Abstract: A measuring apparatus and a method for determining the degree of bacterial contamination of process liquids uses at least one gas sensor for measuring the gas concentration of a gas producible by aerobic bacteria in the process liquid. An evaluating device is connected with the sensor for evaluating a sensor signal generated by the sensor and correlated with the degree of bacterial contamination. To determine the degree of bacterial contamination a funnel-shaped gas collecting bell is partly immersed in the process liquid so that a gas collection cavity for collection of the escaping gas is formed directly above the process liquid surface in the gas collecting bell. The gas escaping can be fed by a gas pump via a gas feed line to the sensor, conducted via the sensor and pumped back again to the gas collection cavity by way of a gas return line.

Abstract: A sampling device for taking samples from a gaseous beverage under pressure includes a connection for a beverage line, a pump having a pump chamber, a particle filter, a discharging opening for a beverage sample, an outlet for waste, a control device, and a line system connected to the pump chamber with adjustable valves. The sampling device is configured so a beverage sample with a volume smaller than the volume of the pump chamber is introduced from the connection into the pump chamber. The pump chamber is then separated from the connection and is expanded so gas exits from the beverage sample. The pump chamber is then connected to the outlet opening and compressed so gas which has passed out of the beverage sample is displaced. Then, the pump chamber is connected to the discharging opening via the particle filter and compressed so the beverage sample is displaced.

Abstract: A method for determining compressibility of a flowing fluid includes: using a pump, driving a volume flow of the fluid through a measuring tube of a vibronic densimeter at a first pressure maintained using a throttle; determining a first density measured value of the fluid at the first pressure; determining a first pressure measured value at the first pressure; driving a volume flow of the fluid through the densimeter at a second pressure; determining a second density measured value at the second pressure different from the first pressure; determining a second pressure measured value at the second pressure; determining compressibility of the fluid based on the first density measured value, the second density measured value, the first pressure measured value and the second pressure measured value assuming the composition of the fluid is unchanged between the registering of the first density measured value and the second density measured value.

Abstract: A method of evaluating a fluid from a subterranean formation drawn into a downhole tool positioned in a wellbore penetrating the subterranean formation is provided. This method involves drawing fluid from a formation into a flowline, measuring at least one property of the fluid in the flowline and detecting stabilization of the property or properties of the fluid in the flowline. An electrochemical sensor for measuring contents of a fluid or gas at high pressure and/or high temperature may be used.

Abstract: Microwave measuring arrangement for determining loading two-phase flow with gaseous carrier medium in tube of channel system (1) with small solid and/or liquid particles. Microwaves with frequencies between 0.95 and 1.05 times the frequency of waveguide fundamental wave, are coupled into an electrically conductive section of the tube/channel system (1), section being delimited by filed rods (4,4?) and acting as resonator, the shift in the resonant frequency of the resonator on account of loading of the medium with solid and/or liquid particles is determined. To suppress interference (reflected, diffracted and/or superimposed) in the tube/or channel system (1), two auxiliary field rods (6, 7 and 6?, 7?) assigned to each filed rod (4,4?) are provided, Auxiliary filed rods (6, 7 and 6?, 7) are arranged at an angle ? with respect to the field rod (4, 4?) of ?=+45°±10 and/or ?=?45°±10° and/or ?=+135°±10° and/or ?=?135°±.

Abstract: A dielectric waveguide (DWG) may be used to identify a composition of a material that is in contact with the DWG. A radio frequency (RF) signal is transmitted into a dielectric waveguide located in contact with the material. The RF signal is received after it passes through the DWG. An insertion loss of the DWG is determined. The presence of the material may be inferred when the insertion loss exceeds a threshold value. The composition of the material may be inferred based on a correlation with the insertion loss. Alternatively, a volume of the material may be inferred based on a correlation with the insertion loss.

Abstract: A method and device for distinguishing between a contacting of foam (2) or of liquid (1) in a liquid container (5) of a device (100) by employing a capacitively operating measuring device (M) having a sensor (3) which can be moved up and down in the liquid container (5), in which at least one output signal (sout(t)) is processed by the measuring device (M).

Abstract: A system for performing a flash separation of a reservoir fluid includes a sample chamber configured to hold the reservoir fluid and a flash apparatus in fluid communication with the sample chamber. The flash apparatus includes a microfluidic device configured to flash the reservoir fluid in fluid communication with the sample chamber, and a separation chamber configured to separate the flashed reservoir fluid into a liquid phase and a gaseous phase in fluid communication with the microfluidic device. The system further includes a gas receptacle configured to store the gaseous phase, A method for performing a flash separation of a reservoir fluid includes providing a reservoir fluid to a microfluidic device, urging the reservoir fluid through the microfluidic device such that the reservoir fluid is lashed within the microfluidic device, and separating a liquid phase and a gaseous phase from the flashed reservoir fluid.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a sampling and detection device for detecting volatile organic content in water, comprising a hollow sampler (3) and a gas detector (2) connected to the sampler (3). A side wall of a lower half of the sampler (3) is provided with more than one water inlet channel (1), and a lower end is provided with a gas bubbler (10). Said detection device ensures measurement accuracy and continuity while facilitating in-situ detection.

Abstract: A sensor system that measures at least one parameter of water includes an electronics subsystem and includes a sensor housing electrically and mechanically coupled to the electronics subsystem. The sensor housing encloses a chamber that receives water via at least one inlet and that releases water via at least one outlet. At least one sensor has at least one electrode exposed to water in the chamber. A flow generator causes water to flow through the chamber. A plurality of objects within the chamber move in response to the water flow and abrasively clean the at least one electrode. Preferably, the sensor system includes a chlorine sensor having at least two electrodes. The electronics subsystem applies a first differential voltage between the two electrodes during a measurement interval and then applies a second differential voltage between the two electrodes during an interval following the measurement interval.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a piezoelectric device is positioned adjacent to a debris fence. A resonant frequency detection circuit connects with the piezoelectric device. The resonant frequency of the piezoelectric device is responsive to debris adjacent to the debris fence.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a piezoelectric device is positioned adjacent to a debris fence. A resonant frequency detection circuit connects with the piezoelectric device. The resonant frequency of the piezoelectric device is responsive to debris adjacent to the debris fence.

Abstract: The present application discloses instruments, systems, and methods for measuring temperature. In one example, an instrument or heat sensor probe includes a housing that defines a chamber, which is configured for a fluid to circulate therein, and a body of material disposed over the housing. The body has a first side proximal to the housing and a second side distal from the housing. The probe further includes a heat sensor configured for sensing heat at a position spaced inwardly from the second side of the body.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus having: a pressure chamber and a gas-producing microorganism within the chamber. The pressure chamber is capable of maintaining a gas pressure of at least 0.5 psi above atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: Systems and methods for sensing bubbles during fluid infusion are disclosed. An infusion device comprises a pathway, a pump adjacent the pathway, one or more bubble sensors, and first and second modules. The pump alters the pathway to pump fluid through tubing received in the pathway. The bubble sensors are configured to detect bubbles in the fluid being pumped through the tubing. The first module is configured to generate a first alarm condition when the bubble sensors detect a bubble having a first volume above a first preselected threshold. The second module is configured to generate a second alarm condition when the bubble sensors detect a plurality of bubbles over a preselected period of time having a combined volume above a second preselected threshold. A third module may be also be used to record a total combined volume of bubbles detected by the bubble sensors during an infusion event.

Abstract: An in-oil gas concentration measuring system comprises: gas extracting which extracts an in-oil gas from an insulating oil sample; component detecting which detects gas components of the in-oil gas extracted by the gas extracting; extracted-gas concentration calculating which calculates, on the basis of data detected by the component detecting, extracted-gas concentrations of the gas components being detected; extracted-gas concentration storing which stores information on the extracted-gas concentrations calculated by the extracted-gas concentration calculating as a result of two or more extractions performed by the gas extracting, the information being stored in each of the extractions; and in-oil gas concentration calculating which calculates in-oil gas concentrations of the gas components on the basis of the extracted-gas concentrations thus stored in the extracted-gas concentration storing.

Abstract: A reliable, low cost device for determining when dangerous levels of hydrogen gas have been generated in a transformer is disclosed. The hydrogen indicator is defined by a module assembly that threads into either the headspace or into the oil-filled body of a transformer. The module has an open interior that contains a film that incorporates a hydrogen-sensitive chemochromic indicator. The indicator film is visible through a lens. When the film has been exposed to hydrogen, chemical changes in the chemochromic indicator cause the film to change color—the color change is immediately visible through the lens.

Abstract: A fluid sensor for sensing at least one characteristic of a fluid. The fluid sensor includes a sensing area, a sensing element and a mesh. The sensing element is configured to sense a characteristic of fluid located within the sensing area. The mesh is positioned around the sensing area. The mesh is configured to allow a liquid portion of the fluid to enter and exit the sensing area, and substantially prohibit a gas portion of the fluid to enter the channel.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for characterizing kerosene fractions in order to determine whether the fractions will satisfy a desired thermal breakpoint specification. Additionally, hydrotreating conditions can be determined that will result in a hydrotreated kerosene fraction that satisfies the desired thermal breakpoint specification. The hydrotreating conditions can be determined based on a model constructed from data corresponding to a plurality of reference samples. The model can include data for compositional groups within the reference samples. The data for compositional groups can be derived from Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry data or from another suitable characterization technique.

Abstract: A method for accurately diagnosing an internal fault of an oil-immersed transformer by analyzing content ratios of dissolved gases generated when the internal fault occurs in the oil-immersed transformer is provided. The method diagnoses the internal fault by analyzing the dissolved gases contained in the insulating oil of the oil-immersed transformer for internal fault diagnosis, wherein the method comprises: a first step of extracting H2, CH4, C2H4, and C2H2 from the dissolved gases; a second step of calculating a content ratio (%) of each dissolved gas from the total content of the four dissolved gases selected from the extracted five dissolved gases; and a third step of determining the internal fault of the oil-immersed transformer for diagnosis corresponding to an internal fault region according to content ratio (%) values of the calculated four dissolved gases and predetermined content ratios (%) of the four dissolved gases.

Abstract: A quencher for a flow cell battery is described. The quencher utilizes a quench solution formed from FeCl2 in a dilute HCl solution in order to quench chlorine emissions from the flow cell battery. A quench sensor is further described. The quench sensor monitors the concentration level of FeCl2 in the quench solution and may also monitor the level of the quench solution in the quencher.

Abstract: Beverage diagnostic and preservation devices and methods are described. In several exemplary embodiments, one or more of the devices are used to detect the freshness of, and/or preserve, wine in a container. The devices can receive inputs from one or more sensors when determining the freshness of wine in a container.

Abstract: An apparatus for monitoring aeration in a fluid of a hydraulic circuit is provided. The apparatus includes at least two measuring units configured to connect at a first location, and a second location of the hydraulic circuit. The measuring units are configured to measure pressure, temperature, and density of the fluid at the respective locations. The apparatus further includes a computing unit configured to output aeration values of the fluid at the first and the second location based on the measured pressure, temperature, and density by the two measuring units. The apparatus further includes a correlation unit configured to correlate aeration levels at the first and second locations based on the measured aeration values.

Abstract: The invention particularly relates to a facility for characterizing liquid-dissolved gas. In its most complete embodiment, this facility comprises a liquid collecting capsule (1) and a circuit of fluid with two branches (2, 3) including a plurality of valves (41-47), the first branch (2) making it possible to retain the liquid, and the second branch (3) making it possible to extract vacuum gases and including in particular a sealed joint section (31), a pumping facility (32), a variable volume enclosure (33), and pressure and temperature measurement means (34-37).

Abstract: An air bubble sensor has a holder at which at least one ultrasonic sensor is arranged to detect air bubbles and/or gas bubbles in a flowing liquid, wherein a flow passage which has connection pieces is integrated into the holder.

Abstract: The invention provides a sensor assembly for determining the concentration of hydrogen in an insulating fluid in electric power generation, transmission, and distribution equipment. The assembly includes a housing having an opening therein communicating with the fluid, a hydrogen sensor disposed in the housing and responsive to the concentration of hydrogen in the fluid and generating a signal related to the concentration of hydrogen, and a pressure sensor disposed in the housing responsive to the fluid and generating a second signal indicative of the pressure of the fluid in the equipment. The assembly further includes a signal processor disposed in the housing and connected to the hydrogen sensor and the pressure sensor and responsive to the first and second signals for generating a third signal representing the concentration of hydrogen in the fluid.

Abstract: A device for measuring the concentration of a gas dissolved in an electrical insulation oil comprises a measuring member (2), internally defining a measuring chamber (3) and a conduit (4) to access the measuring chamber (3), a membrane (6) permeable to gases, inserted inside the conduit (4) for insulating the measuring chamber (3) against the oil and allowing gas to pass from the oil to the measuring chamber (3), a sensor (20) located in the measuring chamber (3) for measuring the concentration of gas in the measuring chamber (3), and a reinforcing grid (8) positioned in the conduit (4) for preventing deformation of the membrane (6), where the grid (8) is located at a position adjacent to the membrane (6) on the side opposite to the measuring chamber (3), and has at least one through section (9, 10) for allowing the oil to exert pressure directly on the membrane (6).

Abstract: A liquid gas vaporization and measurement system, and associated method, for efficiently vaporizing a continuous sample of liquid gas, such as liquid natural gas (LNG), and accurately determining the constituent components of the gas. A constant flow of liquid gas sampled from a mass storage device is maintained in a vaporizing device. Within the vaporizing device the liquid gas is flash vaporized within heated narrow tubing. The liquid gas is converted to vapor very quickly as it enters one or more independently operating vaporizer stages within the vaporizing device. The vapor gas is provided to a measuring instrument such as a chromatograph and the individual constituent components and the BTU value of the gas are determined to an accuracy of within +/?0.5 mole percent and 1 BTU, respectively.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for determining at least one evaluation parameter of a blood sample, comprising the following steps: providing (S4) at least one blood gas parameter; providing (S5) at least one hemostasis parameter; and determining (S6 . . . S10?) the at least one evaluation parameter as a function of the blood gas parameter and/or the hemostasis parameter.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally a method and apparatus for measuring multiple parameters in-situ in a sample collected from an environmental system via a single device. In one embodiment, the method includes collecting the sample from said environmental system via the single device, measuring a first parameter of the sample in-situ via the single device, adding a reagent tot the sample within the single device to create a reagent infused sample and measuring a second parameter of the sample in-situ via the single device using the reagent infused sample.

Abstract: A dissolved nitrogen concentration monitoring method is used for monitoring a dissolved nitrogen concentration of a cleaning liquid when an ultrasonic wave is irradiated onto the cleaning liquid in which a substrate is dipped. The method includes measuring an amount of increase of a dissolved oxygen concentration of the cleaning liquid resulting from an oxygen molecule generated from a water molecule as a result of a radical reaction caused by ultrasonic wave irradiation. A dissolved nitrogen concentration of the cleaning liquid is calculated from the measured amount of increase of dissolved oxygen concentration based on a predetermined relationship between a dissolved nitrogen concentration and an amount of increase of dissolved oxygen concentration.

Abstract: A method and system for measuring or assessing the homeostatic relationship between gases in the body, environment or water. The measured or assessed level of gases in the body, environment or air uses the interrelationships of the various components in order to establish guidelines for treating individuals, the environment or water.

Abstract: A device for detecting volatile substances has a containment box with at least one inlet opening for introduction of gas flow, one or more outlet openings of the gas flow, at least one analysis opening, one or more detection sensors arranged in the containment box, and at least one probe insertable in the containment box through at least one analysis opening. When the probe is initially treated by a sample of a substance to be examined and is inserted in the containment box, the gas flow uniformly carries the volatile substances from the sample to one or more sensors. A detection apparatus and a detection method for volatile substances are also described.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for quantitatively analyzing gases as a monitor for on-load tap changers. The general inventive concept lies in selecting particular characteristic gases allowing an indirect subsequent association and a dimension for aging effects, excessive discharge, and/or heating of the on-load tap changer; measuring said characteristic gases, formed during the operation of the tap changer in the insulating oil thereof, at particular time intervals; forming indicative quotients from the measured values of the defined gases, said quotients allowing direct conclusions about aging effects, excessive discharge, and/or heating; displaying trends from a comparison of the currently derived value of each quotient to the most recently derived value for the same quotient; and inferring warnings for aging effects, excessive discharge, and/or heating if the corresponding quotients tend to change significantly over time or in the course of the switch changes made.

Abstract: A technique related to a fermentation process; where a signal processor receives a signal containing information about an amount of entrained air in a mixture forming part of a fermentation process in a tank; and determines a level of foam in the tank based at least partly on the amount of entrained air in the mixture. The signal processor may also provide a control signal for controlling an amount of defoamer (or antiforming agent) added to the mixture in the tank so as to control the production of foam within the tank by controlling the amount of defoamer added to the mixture in the tank.

Abstract: A sampling device allows samples to be taken from a fluid that is pressurized and/or contains volatile components. The sampling device has a sampling housing (121, 521), an inlet (10, 110, 510), an outlet (11, 111, 511), a measuring cell (17, 317, 517) and a valve unit (118, 534). The valve unit has a valve which, in a first position, connects the inlet to the outlet by way of the measuring cell. In a second position, the valve connects the inlet directly to the outlet, while also disconnecting the measuring cell from both the inlet and the outlet. The valve unit also has at least one adjustable flow restrictor, through which the flow of the fluid through the sampling device is regulated.

Abstract: There are provided a method for analyzing an aqueous ammonium carbamate solution whereby the composition of an unreacted-gas absorber outlet liquid can be specified in real time, and a method for operating an unreacted gas absorber by use of the same.

Abstract: A method for analyzing gas dissolved within a fluid filled asset includes extracting the fluid from the fluid filled asset, circulating the fluid though a first fluid loop, and passing the extracted fluid along a first side of a gas permeable membrane. Gas is extracted from a second side of the gas permeable membrane and the extracted gas is circulated through a second fluid loop. The first fluid loop and the second fluid loop are separated by the gas permeable membrane. The method further includes controlling a pressure differential across the gas permeable membrane to a predetermined pressure differential and providing the extracted gas to a gas analysis unit located within the second fluid loop. The chemical makeup of the extracted gas is periodically determined using the gas analysis unit.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for down hole gas separation from the multiphase fluid flowing in a wellbore or a pipe, for determining the quantities of the individual components of the liquid and the flow rate of the liquid, and for remixing the component parts of the fluid after which the gas volume may be measured, without affecting the flow stream, are described. Acoustic radiation force is employed to separate gas from the liquid, thereby permitting measurements to be separately made for these two components; the liquid (oil/water) composition is determined from ultrasonic resonances; and the gas volume is determined from capacitance measurements. Since the fluid flows around and through the component parts of the apparatus, there is little pressure difference, and no protection is required from high pressure differentials.

Abstract: A method and system for measuring or assessing the homeostatic relationship between gases in the body, environment or water. The measured or assessed level of gases in the body, environment or air uses the interrelationships of the various components in order to establish guidelines for treating individuals, the environment or water.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an adsorbed gas content measuring instrument and its testing method. The instrument comprises sealed cylinders, gas collecting graduated canisters and a test box, wherein the sealed cylinders are provided with valves, the gas collecting graduated canisters are equipped with drain hole adjustment valves and vent hole switching valves fit for the valve ports, and there is a heating element and a temperature controller in the test box. The method is mainly as follows: put gas-contained samples and saturated brine into the sealed cylinder, seal the cylinder, feed water in the test box and heat the box, place the sealed cylinder into the water bath of the test box, introduce saturated brine into the gas collecting graduated canister, connect the canister and cylinder, open the drain hole of the gas collecting graduated canister, record the liquid level of the graduated canister and cut off the connection after the test.

Abstract: A quencher for a flow cell battery is described. The quencher utilizes a quench solution formed from FeCl2 in a dilute HCl solution in order to quench chlorine emissions from the flow cell battery. A quench sensor is further described. The quench sensor monitors the concentration level of FeCl2 in the quench solution and may also monitor the level of the quench solution in the quencher.

Abstract: The invention is directed towards methods and apparatus for accurately detecting the presence and concentration of an oxidant in a turbid water sample. This method is very helpful in allowing accurate and efficient (not too much nor too little) amounts of microbe killing oxidants to be introduced to water supplies that require oxidants but which at present cannot be measured properly. The method comprises the steps of: passing the water through at least one filter array, passing the filtered water to an analyzer, and then returning from the analyzer a measurement of the concentration. The filter array comprises at least one filter constructed and arranged to remove turbidity inducing material but not oxidant from the water sample. The analyzer can be a commonly commercially available analyzer that currently cannot accurately measure the oxidant concentration if the water had not been so filtered.

Abstract: Liquid, say, an oleaginous liquid or an ink, for example, an engine oil, can be tested for aeration, entrainment and/or dissolution of a gas and/or foaming. The liquid can be tested through generation of a foam, for example, through aeration with employment of a vacuum, which can be carried out at a controlled, elevated temperature, for example, about 150° C., and the foam measured as to volume generated; and/or by testing for an entrained/dissolved gas directly, say, by drawing off the entrained/dissolved gas with a high vacuum, which can be done following aeration, for example, at a moderate temperature, for example, about 30° C. The gas can be air. Apparatus for use in such testing can include an outer, selectively sealable tube, which can be transparent, and which can serve as a vessel to contain a sample of a liquid as aforesaid to be tested; and, within the outer tube, a smaller generally vertical, inner tube also extending upward from and optionally out of the sealed outer tube.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for monitoring fluid in a fluid line are disclosed. The apparatus includes a first capacitor and a processor in communication with the first capacitor. The first capacitor is configured to sense the capacitance of the fluid line at the first capacitor. The processor is configured to compare the sensed capacitance at the first capacitor with a reference capacitance to determine the composition of the fluid in the fluid line at the first capacitor. In some embodiments, the apparatus also includes a second capacitor. The second capacitor is configured to sense the capacitance of the fluid line at the second capacitor. The processor is configured to compare the sensed capacitance at the second capacitor with a reference capacitance to determine the composition of the fluid in the fluid line at the second capacitor.

Abstract: A system includes a signal source that provides a first signal for measuring a gas content of a liquid sample. The system also includes an analyzer that determines the gas content of the liquid sample using a measurement of a second signal, where the second signal is based on the first signal. The system further includes an apparatus with a walled structure having a cavity. The apparatus also includes a piston that pulls the liquid sample into the cavity and pushes the liquid sample out of the cavity. The apparatus further includes at least one measurement window having at least one inner surface exposed within the cavity. The at least one measurement window receives the first signal from the signal source and provides the second signal to the analyzer. The piston could also clean the at least one inner surface, and the piston can include a reference material for calibrating the analyzer.

Abstract: Said method for predetermining at least one conversion parameter uses at least one transfer between a liquid phase and a gas phase, wherein: a gas phase is injected into a liquid phase so as to form a heterogeneous flow including a series of bubbles, formed from the gas phase, within the liquid phase; said heterogeneous flow is caused to occur within a flow member so as to carry out at least one transfer between the liquid and gas phases; the decrease in the volume of the bubbles is observed along said flow member; and said at least one parameter is derived therefrom.

Abstract: The present invention relates to water treatment control (1, 100) of water (3) to be treated containing a chlorine disinfectant (5) stabilized by a chlorine stabilizer (6). A concentration of said chlorine disinfectant (5) contained in said water (3) will be measured (110) once before irradiating (120) said water (3) with an UV irradiation (initial chlorine concentration). After irradiating (120) said water (3) with said UV irradiation said concentration of said chlorine disinfectant 5 contained in said water 3 will be measured (130) twice (remaining chlorine concentration). A concentration of said chlorine stabilizer 6 added to said water will be determined (140) using said initial chlorine concentration and said remaining chlorine concentration for said water treatment control (1, 100).

Abstract: A method can be performed by adjusting a temperature of a gas sensor to a first temperature value for a first period of time and a second temperature value for a second period of time. The gas sensor signal may be measured during the first period of time to determine a first signal value and during the second period of time to determine a second value. Then, concentration information for at least one gas is calculated according to the first signal value and the second signal value. While the gas sensor signal may include information about a presence of a first gas and a second gas, the concentration information for the at least one gas may not substantially include concentration information for the second gas.

Abstract: A dispenser using a stopcock valve has a first and second chamber. The first chamber has a flow material and is pressurized with air. The first chamber is connected to a stopcock valve that holds a second chamber which has a pressure sensor when the stopcock valve is rotated to the proper orientation. The stopcock valve is then rotated to a dispensing position where the flow material is dispensed under pressure to an outlet. By using the air pressure sensor and by taking into consideration the volume of the second chamber, the amount of flow of material can be dosed out consistently.