Abstract: Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) gyroscopes and related sense frequency tracking techniques are described. Various embodiments facilitate sense frequency tracking and offset and/or sensitivity change compensation. Exemplary embodiments can comprise receiving a sense signal at an output of a MEMS gyroscope and determining a sense resonant frequency of the sense signal. In addition, exemplary methods can comprise generating an input sine wave with a frequency of the sense resonant frequency of the sense signal injecting the input sine wave into the MEMS gyroscope, to facilitate sense frequency tracking.

Abstract: A method for calibrating a wire clamp device includes: preparing a wire clamp device provided with a pair of arm parts having tips for clamping a wire, the arms extending from the tips toward base ends, and a drive part provided with a piezoelectric element for drive, connected to the base ends of the pair of arm parts and opening/closing the tips of the pair of arm parts; a step of detecting, by electrical continuity between the tips, a timing at which the pair of arm parts enters a closed state when the piezoelectric element for drive is driven, and acquiring a reference voltage; and a step of calibrating, on the basis of the reference voltage, an application voltage to be applied to the piezoelectric element for drive. Thus, it is possible to perform accurate and stable wire bonding.

Abstract: A system for estimating a three dimensional pose and determining one or more biomechanical performance parameters of at least one person in a scene is disclosed herein. The system includes at least one camera and at least one measurement assembly, the at least one camera configured to capture an image of the scene; and a data processor including at least one hardware component, the data processor configured to execute computer executable instructions. The computer executable instructions comprising instructions for: (i) receiving the image of the scene from the at least one camera; (ii) extracting features from the image of the scene for providing inputs to a convolutional neural network; (iii) generating one or more volumetric heatmaps using the convolutional neural network; and (iv) applying a maximization function to the one or more volumetric heatmaps to obtain a three dimensional pose of the at least one person in the scene.

Abstract: A fabric cover may be configured to mechanically couple to and cover part of a frame and the fabric cover may have a plurality of layers including a first non-conductive fabric layer, a second non-conductive fabric layer, a piezoresistive core layer between the first non-conductive fabric layer and the second fabric non-conductive layer, and a first conductive layer comprising a plurality of first conductive fiber traces and located between the first non-conductive fabric layer and the second non-conductive fabric layer. A localized impedance of the piezoresistive core layer indicates a mechanical force applied to the fabric cover proximate to such localized impedance.

Abstract: Described herein is an improved displacement transducer, a closed loop control system incorporating the same, and an improved method of manufacturing of manufacturing a displacement transducer. The improved transducer has several advantages, including improved manufacturability; improved fluid flow within the sensor and reduced cavitation as a result; and the enablement of closed loop control for assisted manual or fully automatic displacement.

Abstract: Devices and methods are provided that facilitate improved input device performance. The devices and methods utilize a first substrate with proximity sensor electrodes and at least a first force sensor electrode disposed on the first substrate. A second substrate is physically coupled to the first substrate, where the second substrate comprises a spring feature and an electrode component. The electrode component at least partially overlaps the first force sensor electrode to define a variable capacitance between the first force sensor electrode and the electrode component. The spring feature is configured to facilitate deflection of the electrode component relative to the first force sensor electrode to change the variable capacitance. A measure of the variable capacitance may be calculated and used to determine force information regarding the force biasing the input device.

Abstract: A lifeguard alarm system for swimmers, capable of detecting whether a swimmer is moving forward or drowning. The system includes a detecting device, an accelerometer disposed on the detecting device and a computing unit; the accelerometer configured to output respective acceleration values along X, Y, and Z axes of the detecting device and of gravity, the computing unit configured to calculate a sum of squares of the X, Y and Z acceleration values of the accelerometer as a first value and square of an acceleration of gravity as a second value and to compare the first value with the second value. A relationship between the first value and the second value can be used to control the warming unit.

Abstract: System, apparatus and method for providing corrective sensor outputs, particularly when a sensor is subject to gravitational or acceleration effects. A sensor and accelerometer may be operatively coupled to a processor, wherein the processor receives inputs from both. The processor receives the sensor signals and determines the gravitational or acceleration effects on the sensor from the accelerometer signals. Based on these, the processor determines a correction factor that is applied to the sensor signals to provide improved and more accurate sensor outputs.

Abstract: A control system for calibrating a wind turbine sensor placed on a component of a wind turbine and related methods are disclosed. The wind turbine includes a rotor having at least one wind turbine blade. The method comprises pitching one or more of the at least one of the wind turbine blades according to a predetermined pitch movement which induces a vibratory motion in the at least one turbine blade. A wind turbine sensor measures a vibratory response signal at least partly caused by the vibratory motion. A characteristic sensor response value is determined from the vibratory response signal. The characteristic sensor response value may be compared to a predetermined sensor calibration parameter to determine whether a difference is greater than a predefined tolerance parameter. In this manner, the wind turbine sensor may be calibrated.

Abstract: A force applicator assembly is disclosed to calibrate an in-situ force transducer (or load cell) in a force (load) applying test machine. The force applicator includes stationary member configured to be secured to fixed structure, a moving member, a load cell operably coupled to an end of the moving member, and a differential screw assembly connecting the moving member to the stationary member. A coupling assembly can be used to assure that only tension or compression loads are applied. The coupling assembly can be configured if desired such that no tension or compression loads can be applied. A method to calibrate an in-situ force transducer in a force applying test machine is also provided and uses a force generator and the coupling assembly.

Abstract: A moment calibrating apparatus (1) is provided with an elongated force transmitting member (6) for transmitting a force applied to the end portion thereof to a multi-component force gauge (5), a load applying mechanism (7) for applying a load without changing the direction of the force along a direction perpendicular to said end portion, and a calculation unit (8) for calculating a true moment free from the effect of a perpendicular load on the basis of the moment value around the axis in the direction orthogonal to the perpendicular direction, measured by the multi-component force gauge (5) under the condition that said perpendicular load along the direction perpendicular to said end portion is applied by the load applying mechanism (7), wherein a moment calibration of the multi-component force gauge (5) is performed using said true moment calculated by the calculation unit (8).

Abstract: A system and method for illuminating one or more sidestick controllers within a cockpit of an aircraft is described. In some embodiments, the system includes a sidestick controller having lighting components that display lighting behaviors representing the movement and/or control of an aircraft. In some embodiments, the system illuminates various different lighting components on a sidestick controller based on information received from aircraft control systems, cockpit lighting systems, and other systems associated with an aircraft.

Abstract: A method for manufacture of a pressure sensing mat comprising the steps of: (a) preparing two conductive layers, each conductive layer comprising an array of conducting strips mounted upon a substrate arranged in a parallel fashion, wherein the conducting strips of the first conductive layer are oriented perpendicularly in relation to the conducting strips of the second conductive layer; (b) for each conductive layer, connecting each of the conducting strips to a communication line; (c) sandwiching a compressible layer between the two conductive layers; and (d) performing a pressure reading standardization test to the mat.

Abstract: A sensor assembly may include a Wheatstone bridge with one or more sense elements, an amplifier coupled to the Wheatstone bridge for providing a sensor output signal, a resistor, and a switch for connecting the resistor between the sensor and an adjustable power source output to induce an offset in the sensor output signal. In some instances, a controller may perform an automatic shunt calibration procedure by activating the switch to connect the resistor between the sensor and the adjustable power source output to induce an offset in the sensor output signal. The controller may read the output value and compare the output value with a predetermined value. The controller may adjust the power source output to a value that moves the sensor output value toward the predetermined value. The controller may repeat the reading, comparing and adjusting step until the sensor output value is within a predetermined range of the predetermined value.

Abstract: Device for calibrating and balancing a measuring device of a tablet press, in particular a rotary tablet press, comprising at least one reference measuring device and at least one control device, wherein interfaces of the control device are connected with interfaces of the measuring device and the reference measuring device, wherein the control device is designed to generate a plurality of reference measurement results and to record the associated measurement values of the measuring device and the reference measuring device, wherein the control device further comprises a comparing device, with which the recorded measurement values of the measuring device and the reference measuring device can be compared with each other, and wherein the control device is designed to balance the measuring device if an impermissible deviation is present between the compared measurement values. The invention also relates to a corresponding method.

Abstract: A method is provided for compensating measuring errors for handling equipment with a drive carrier that includes a carrier part and driven drums for moving the steel cables arranged thereon and including a handling receptacle in which the handling receptacle is suitable for picking up loads and is connected to the carrier part by deflection pulleys via the support cables a id a controllable lever mechanism that is at least connected to at least two support cables and with at least two force sensors that capture the forces of at least two support cables and a monitoring device that monitors the forces of the at least two force sensors. An adjustment angle of the controllable lever mechanism is captured by sensors and a correction of the cable forces based on the captured adjustment angle is carried in the monitoring device.

Abstract: A built-in self-test structure for a pressure tester and a method thereof are provided. The built-in self-test structure includes a substrate, a plurality of membrane layers, a fixing portion, an electrical heating unit and a sensing circuit unit. The membrane layers are formed on the substrate. The fixing portion is configured on the membrane layers and includes a notch. The notch and the membrane layers define a cavity. The electrical heating unit is configured on one membrane layer, and the sensing circuit unit is configured on another membrane layer. The electrical heating unit heats up to increase the pressure in the cavity according to an input voltage, so that the membrane layers have a small deformation. The sensing circuit unit outputs a test signal according to the small deformation.

Abstract: A force sensor of the present invention corrects the output voltages of Hall elements without using a temperature sensor in response to changes in the characteristics of a magnet and the Hall elements.

Abstract: A detecting unit outputs an object signal corresponding to an inertial force. A first environment value is obtained at a first time point. A second environment value is obtained at a second time point. An environment difference value which is a difference between the first and second environment values is calculated. An environment change detection signal is output when an absolute value of the environment difference value is larger than a predetermined determination threshold. A first averaged signal is output by averaging a corrected signal in a predetermined period continuing to the first time point. A second averaging signal is output by averaging the corrected signal in a predetermined period continuing to the second time point. An offset difference value is stored when the environment change detection signal is output. The corrected signal is generated by adding the stored offset difference value to the object signal.

Abstract: A force sensor of the present invention corrects the output voltages of Hall elements without using a temperature sensor in response to changes in the characteristics of a magnet and the Hall elements.

Abstract: An automated testing system includes systems and methods to facilitate inline production testing of samples at a micro (multiple microns) or less scale with a mechanical testing instrument. In an example, the system includes a probe changing assembly for coupling and decoupling a probe of the instrument. The probe changing assembly includes a probe change unit configured to grasp one of a plurality of probes in a probe magazine and couple one of the probes with an instrument probe receptacle. An actuator is coupled with the probe change unit, and the actuator is configured to move and align the probe change unit with the probe magazine and the instrument probe receptacle. In another example, the automated testing system includes a multiple degree of freedom stage for aligning a sample testing location with the instrument. The stage includes a sample stage and a stage actuator assembly including translational and rotational actuators.

Abstract: A pressure sensor that is implantable within a living being that wirelessly provides pressure data within the living being to a wireless receiver. The pressure sensor includes an elastic membrane to which at least one capacitive actuator is coupled for applying a known force to the membrane to determine membrane characteristics. The pressure sensor includes a force transducer contacting the membrane for determining the pressure within the living being and which includes an internal calibrating force mechanism. This calibrating force mechanism permits force transducer displacement away from the membrane where a zero force transducer reading is taken and then applying a calibrating force and taking another reading. From these two points, a force transducer characteristic is derived and, along with membrane characteristics, an accurate pressure within the living being is obtained from the sensor. An alternative embodiment replaces the capacitive actuators with a known mass and an external vibratory source.

Abstract: A mounting system for samples and instruments for use with a measuring device such as a surface forces apparatus has a housing and a sample mount assembly positioned within the housing. The sample mount assembly has a pivot arm having a first edge and a flexing section. A spring has a first end coupled to the pivot arm. A first sample holder is coupled to the second end of the spring. A second sample holder is positioned in proximity to the first sample holder.

Abstract: A moment calibrating apparatus (1) is provided with an elongated force transmitting member (6) for transmitting a force applied to the end portion thereof to a multi-component force gauge (5), a load applying mechanism (7) for applying a load without changing the direction of the force along a direction perpendicular to said end portion, and a calculation unit (8) for calculating a true moment free from the effect of a perpendicular load on the basis of the moment value around the axis in the direction orthogonal to the perpendicular direction, measured by the multi-component force gauge (5) under the condition that said perpendicular load along the direction perpendicular to said end portion is applied by the load applying mechanism (7), wherein a moment calibration of the multi-component force gauge (5) is performed using said true moment calculated by the calculation unit (8).

Abstract: According to one aspect of the invention, a force measurement system includes a force measurement assembly, a motion base configured to displace the force measurement assembly, and an inertial compensation system configured to determine the inertial forces and/or moments resulting from the displacement of the force measurement assembly by the motion base. According to another aspect of the invention, a method for accurately determining the forces and/or moments applied to a surface of a force measurement device by a subject disposed thereon is disclosed, which includes the step of determining, by using an inertial compensation system, the inertial forces and/or moments resulting from the displacement of a force measurement assembly by a motion base. According to still another aspect of the invention, a force and/or motion measurement system having inertial compensation includes a motion acquisition system having a plurality of motion sensing devices configured to capture a subject's movement.

Abstract: A method that includes comparing a first brake pressure measured at a first transducer that is part of a braking system on a lead powered unit of a distributed power (DP) system to a second brake pressure measured at a second transducer that is part of a braking system on a remote powered unit of the DP system. The method also includes determining whether the second transducer is functioning within designated operational parameters when the DP system is operating in a DP mode based on comparing the first brake pressure to the second brake pressure.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to a system and method for improving the precision and applicability of microscale and nanoscale electromechanical systems. The system includes a device (such as an electrostatic sensor) for measuring parameters of a force associated with noise-induced background readings of a microscale or nanoscale electromechanical system, and a device (such as an electrostatic actuator) for applying a countering force to the electromechanical system.

Abstract: A method is provided for compensating measuring errors for handling equipment with a drive carrier that includes a carrier part and driven drums for moving the steel cables arranged thereon and including a handling receptacle in which the handling receptacle is suitable for picking up loads and is connected to the carrier part by deflection pulleys via the support cables and a controllable lever mechanism that is at least connected to at least two support cables and with at least two force sensors that capture the forces of at least two support cables and a monitoring device that monitors the forces of the at least two force sensors. An adjustment angle of the controllable lever mechanism is captured by sensors and a correction of the cable forces based on the captured adjustment angle is carried in the monitoring device.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for calibrating a force constant of a movable stage. In an exemplary method, in first and second preliminary pre-stepping motions of the stage, a baseline force and a calibration force, respectively, as exerted by the stage are measured. From a force-variation ratio of the baseline force and calibration force an inverse closed loop factor is estimated. In at least one subsequent pre-stepping motion of the stage before a respective use of the stage for holding an object, a residual force-variation ratio is estimated, a force-compensation factor is updated from the residual force-variation ratio, and a respective force-variation coefficient is determined from the force-compensation factor.

Abstract: A system and method for determining the compressive strength of pellets are presently disclosed. A system includes a moveable feed tray adapted to support a plurality of pellets to be tested, a platen below the moveable feed tray and opposite a ram capable of applying compressive force to a pellet, a drive motor engaging the moveable feed tray, and a compressive force monitoring system including a force sensor. A method includes providing a feed tray and positioning a ram at a first position above a platen, advancing the feed tray to position a pellet at a test position between the ram and the platen, detecting the non-arrival of the pellet at the test position, retracting the ram from the first position, advancing the feed tray and operating the ram to determine the compressive strength of the pellet. Also disclosed is a calibration method for a compression test system.

Abstract: A safety apparatus for catching a test fixture released from a shaft of a downhole tool during the uphole calibration and testing of the shaft force generation capability of the tool. The safety apparatus includes a hollow body having a distal end that will partially envelope the test fixture to catch the test fixture once the test fixture is released from the downhole tool. The safety apparatus further includes a proximal end portion that is releasably securable to the body of the tool. A method for testing and calibrating the tool is also provided.

Abstract: An operating device for testing torque wrenches is formed with a carrier for fixing a torque wrench to be tested. A transducer is coupled to the head portion of the torque wrench. A grip holder is provided for fixing the grip of the torque wrench and a deflecting mechanism is adapted for generating a torque to the head portion of the torque wrench to be tested. Further on a sliding mechanism is provided for sliding the grip in the grip holder without friction.

Abstract: Force, pressure, or stiffness measurement or calibration can be provided, such as by using a graphene or other sheet membrane, which can provide a specified number of monolayers suspended over a substantially circular well. In an example, the apparatus can include a substrate, including a substantially circular well. A deformable sheet membrane can be suspended over the well. The membrane can be configured to include a specified integer number of one or more monolayers. A storage medium can comprise accompanying information about the suspended membrane or the substrate that, with a deflection displacement response of the suspended membrane to an applied force or pressure, provides a measurement of the applied force or pressure.

Abstract: This improved method of calibrating wood testing machines includes improved test bars, shim and software to direct the operator through the steps of calibration, storing interim results and calculating new calibration factors based on values read when the test bars are placed in the wood testing machine. This method avoids a number of problems in previous methods and apparatus. It properly corrects for changes in deflection in the measurement apparatus and changes in straightness of the test bars. The result is a more stable and reliable calibration that is referenced to precise measurement of the EI product for the test bar.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and a method for checking and/or calibrating a passenger recognition device arranged in a vehicle seat, in the case of which device a child's seat can be pressed against a vehicle seat and in the case of which method a vehicle seat is loaded with a child's seat and a corresponding reaction from the passenger recognition device in the vehicle seat is evaluated.

Abstract: Apparatus for improving health of a user is provided, including a first sensor, adapted to measure a first physiological variable, which is indicative of a voluntary action of the user. A second sensor is adapted to measure a second physiological variable, which is substantially governed by an autonomic nervous system of the user. Circuitry is adapted to receive respective first and second sensor signals from the first and second sensors, and, responsive thereto, to generate an output signal which directs the user to modify a parameter of the voluntary action.

Abstract: A method is provided for checking a knocking device which is intended for cleaning the surface of a heat exchanger element arranged on the inside of a boiler housing of a garbage incineration plant and which has a knocking ram guided through the wall of the boiler housing and movable in the direction toward the inside of the boiler. The heat exchanger element is deflected out of its position of rest into a deflection position by means of the knocking ram, and the force required for deflecting the heat exchanger element and/or the attenuation behavior of the heat exchanger element released after deflection are/is determined.

Abstract: An apparatus for calibration of a fluid-operated power torque tool having a housing and a drive has a non-turnable torque measuring unit for measuring a torque generated by the tool, a non-turnable abutment unit, a first connecting element configured for connecting the drive of the tool with the torque measuring unit, for measuring a torque generated by the tool when a fluid pressure is applied to the tool, an adjustable braking unit configured for providing an adjustable braking force, a second connecting element configured for connecting the housing of the tool with the adjustable braking unit to apply the adjustable braking force to the housing so as to increase a turning resistance to turning of the housing of the tool, so that when the tool is operated the housing of the tool starts turning at a force determined by the braking unit while the drive of the tool apply an opposite and equal force to the measuring unit, so that when the braking force is increased a fluid pressure required for the tool increas

Abstract: Systems and methods for effectuating verification and certification of verifiable devices. Preferably, but not necessarily, such certification occurs or is communicated remotely. A verifiable device may be directly or indirectly connected to an appropriate regulatory agency through a communication mechanism. One or more tests may be performed on the verifiable device to verify that the device is functioning properly. The test results are directly or indirectly transmitted to the regulatory agency. If the tests were passed then the verifiable device may be approved for use. When self-certification or remote certification is provided for, the need for in-person verification and certification procedures by agency personnel may be eliminated.

Abstract: A system determines pedaling effort of a bicycle and includes a first detector to generate a first sensor signal responsive to passage of a force transmission chain across a first frame-fixed point located in proximity to the force transmission trajectory of the force transmission chain, a second detector for generating a second sensor signal responsive to passage of a force transmission chain across a second frame-fixed point located in proximity to the force transmission trajectory of the force transmission chain, and a controller configured to receive the first and second sensor signals and configured to determine a first pedaling parameter proportional to tension of the force transmission chain by using the first and second sensor signal. A corresponding method for determining pedaling effort of a bicycle, and a computer program distribution medium including instructions for executing a computer process in a digital processor are also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and a method for checking and/or calibrating a passenger recognition device arranged in a vehicle seat, in the case of which device a child's seat can be pressed against a vehicle seat and in the case of which method a vehicle seat is loaded with a child's seat and a corresponding reaction from the passenger recognition device in the vehicle seat is evaluated.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and a method for checking and/or calibrating a passenger recognition device arranged in a vehicle seat, in the case of which device a child's seat can be pressed against a vehicle seat and in the case of which method a vehicle seat is loaded with a child's seat and a corresponding reaction from the passenger recognition device in the vehicle seat is evaluated.

Abstract: A high frequency flexure-based dynamometer for measuring vibrations to use in determining cutting forces in a tool is disclosed. The dynamometer device may operate within a pre-selected high frequency range while measuring cutting forces less than about 1 N. The dynamometer may include two coupled flexures that interact to produce vibration modes at the edge of a selected bandwidth of interest. These modes may produce a frequency response function within the desired frequency band that has a magnified response and is substantially constant. The dynamometer may include a workpiece mounted to one of the two flexures and a one or more precision accelerometers mounted to the first or second flexures. Finite element analysis may be used to optimize the flexure design.

Abstract: A clamping mechanism having clamping jaws is provided for holding an object. The clamping mechanism comprises a solenoid pad connected to at least one of the clamping jaws which is operative to actuate movement of the clamping jaw, and a solenoid motor that is operative to attract the solenoid pad towards it when it is energized. Further, a voice coil motor is rigidly coupled to the solenoid pad to drive the solenoid pad in directions towards or away from the solenoid motor.

Abstract: System and method for mitigating errors in electrostatic force balanced instrument is provided. The system and method mitigate errors in measurement readings caused by charge buildup in force balanced instruments that employ charge pulses to generate an electrostatic force to null an inertial proof mass disposed between opposing electrodes. The system and method mitigate charge buildup by applying charge pulses to each opposing electrode of a sensing element for a given charge cycle time period in a normal polarity configuration followed by charge pulses to each opposing electrode of the sensing element for a second given charge cycle time period in a reverse polarity conjuration.

Abstract: A weighing scale includes a platform on which an object to be weighed is placed, a weight measurer for outputting weight data indicating an apparent weight value of the object to be weighed, and an acceleration sensor for measuring components of the gravitational acceleration exerted on the weighing scale. A memory stores compensation factors with sets of components of the gravitational acceleration, each of the first compensation factors being a ratio between the true weight value of a material and an apparent weight value of the material, which is assumed to be measured by the weight measurer when the planar surface is inclined at an angle. The weighing scale further includes a compensator that refers to the memory for obtaining an appropriate compensation factor corresponding to the components of the gravitational acceleration currently being measured by the acceleration sensor.

Abstract: A sensor calibration device and method of construction for a force variation machine includes a circular plate having a test measurement region defined thereon. The test measurement region has a circumferentially extending inner track and a circumferentially extending outer track, the outer track having a projection and a valley for sidewall bulge and valley simultion formed therein and the inner track having a first and a second step formed therein separating the inner track into outward and inward inner track portions. A circumferentially extending radial edge track is provided having a first and a second step formed therein separating the edge track into outward and inward edge track portions. The projection and valley on the outer track have a depth equivalent to tire sidewall bulge and valley limits, respectively. The first and second steps in the inner track have a depth equivalent to a tire lateral run-out limit.

Abstract: This invention is device and method for electronic measurements of the force and torque applied to a work piece. The measured values are visually displayed, audibly indicated, and/or transferred in electronic formats to other controlling devices. The values could be displayed in different physical measuring units, and as an average or peak. The device produces different output signals when the torque applied equals or exceeds predetermined values. This device and method provide an automatic, accurate, and easy calibration, which could be self-calibration or in-the-field calibration. It has protection from accidental activation of the switches, and provides a permanent record of the incidents in which the device was operated at conditions beyond its specifications. It provides a manual and/or automatic scale selection to improve the accuracy.

Abstract: A method and system for correcting for the inertial error of a transducer as a function of frequency or effective mass coupling.

Abstract: A method of simulating a dynamic force event comprises rotating a cam about an axis according to a rotational speed profile and biasing a follower against a surface of the cam as the cam rotates so that the follower moves on the surface and imparts a braking force against the surface. The method further measures the braking force on the rotating cam with a measurement device operatively connected to the cam, the braking force varying according to the friction between the cam surface and follower moving against one another. In another aspect of the invention, a method of calibrating a testing machine measures a braking force resisting movement of a first body over time to produce a simulated dynamic force response of the first body and compares it with a standard dynamic force response to calibrate the testing machine.