the potential additional cost on a separated tool for opening the gas detector housing.

Abstract: In a noise removing apparatus, a data acquisition unit acquires sets of odor data measured using a sensor with respect to a plurality of objects, each set of odor data representing features of an odor of an object by respective rates of a plurality of odor molecules. A noise component extraction unit extract a noise component using a set of odor data. A noise removing unit removes the noise component from each set of odor data to be processed.

Abstract: A fuel cell vehicle includes a cabin arranged at a vehicle front portion and provided with a seat therein where an occupant is seated, a fuel cell mounted below the cabin, and an accommodation space formed below the cabin and accommodating the fuel cell. An upper side of the accommodation space is covered with a ceiling surface formed by a bottom portion of the cabin, and a rear side of the accommodation space is opened. The ceiling surface is provided with a detector configured to detect a hydrogen concentration in the accommodation space.

Abstract: An illustrative example hydrogen concentration sensor includes a first end plate. A hydrogen evolving electrode assembly that generates hydrogen is situated adjacent the first end plate and at least partially exposed through an opening through the end plate. A separator plate is between the hydrogen evolving electrode assembly and a detection electrode assembly. The separator plate includes a passage to allow a flow of hydrogen generated by the hydrogen evolving electrode assembly to the detection electrode assembly. A second end plate is situated adjacent the detection electrode assembly and includes a second opening where a portion of the detection electrode assembly is exposed to a fluid of interest to provide an indication of a concentration of hydrogen in the fluid of interest.

Abstract: A particulate matter detecting apparatus (S) comprises a sensor body (S1) which has a sensor device (1) which is retained in a housing (H) secured to an exhaust pipe (101) of an internal combustion engine (ENG) and detects particulate matter contained in exhaust gas, a sensor temperature determining unit (2) which works to determine a temperature of the sensor device, and a mounted condition diagnosis unit (3) which diagnoses a mounted condition where the sensor body is mounted in the exhaust pipe. The mounted condition diagnosis unit includes a diagnosis threshold setting unit (31) and a mount error determining unit (32). The diagnosis threshold setting unit determines a diagnosis threshold (Tth), as used in a diagnosis of the mounted condition, as a function of an operating condition of the internal combustion engine to have a temperature value lower than a temperature of the sensor device when the sensor body is normally mounted in the exhaust pipe.

Abstract: Devices, methods, and systems for a self-testing hazard sensing device are described herein. One device includes a sensor, a wire dipped in a material, a controller configured to provide a current to the wire to heat the material and generate aerosol and/or carbon monoxide, and an airflow generator configured to provide the aerosol and/or carbon monoxide to the sensor. The controller configured to determine whether the self-testing hazard sensing device is functioning properly using the aerosol and/or carbon monoxide provided to the sensor.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining a presence, a concentration or a change in concentration of a target material in an environment is disclosed. The apparatus comprises first and second sensors configured to respond to the target material. The apparatus further comprises a fluid inlet in fluid communication with the environment, and a valve assembly having a first and second configuration. In the first configuration, the fluid inlet is in fluid communication with only the first sensor. In the second configuration, the fluid inlet is in fluid communication with the first sensor and the second sensor.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present specification provide methods and systems for maintaining accuracy and precision of calibration for a detector. The methods and systems include reducing the humidity of an internal calibration assembly by directing flow path of dry air periodically through the internal calibration assembly.

Abstract: An atmospheric pollution emission control effect evaluation method, device and storage medium, including: carrying out meteorological condition frequency statistics of data collected from meteorological station, obtaining meteorological condition frequency distribution information; obtaining pollutant concentration information, performing pollutant concentration distribution statistics to obtain pollution concentration distribution information and pollution concentration variation information; decomposing effects of meteorological factors and non-meteorological factors according to meteorological condition frequency distribution information, pollution concentration distribution information and pollution concentration variation information, to obtain meteorological and non-meteorological contribution information; constructing source emission control effect evaluation data set according to meteorological condition frequency distribution information, pollution concentration distribution information, meteorologic

Abstract: An exhaust gas sensor that detects a specific component included in an exhaust gas includes a sensor element including a detector, an element cover that accommodates the sensor element and has a gas ventilation hole, a heater that heats the sensor element, a heater control section, and an installation state diagnosis section that diagnoses a state of an element cover based on a sensor temperature detected by a sensor temperature detection section. The installation state diagnosis section includes a temperature variation amount calculation section that calculates a sensor temperature variation amount, a temperature variation amount integration section that sums the sensor temperature variation amounts, and an abnormality determination section that determines presence or absence of an abnormal installation based on a comparison result between variation amount integration information of the sensor temperature and a diagnosis threshold value.

Abstract: An apparatus, cooking appliance and method functionally verify a gas burner that is controlled by two or more electronically-controlled gas valves coupled in series with one another. Functional verification is performed during ignition and/or shut off of the gas burner at least in part by sequencing the activation and/or deactivation of the gas valves and testing the ignition state of the gas burner while one of the valves is activated and the other is deactivated.

Abstract: A bridge device operable in an air-quality control system is provided. The bridge device is connected to a plurality of sensor devices and includes a radio circuit configured to wirelessly communicate with the plurality of sensor devices over a wireless medium using an air-quality communication protocol; a transceiver configured to communicate with a remote server; a processing circuitry; a memory, the memory containing instructions that, when executed by the processing circuitry, configure the bridge device to: periodically discover the plurality of sensor devices connected to the bridge device; query each of the discovered senor devices to read at least one senor reading provided by each sensor device, the at least one senor reading is of at least an air-quality level in a vicinity of the sensor device; encapsulate the sensor readings from the plurality of sensor devices into a data frame; and send the data frame to the remote server.

Abstract: A system and a method for accurately testing gas leak detectors by considering multiple operational parameters as per the standard requirements are disclosed. The system comprises one or more gas cylinders, a test execution chamber, mass flow controllers (MFCs), and a control system. The test execution chamber is connected to the gas cylinders via test gas pipelines and a plurality of valves, and the mass flow controllers. The test execution chamber further comprises a first chamber and a second chamber, which are connected to form a closed cycle, thereby saving consumption of the testing gases. The control system in communication with the mechanized system, thereby controlling the operation of the system for accurately testing the gas leak detector test samples. The performance of the one or more gas leak detector test samples is controlled by adjusting the density of the testing gas to a predetermined value and as per the standard requirements.

Abstract: A method of processing an input data stream including at least one data peak (2), comprising: detecting at least one peak (2) in the input data stream having an apex with an amplitude above a predetermined threshold (4); and extrapolating (30) the segment of the peak which has an amplitude above the predetermined threshold (7, 8), based on a shape characteristic of the peak (2), to estimate the amplitude of the segments of the peak which have an amplitude less than said threshold (15, 16).

Abstract: A method for testing a gas sensor and a gas-measuring device with a testing device for testing the gas sensor provides an improved analysis and evaluation of states of gas sensors. Due to a testing of a gas admission element, by monitoring measuring signals (35, (38) in a time course (400) in conjunction with dispensing (91, 91?, 91?) a quantity of test substance, it is made possible to check whether a gas supply to the gas sensor is possible (to check if the gas diffusion path is open) and given.

Abstract: A method for operating an internal combustion engine is provided, which has a combustion unit, including a combustion chamber; a fresh gas tract; an exhaust tract, including an exhaust gas sensor integrated therein; and a fuel tank system. During an operation of the internal combustion engine, while purge gas is conducted via a purge gas line a hydrocarbon content of the purge gas is ascertained with the aid of the HC sensor, and the mass flow of the purge gas is also ascertained, and a fuel mass flow introduced into the fresh gas tract is ascertained from these values in combination and a quantity of fuel introduced into the combustion chamber and/or into the fresh gas tract with the aid of at least one fuel injector is adapted.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a device for measuring the amount of oxygen present in a gas to be analyze. The device includes at least one member for measuring the amount of oxygen, a first inlet in communication with the measuring member for the supply of gas to be analyzed, and an outlet for the discharge of said analyzed gas. The device also includes a second inlet intended to communicate with the measuring member, allowing said device to be supplied selectively with a calibration gas having a known amount of oxygen, such that the measurement of the amount of oxygen present in the calibration gas makes it possible to determine a potential drift of the measurement of said measuring member relative to the actual known amount of oxygen present in the calibration gas.

Abstract: An atmospheric environment monitoring apparatus includes: a communication interface unit which sequentially receives first atmospheric environment measurement data to N-th atmospheric environment measurement data from any one atmospheric environment sensor when a measurement period of an atmospheric environment sensor comes; a data storage unit which stores the first atmospheric environment measurement data to the N-th (N is an integer of 1 or more) atmospheric environment measurement data; and a control unit which checks the total number of the first atmospheric environment measurement data to the N-th atmospheric environment measurement data.

Abstract: Systems and methods for operating an internal combustion engine that includes an oxygen sensor are described. In one example, a voltage that is applied to a heating element of an oxygen sensor is integrated to determine a resistance of the heating element. The resistance of the heating element is the basis for adjusting voltage applied to the heating element during subsequent engine starts.

Abstract: A computer implemented system for a vertical farming system comprising at least a first crop growth module and operating in an environmentally-controlled growing chamber, the control system comprising sensors for measuring environmental growing conditions in the environmentally-controlled growing chamber over time to generate environmental condition data, a device configured for measuring a crop characteristic of a crop grown in the crop growth module of the environmentally-controlled growing chamber to generate crop growth data and a processing device comprising software modules for receiving the environmental condition data and the crop growth data; applying an algorithm to the environmental condition data and the crop growth data to generate an improved environmental growing condition and generating instructions for adjustment of the environmental growing conditions in or around the growth module in the environmentally-controlled growing chamber to the improved environmental growing condition.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a housing having a hole formed therein, an audio device inside the housing and communicating with an outside of the electronic device through the hole, a gas sensor inside the housing and communicating with the outside through the hole, a proximity sensor inside the housing, a wireless communication module inside the housing, and a processor inside the housing. The processor is configured to acquire data associated with air outside the electronic device by using the gas sensor, to recognize a user gesture of starting a proximity call by using the proximity sensor, and to calculate air quality of the outside air based on at least one of data acquired by the gas sensor before the proximity call starting gesture is recognized and data acquired by the gas sensor after a gesture of ending the proximity call is recognized. Other various embodiments are possible.

Abstract: An exhaust gas sensor for detecting a measurement gas component, having a ceramic sensor element fixed in a housing, and a double-walled protective pipe having outer and inner protective sleeves, the inner sleeve enclosing a gas chamber into which the sensor element extends with a segment at the measurement gas side, in the direction of a longitudinal axis of the sensor, and an annular chamber being formed between the outer and inner protective sleeves. The outer sleeve has a cladding surface having at least one opening configured as a swirling element, through which measurement gas can move into the annular chamber with rotation about a longitudinal axis of the sensor, and the inner sleeve has at least one opening that is adjusted and/or functionally optimized, as to a sensitive region of the sensor element, through which opening the measurement gas can move from the annular chamber into the gas chamber.

Abstract: A self-assembled heteroepitaxial oxide nanocomposite film including alternating layers of a first metal oxide having a first melting point and a second metal oxide having a second melting point that differs from the first melting point is formed in an opening formed in a semiconductor substrate. After forming a metal or metal alloy via structure in the semiconductor substrate, first and second thermal treatments are performed to remove each layer of first or second metal oxide providing a nanoporous membrane.

Abstract: A gas sensor includes a sensor element made of an oxygen-ion conductive solid electrolyte, at least one electrode provided to the sensor element so as to contact a measurement gas, and a controller configured to control the gas sensor. The sensor element is heated, by a heater provided to the sensor element, at a temperature higher than an operating temperature set in advance for a predetermined time period at start of the gas sensor, and then the temperature of the sensor element is decreased to the operating temperature.

Abstract: A method for adapting a characteristic curve of a nitrogen oxide sensor of a combustion engine with exhaust gas recirculation having the first nitrogen oxide sensor upstream of an SCR catalytic converter and a second nitrogen oxide sensor downstream of the SCR catalytic converter includes determining that a particle filter is in a regeneration phase, increasing the exhaust gas recirculation rate, interrupting the supply of urea by a urea injection device, acquiring first nitrogen oxide values from signals generated by the first nitrogen oxide sensor, determining that the first nitrogen oxide values are within a first nitrogen oxide interval, acquiring values from second nitrogen oxide signals generated by the second nitrogen oxide sensor, and determining that the second nitrogen oxide values are within a second nitrogen oxide interval, and adapting the characteristic curve of the first nitrogen oxide sensor by the second nitrogen oxide values.

Abstract: Methods and system for concentrating oxygen include providing a portable apparatus having a plurality of sieve beds, each sieve bed in the plurality of sieve beds including a first end and a second end, a reservoir storing oxygen-enriched gas exiting from the second ends of the plurality of sieve beds, a compressor, an oxygen delivery valve communicating with the reservoir via a delivery line, a flow sensor associated with the delivery line, and control electronics adapted to control operation of the oxygen delivery valve; measuring, via the flow sensor, a flow of the oxygen-enriched gas through the sensor and outputting a signal indicative thereof; and controlling, using the control electronics, the opening and closing the oxygen delivery valve to deliver the oxygen-enriched gas from the reservoir to a user based on the signal.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for improving operation of a vehicle heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system. In one example, a method may include calibrating a vehicle humidity sensor position inside a cabin of the vehicle by obtaining one or more humidity measurements with one or more personal computing devices positioned inside the cabin, and may further include adjusting operation of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system responsive to the calibration. In this way, an interior humidity sensor of a vehicle may be regularly calibrated, which may improve operation of the vehicle heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system, and may further increase fuel economy.

Abstract: Systems, devices, and methods for adjusting tuning settings of tunable components, such as tunable capacitors, can be configured for calibrating a tunable component. Specifically, the systems, devices and methods can measure a device response for one or more inputs to a tunable component, store a calibration code in a non-volatile memory that characterizes the device response of the tunable component, and adjust a tuning setting of the tunable component based on the calibration code to achieve a desired response of the tunable component.

Abstract: A determination device determining malfunction of a humidity sensor includes a malfunction determination portion. The humidity sensor includes a humidity detector, a temperature detector and a heater. The humidity detector has a humidity-sensitive film in an intake passage and detects a relative humidity of intake air taken into an internal combustion engine for a vehicle. The temperature detector detects a temperature of the humidity-sensitive film. The heater heats the humidity-sensitive film and the temperature of the humidity-sensitive film is increased by the heater. The malfunction determination portion estimates an estimated relative humidity at a subsequent temperature from an original relative humidity and the subsequent temperature, and compares the estimated relative humidity at the subsequent temperature and an actual subsequent relative humidity to determine malfunction of the humidity detector.

Abstract: An engine control device of a vehicle engine includes a processor that detects an operation state of the engine and controls an output of a heater which heats an intake air oxygen concentration sensor detecting oxygen concentration of intake air of the engine. The intake air includes a portion of exhaust gas recirculated to an intake passage of the engine as EGR gas. The processor controls the output of the heater, according to a detected operation state of the engine, so that the intake air oxygen concentration sensor enters one of (i) an active state where a temperature of the intake air oxygen concentration sensor becomes greater than or equal to an activation temperature, (ii) a semi-active state where the sensor temperature is lower than the activation temperature and higher than an inactivation temperature, and (iii) an inactive state where the sensor temperature is lower than the inactivation temperature.

Abstract: A mass spectrometer for analyzing a sample may include an analysis chamber for analyzing the sample and a first vacuum pump operably connected to the analysis chamber, wherein the first vacuum pump operates to create a first vacuum state. The mass spectrometer may also include a sample-preparation chamber operably connected to the analysis chamber and a second vacuum pump that operates to create a second vacuum state, wherein the first vacuum state is a lower pressure than the second vacuum state. The second vacuum pump may be operably connected to the first vacuum pump in a first configuration, and the second vacuum pump may be operably connected to the sample-preparation chamber in a second configuration.

Abstract: In order to make it possible to accurately measure the HF concentration in a BHF solution in a low concentration region using a simple structure, there are provided a relationship storage unit that stores relationships between a pH of a BHF solution and an HF concentration, a pH meter that measures the pH of the BHF solution, and a concentration calculation unit that refers to relationships stored in the relationship storage unit, and calculates the HF concentration from the pH values measured by the pH meter.

Abstract: Methods for optimizing exhaust gas system regeneration and cleaning are provided. The exhaust gas system can include an exhaust gas stream supplied by an exhaust gas source to a particulate filter device through an exhaust gas conduit, and a gas sensor having a sampling end disposed within the exhaust gas conduit upstream from the particulate filter device. The methods can include detecting a gas sensor malfunction, detecting particulate filter device soot loading, and performing an optimized maintenance utilizing at least one common technique. A common technique is one which is capable of cleaning a gas sensor and regenerating a PF device. The exhaust gas source can comprise an internal combustion engine and the at least one common technique comprises a post-injection strategy. Systems for performing the disclosed methods are also provided.

Abstract: A device (118) for automatically calibrating an analyzer (112) used for mud gas or fluid logging, comprising: a cabinet (140) having a plurality of dedicated reception slots (144), each slot (144) being configured for the insertion of a canister (148) containing a known calibration mixture, the cabinet (140) containing: a main line (174) to be connected to the analyzer (112), a connection assembly able to selectively connect each reception slot (144) to the main line (174), a control unit (151) for controlling the connection assembly to successively connect at least two successive slots (144) to the main line (174).

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for diagnosing sensors in an engine intake by utilizing in an evaporative leak check module pump (ELCM pump). In one example, during engine off conditions, the ELCM pump in an evaporative emission system of the vehicle may be operated in a pressure mode to flow ambient air from the evaporative emissions system to the intake manifold. During humidity sensor diagnostics, the air flow may be used to generate water vapors within the intake manifold, and humidity sensor may be rationalized by monitoring an output of the humidity sensor; and during MAF sensor diagnostics, MAF sensor may be rationalized by monitoring if the MAF sensor output corresponds to a flow rate generated by the ELCM.

Abstract: A device produces an electrical signal in response to a stimulus. The device is formed of a flexible substrate including a layer of fibers, for example, paper, and a solution of dispersed carbon nanotubes coated onto and within the fibers, the solution evaporated to leave carbon nanotubes intertwined within the layer of fibers. The carbon nanotubes are functionalized to be optimized for producing an electrical signal for a particular stimulus, where the stimulus includes exposure of the device to a particular gas or vapor. A number of such devices, some or all of which can be different, are housed together, for producing a complex electronic signal, or for sensing any of a wide variety of stimulus.

Abstract: A method and device for measuring a substance's concentration in a fluid. The method includes first passing a sample to be measured through a chemical sensor at least twice and recording the response value each time; forming a simultaneous equation set using the equation relation between the response value obtained during each measurement and the concentration of the substance, and the mass equation relation satisfied by the concentration change caused by a physical, chemical reaction during each measurement and by the change of the mass, electric quantity, and heat; solving for the concentration of the substance measured and the sensor calibration parameter. The method, used as an absolute measurement method, can be applied to calibrate the sample concentration of a fluid, overcomes the effects on the measurements caused by temperature, humidity, pressure, and some interfering gas, requires no sensor calibration, and substantially enhances the measurements' stability and reliability.

Abstract: A confined space entry station is disclosed. The station has a back plate, an accessory holder, and a probe holding arm. The back plate is configured to attach to a manway of a confined space. The accessory holder is connected to the back plate. The probe holding arm has a connecting segment and a probe holding segment. The probe holding arm has a deployed position and a stored position. The connecting segment is connected to the probe holding segment. The probe holding segment is transverse to the connecting segment. The connecting segment is pivotally connected to the back plate and extends beyond the back plate when the probe holding arm is in the deployed position. The probe holding segment has a surface for supporting a probe. The probe holding segment extends transverse to the back plate when the probe holding arm is in the deployed position.

Abstract: A method for calibrating an exhaust gas sensor arranged in a measurement chamber, includes providing a measurement chamber in or adjacent to an exhaust channel of an internal combustion engine. At the start of a calibration phase, exhaust gas present in the measurement chamber is displaced by a filling of the measurement chamber with calibration gas, and at the end of the calibration phase, exhaust gas diffuses into and/or is introduced into the measurement chamber.

Abstract: An exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides a simultaneous multipoint testing system for analyzing the composition of a fluid in a duct. The system can comprise a plurality of probes each having a plurality of sample legs at different locations within the duct. Each probe can also comprise a mixing chamber for mixing fluid samples collected by each of the sample legs. The system can further comprise a global mixing chamber configured to receive the mixtures of fluid samples from each probe mixing chamber and mix those fluid samples to create a global fluid sample. The system can further comprise an analyzer configured to receive at least a portion of the global fluid sample and measure levels predetermined compounds present in the at least a portion of the global fluid sample.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and to a regulating device for regulating an air-fuel ratio of an internal combustion engine (10), wherein an exhaust-gas composition of an exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine (10) is determined by virtue of an actual probe signal, which is dependent on the exhaust-gas composition, being detected by means of an exhaust-gas probe (22) and the exhaust-gas composition being determined as a function of the actual probe signal by means of a characteristic curve or a calculation rule, and wherein the determined exhaust-gas composition is compared with a setpoint value or a threshold value, the attainment or exceedance of which triggers a manipulation of the air-fuel ratio supplied to the internal combustion engine (10), wherein, in order to take into consideration at least one disturbance variable which affects the actual probe signal, a safety margin (?S) is defined which is applied to the characteristic curve or calculation rule, to the actual probe signal or to the set

Abstract: A method and test devices are used for field calibration of gas detectors. Brand new gas detectors are used as measurement standards in field calibration. The brand new gas detectors are in this case either employed directly as working standards, in which case the regular calibration by a reference standard is dispensed with, since the brand new gas detectors are always deemed to be sufficiently accurate. Alternatively, the brand new gas detectors are employed directly, namely as sufficiently accurately calibrated reference standards for the reference gas sensors acting as working standards and incorporated into the test device. In both cases the measured values of the gas sensors in the gas detectors to be calibrated are fed back to a sufficiently calibrated system, namely either directly to at least one brand new gas detector as a working standard or else to a reference sensor of a calibrated test device.

Abstract: A particulate matter sensor unit may include a sensor portion of an electrostatic induction type that may be reacted when a particulate matter having electric charge may be passing the vicinity thereof, a protection pad that the sensor portion may be bonded on one side thereof through a conductive paste, an heater electrode that may be formed on the protection pad and burns the particulate matters that may be disposed on the sensor portion to eliminate them, and a sensor electrode that may be formed on the protection pad to transfer a signal that may be generated by the sensor portion to an outside.