Abstract: A heat exchanger enables an efficient and uniform cooling and/or heating of liquids, in particular of blood. The heat exchanger includes an elongated, substantially cylindrical, housing, a plurality of capillaries, which are fastened inside the housing by means of partitions so that they are substantially parallel with the longitudinal axis of the housing and mutually placed in defined distances from, while the housing contains an inlet and an outlet of the cooling/heating liquid and a finishing element at each end. The element contains an input, or output of the cooled/heated liquid and includes inside the housing at least one laminarizer in the form of a partition with a plurality of openings, always one opening for each capillary, the diameter of the opening being bigger than the outer diameter of the capillary, and laminarizer is placed so that capillaries go through the center of the opening in the laminarizer.

Abstract: An improved two phase basic steel refining process for phosphoric pig iron is described which comprises forming a steel having a phosphorus content of not greater than 0.

Abstract: This invention uses a dual basicity (DB) flux during the refining of steel which comprises the use of one or more flux components with high basicity/activity, for example sodium carbonate and/or barium oxide, with one or more normal fluxes having a lower basicity/activity such as calcium or magnesium oxides or dolomite. It has been found that it is only necessary to use a small percentage of the said high basicity fluxes in the total flux, for example 10%. The use of the said DB type of flux is particularly apt when the total amount of flux used is reduced to give a slag with a low Vee Ratio (CaO:SiO.sub.2), of the order of 1.0 to 2.0, and when magnesia is present in the slag formed preferably derived from an added lower basicity (MgO) flux component or partly from the furnace refractory lining.