Abstract: A method for mitigating the buildup of direct reduced iron (DRI) clusters on the walls of a direct reduction (DR) furnace, including: injecting one or more of lime, dolomite, and another anti-sticking agent into a charge disposed within a reduction zone of the DR furnace by: (1) injecting the one or more of lime, dolomite, and another anti-sticking agent into a bustle gas stream upstream of or in a bustle of the DR furnace; (2) injecting the one or more of lime, dolomite, and another anti-sticking agent into the bustle gas stream through a pipe collocated with a bustle gas port through which the bustle gas stream is introduced into the DR furnace; and (3) injecting the one or more of lime, dolomite, and another anti-sticking agent directly into the reduction zone of the DR furnace separate from the bustle gas stream.

Abstract: A direct reduction process for a metalliferous material includes supplying the metalliferous material, a solid carbonaceous material, an oxygen-containing gas, and a fluidizing gas into a fluidized bed in a vessel and maintaining the fluidized bed in the vessel, at least partially reducing metalliferous material in the vessel, and discharging a product stream that includes the partially reduced metalliferous material from the vessel. The process comprises (a) reducing the metalliferous material in a solid state in a metal-rich zone in the vessel; (b) injecting the oxygen-containing gas into a carbon-rich zone in the vessel with a downward flow in a range of ±40° to the vertical and generating heat by reactions between oxygen and the metalliferous material (including metallized material), the solid carbonaceous material and other oxidizable solids and gases in the fluidized bed, and (c) transferring heat from the carbon-rich zone to the metal-rich zone by movement of solids within the vessel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and a plant for producing low 15 temperature coke, in which granular coal and possibly further solids are heated to a temperature of 700 to 1050° C. in a fluidized-bed reactor (2) by means of an oxygen-containing gas. To improve the utilization of energy it is proposed to introduce a first gas or gas mixture from below through at least one gas supply tube (3) into a mixing chamber region (8) of the reactor (2), the gas supply tube (3) being at least partly surrounded by a stationary annular fluidized bed (6) which is fluidized by supplying fluidizing gas. The gas velocities of the first gas or gas mixture and of the fluidizing gas for the annular fluidized bed (6) are adjusted such that the Particle-Froude-Numbers in the gas supply tube (3) are between 1 and 100, in the annular fluidized bed (6) between 0.02 and 2 and in the 25 mixing chamber (8) between 0.3 and 30.

Abstract: A direct reduction process for a solid metalliferous material having a particle size distribution that at least in part contains micron sized particles includes supplying the metalliferous material, a solid carbonaceous material, an oxygen-containing gas, and a fluidizing gas into a fluidized bed in a vessel and maintaining the fluidized bed in the vessel, at least partially reducing metalliferous material in the vessel, and discharging a product stream that comprises the partially reduced metalliferous material from the vessel. The process includes (a) establishing and maintaining a carbon-rich zone within the fluidized bed; (b) passing metalliferous material, including metallized material (which term includes partially metallized material), through the carbon-rich zone; and (c) injecting the oxygen-containing gas into the carbon-rich zone and oxidizing metallized material, solid carbonaceous material and other oxidizable solids and gases and causing controlled agglomeration of particles.

Abstract: Magnetostrictive material based on cobalt ferrite is described. The cobalt ferrite is substituted with transition metals (such manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) or mixtures thereof) by substituting the transition metals for iron or cobalt to form substituted cobalt ferrite that provides mechanical properties that make the substituted cobalt ferrite material effective for use as sensors and actuators. The substitution of transition metals lowers the Curie temperature of the material (as compared to cobalt ferrite) while maintaining a suitable magnetostriction for stress sensing applications.

Abstract: The present invention relates to method, which helps to reduce and remove the build-up forming on the grate of a fluidized-bed furnace in the roasting of fine-grained material such as concentrate. The concentrate is fed into the roaster from the wall of the furnace, and oxygen-containing gas is fed via gas nozzles under the grate in the bottom of the furnace in order to fluidize the concentrate and oxidize it during fluidization. Below the concentrate feed point, or feed grate, the oxygen content of the gas to be fed is raised compared with the oxygen content of the gas fed elsewhere.

Abstract: The invention relates to the reduction of fine ores, whereby in a multi-stage gas suspension preheater the fine ores are preheated, calcined and then reduced in at least one lowest heat exchanger stage with the addition of a reducing agent in a delivered hot gas stream. The principal part of the reducing heat treatment of the fine ores is carried out in a reactor loop constructed in the lowest heat exchanger stage of the gas suspension preheater. The reactor loop has an uptake conduit section and a curved section adjoining the uptake conduit section and with which the reactor loop opens into at least one precipitating cyclone which is disposed downstream and for this purpose a hot reducing gas is introduced into the rising hot gas stream.

Abstract: An end product containing iron carbide (Fe3C) is produced from an intermediate product consisting of granular, directly reduced iron. Said intermediate product is supplied by an iron ore reduction plant and is fed to a carburization reactor. Liquid hydrocarbons are conveyed to the carburization reactor at temperatures of 500 to 900° C., at least part of the granular, directly reduced iron being subjected to a swirling movement. The end product removed from the carburization reactor consists of 5 to 90 wt. % Fe3C. A fluidization gas containing methane and hydrogen can be added to the carburization reactor in addition to the hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the heat treatment of fine-grained iron ore and for the conversion of the heat-treated iron ore to metallic iron, whereina) the fine iron ore is reacted with at least one binder to produce particles having a particle size of >0.1 to 5 mm,b) the particles according to process stage (a) are dried,c) the particles dried according to process stage (b) are heat-treated at a temperature of 700.degree. to 1100.degree. C., andd) the heat-treated particles are reacted to form metallic iron.

Abstract: A method for abating the incidence of cluster formation of reducible iron-containing material during the direct reduction of said material is disclosed. The method generally comprises contacting the reducible iron-containing material with a cluster-abating effective amount of either a dispersion which comprises at least one particulate material which is substantially nonhardening in the presence of water and at least one fluxing agent or a dispersion which comprises an aluminum-containing clay.

Abstract: A method of reducing material containing metal oxide in a circulating fluidized bed, in which coal in excess and air is introduced into the fluidization chamber so as to maintain a temperature of >850.degree. C. in the chamber. Bed material which has been separated from the flue gases is conveyed through a carbidization chamber in a recirculation system at a temperature of <850.degree. C. to the lower part of the fluidization chamber. Conditions favorable for formation of carbide are maintained in the carbidization chamber.

Abstract: A method for abating the incidence of cluster formation of reducible iron-containing material during the direct reduction of said material is disclosed. The method generally comprises contacting the reducible iron-containing material with a cluster-abating effective amount of a dispersion of a particulate material.