Abstract: An arrangement with a first electrode (101), a second electrode (103), at least one measuring device (107) and at least one voltage source (109). The voltage source (109) is designed to apply a first electric voltage to the first electrode (101) and the measuring device (107) is designed to measure a second electric voltage at the second electrode (103). At least part of the first electrode (101) and at least part of the second electrode (103) are immersed in a flowing liquid.

Abstract: Apparatus (1) for generating acknowledged flow (Q), comprising a first passage (2) with ends (3,4) for acknowledged flow (Q) inlet and outlet, a discharge electrode (5) for generating airborne unipolar ions (8) positioned inside the first passage (2), a counter electrode (6) adapted to attract said airborne ions (8), thereby being adapted to cause a net flow (7) of airborne ions (8) and thereby generating an airflow (Q) in the direction of the net flow of airborne ions (8), sensing element (12, 13), the output of which is a function of the concentration of the airborne electric charge (8, 11), means (17) for switching or modulating a parameter which affects the output of the sensing element (12,13) and means for determining the volumetric flow (Q) on the basis of the time response which switching or modulation creates to the sensing element (12,13) output. 11. Use of apparatus (1) as described in the previous claims for determining ultrafine particle concentration. Process for generating acknowledged flow.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device for determining a mass flow rate of a fluid in a conduit, for instance a milk flow through a tube. The device includes a measuring member for determining an electrical conductivity of the fluid; an additional measuring member for determining the electrical conductivity of the fluid at an additional position; and a processing unit for determining the mass flow rate of the fluid in the conduit on the basis of the determinations, wherein the specific resistance can be determined per cross-sectional area in the flow.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for analysis of an analyte is disclosed. An energy gradient, which may be Trichel pulses, is established in the presence of the analyte so that atoms and molecules of the analyte are excited or otherwise stimulated to emit photonic radiation. The photonic radiation is received, and analyzed to obtain qualitative and quantitative information about the analyte.

Abstract: A gas meter comprises a conduit for passage of a gas flow and an ionizer to ionize the gas flow. A modulating electrode structure downstream of the ionizer modulates the ion distribution in the ionized gas flow. A first and a second electrode structure downstream of the modulating electrode structure detect the ion distribution in the ionized gas flow. The modulating electrode structure and the detecting electrode structure can generate an electrical field parallel to the direction of the gas flow. The modulating electrode structure and the detecting electrode structures can each have apertures defined therein for passage of the gas flow. The modulating electrode structure can capture ions of one polarity to generate an ionized gas flow comprising a majority of ions of the opposite polarity. Movement of the ionized gas flow generates a current indicative of the ion distribution between the electrode and the charge source.

Abstract: A gas meter gas a conduit for passage of a gas flow; an ioniser arranged to ionise the gas flow in the conduit; a modulating electrode structure arranged for modulating the ion distribution in the ionised gas flow; and at least a detecting electrode structure downstream of the modulating electrode structure arranged for detecting the modulated ion distribution in the ionised gas flow. The modulating electrode structure is arranged downstream of the ioniser and is configured to generate an electrical field which is substantial in a parallel to the direction of the gas flow.

Abstract: A micro-fabricated double condenser method and apparatus for the measurement of number-size distribution of airborne nanoparticles is provided. The invention is an instrument which can measure particle size under 100 nanometers in-situ. The present invention includes features such as a small nanoparticle airborne particulate analyzer, with a voltage-stable and feedback-controlled instrument package. The invention features also include a micro-fabricated nanoparticle charging and sorting device (NCaS). The present invention provides a portable, lightweight, and efficacious particle-sizing instrument that is able to effectively count and size nanoparticles over a wide range of operating conditions.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the velocity of a fluid flow provides electrical charge carriers that are emitted into the fluid flow from an emitter electrode, and wherein an electrical signal caused by this is measured at a sensor electrode. The projection of the envelope of the cross-sectional area of that part of the sensor electrode which projects into the fluid flow into the cross-sectional plane of the fluid flow is small in comparison with the cross-sectional area of the fluid flow at this point, if present at all. The measured current of the sensor electrode is used to serve as a characterizing feature of the velocity of the fluid flow in accordance with a defined allocation function. The measurement method has virtually no delay and can be used in a high temperature and velocity range.

Abstract: A gas meter comprises a conduit (1) for passage of a gas flow A and an ioniser (2) arranged to ionise the gas flow in the conduit (1). A modulating electrode structure (4) downstream of the ioniser modulates the ion distribution in the ionised gas flow. A first detecting electrode structure (8) and a second electrode structure (9) downstream of the modulating electrode structure 4 detect the modulated ion distribution in the ionised gas flow. The modulating electrode structure (4) and the detecting electrode structures (8, 9) can be configured to generate an electrical field having at least a substantial component parallel to the direction of the gas flow. The modulating electrode structure (4) and the detecting electrode structures (8, 9) can comprise a pair of electrodes (5, 6, 10, 11), each having a plurality of apertures defined therein for passage of the gas flow.

Abstract: An air flow meter includes a tube having an exterior surface and an interior surface, which defines an interior space. A collector is disposed within the interior space of the tube and a plurality of transmission pins protrude from the interior surface of the tube. The plurality of transmission pins are configured to create ions when a voltage from a high voltage power supply is applied to the plurality of transmission pins. The collector is configured to collect the ions created by the plurality of transmission pins and output a collector signal.

Abstract: A method, system, and apparatus for conducting real-time monitoring of flow (airflow for example) in a system (a hybrid power generation system for example) is disclosed. The method, system and apparatus measure at least flow direction and velocity with minimal pressure drop and fast response. The apparatus comprises an ion source and a multi-directional collection device proximate the ion source. The ion source is configured to generate charged species (electrons and ions for example). The multi-directional collection source is configured to determine the direction and velocity of the flow in real-time.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the velocity of a fluid flow provides electrical charge carriers that are emitted into the fluid flow from an emitter electrode, and wherein an electrical signal caused by this is measured at a sensor electrode. The projection of the envelope of the cross-sectional area of that part of the sensor electrode which projects into the fluid flow into the cross-sectional plane of the fluid flow is small in comparison with the cross-sectional area of the fluid flow at this point, if present at all. The measured current of the sensor electrode is used to serve as a characterizing feature of the velocity of the fluid flow in accordance with a defined allocation function. The measurement method has virtually no delay and can be used in a high temperature and velocity range.

Abstract: Actuation for control of surfaces is provided through use of a conducting material comprising electrolyte particles electrically charged with electromagnetic fields in boundary layers. Interactions of the electrically charged particles with electromagnetic fields in boundary layers are coordinated for generation of control forces for various applications.

Abstract: An air flow meter includes a tube having an exterior surface and an interior surface, which defines an interior space. A collector is disposed within the interior space of the tube and a plurality of transmission pins protrude from the interior surface of the tube. The plurality of transmission pins are configured to create ions when a voltage from a high voltage power supply is applied to the plurality of transmission pins. The collector is configured to collect the ions created by the plurality of transmission pins and output a collector signal.