Abstract: An electric dust collecting device is provided. The electric dust collecting device according to an embodiment includes a mixing part into which outside air flows, an electrostatic sprayer configured to spray droplets charged to the mixing part to be combined with contaminants contained in outside air, a dust collecting part configured to form an electric field and adsorb droplets combined with contaminants, and a draining part combined with the dust collection part to discharge the droplets adsorbed in the dust collecting part.

Abstract: An air purifier and conditioner (and concomitant method of simultaneously purifying and conditioning air) comprising a housing receiving source air and an aqueous solution, a drop charger receiving the source air and providing a spray of electrically charged drops of the aqueous solution to produce treated air, a mist eliminator eliminating liquid in the treated air and producing conditioned air, a heat exchanger receiving the conditioned air and producing supply air, and a fan moving the supply air to a facility employing the supply air.

Abstract: Disclosed is an air cleaning device for air conditioners. The air cleaning device includes a charging unit, and a dust collector including ground bodies and high voltage applied bodies forming a potential difference with the ground bodies, and disposed after the charging unit in an air flow direction, the charging unit includes a charging unit body and carbon fiber electrodes installed on the charging unit body, and a hydrophilic layer is formed on the outer surface of at least one of the ground bodies and the high voltage applied bodies. The air cleaning device may minimize an amount of generated ozone and an amount of generated ions, as compared to a case having a charging unit in which electrical discharge wires and opposite electrodes are alternately disposed, and increase dust collection efficiency with a simple structure and at low costs.

Abstract: An electrostatic atomization system for a vehicle includes an electrostatic atomization device that generates and emits charged micro-particle water from an emission port, a vehicle interior introduction port arranged in an instrument panel in a vehicle interior, and a communication duct that connects the emission port and the vehicle interior introduction port to emit the charged micro-particle water from the vehicle interior introduction port to the vehicle interior. The communication duct includes a first curved portion, which is arranged between the emission port and the vehicle interior introduction port and curved downward in a lower position than the vehicle interior introduction port, and a second curved portion, which is arranged between the first curved portion and the emission port and curved upward in an upper position than the first curved portion.

Abstract: A small area electrostatic aerosol collector combines electrostatic collection of aerosol particles and electrohydrodynamic spraying of fluid so that a sample collected electrostatically can have fluid applied thereto. The fluid may assist with disaggregation and/or desalinization of biological material collected onto a sample substrate. A controller associated with the collector may control an electrostatic charge device and a spraying device such that the charge device and spraying device may operate in alternating fashion, or the charge device and spraying device may operate simultaneously. Further, mechanical systems are provided, for the disaggregation of particulate clusters collected onto a sample substrate.

Abstract: An electrostatic atomization device that prevents the cooling capability from being lowered due to contact of an atomization electrode with another ember, while effectively preventing surplus production of condensed water that would destabilize discharging at the distal end of the atomization electrode. the electrostatic atomization device includes an atomization electrode having a cylindrical electrode body and a base which is informed at a basal end of the electrode body and has a larger diameter than the electrode from the base to produce condensed water on the atomization electrode. Voltage is applied to the atomization electrode when the condensed water is produced to generate charged fine water droplets. A partition plate includes an insertion hole that receives the electrode body of the atomization electrode. The partition plate and the base of the atomization electrode form a water collection region in between.

Abstract: Anti-reflective coating materials for ultraviolet photolithography include at least one absorbing compound and at least one material modification agent, such as at least one porogen, at least one high-boiling solvent, at least one capping agent, at least one leveling agent, at least one catalyst, at least one replacement solvent, at least one pH tuning agent, and/or a combination thereof that are incorporated into inorganic-based materials or inorganic compositions and/or compounds. Suitable absorbing compounds are those that absorb around wavelengths such as 365 nm, 248 nm, 193 nm and 157 nm that may be used in photolithography.

Abstract: In an electric device (1), an air inlet (3),a gas-liquid contact portion (5), a water collecting portion (6) and an air outlet (7) are arranged in sequential order from upstream of an air duct (2). In a water storage portion (8) the gas-liquid contact portion (5) is dipped and the water collected thereby is stored. An electrolyzing portion (9) generates the electrolyzed water (4) containing an active oxygen species by electrolyzing the water stored in the water storage portion (8). As a result, a compact electric device with an air cleaning function is provided at low cost that is capable of generating water containing an active oxygen species without requiring additional water feed and without generating a by-product.

Abstract: A device for recovering nanometer or sub-micron particles carried by a gas by generating a stabilized suspension, including: a vessel including a mechanism injecting a liquid; a gas discharge mechanism in an upper portion thereof, located near a particle filter; a particle suspension outlet; and a liquid ring pump, transferring and dispersing particles carried by a gas into a liquid. The pump introduces a gas laden with nanometer or sub-micron particles into the pump; injects at least one liquid into the pump; and discharges the mixture obtained following the transfer. The vessel also includes a mechanism introducing the mixture into the vessel and at least one piezoelectric pellet, immersed in the vessel, configured to generate a fog of micron-sized droplets.

Abstract: A sorbent structure comprising a continuous activated carbon body in the form of a flow-through substrate; and an additive provided on the flow-through substrate, wherein the additive is capable of enhancing the sorption of CO2 on the sorbent structure. Methods of making the sorbent structure, its use for CO2 capture, and methods for regenerating the structure for further use.

Abstract: A system includes an ultrasound wave generator, a fluid cavity coupled to the ultrasound wave generator, an array of micro-machined ultrasonic-assisted electrospray nozzles coupled to the fluid cavity, an electrode configured to impart a charge onto the fluid output of the electrospray nozzles, and a carbon dioxide release unit configured to receive the ionic liquid after absorption of carbon dioxide by the ionic liquid and to remove carbon dioxide from the ionic liquid such that the regenerated ionic liquid can be recycled for additional carbon dioxide capture.

Abstract: Disclosed is a dust collector (30) that is disposed in an air passageway (15) to which water droplets (21a) are supplied, and that includes a dust collecting electrode portion (31b) which electrically attracts dust charged in the air. The dust collecting electrode portion (31b) is made of a plate-like member having a mesh-like structure with a plurality of pores, thereby reducing an interfacial tension between the water droplets (21a) adhering on the surface of the dust collecting electrode portion (31b) and the dust collecting electrode portion (31b). Thus, water droplets are prevented from increasing in size on the surface of a dust collecting electrode, and a decrease in the dust collection capability due to adhesion of dust or the like is reduced.

Abstract: A low-carbon, material consumption-free air cleaner includes a rectangular box body, a fan, a negative ion generator unit and a dielectric barrier discharge actuator respectively arranged at upper part, middle part and lower part of the rectangular box body, an air input port disposed at the bottom side of the dielectric barrier discharge actuator, and air output port disposed at the top side of the rectangular box body.

Abstract: A small area electrostatic aerosol collector combines electrostatic collection of aerosol particles and electrohydrodynamic spraying of fluid so that a sample collected electrostatically can have fluid applied thereto. The fluid may assist with disaggregation and/or desalinization of biological material collected onto a sample substrate. A controller associated with the collector may control an electrostatic charge device and a spraying device such that the charge device and spraying device may operate in alternating fashion, or the charge device and spraying device may operate simultaneously. Further, mechanical systems are provided, for the disaggregation of particulate clusters collected onto a sample substrate.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to cyclonic separation or filtering of nanoparticles suspended in a gas. A plume of liquid droplets may be generated using an ultrasound or other generator. The gas may be mixed with the plume of liquid droplets, which may have received an electrostatic charge prior to mixing, to promote preferential adhesion of the nanoparticles to the liquid droplets. The gas with suspended nanoparticles and suspended liquid particles may flow through a cyclonic separator that spins rapidly, causing the cleaned gas to flow out of the filter while the liquid with adhered nanoparticles may be discharged, collected, and/or re-used in the plume generator. By causing nanoparticles to adhere to larger liquid particles, the filter may allow the filtering and collection of much smaller particles than current systems may filter under atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to purification and/or sterilization techniques and devices. Methods and systems are provided herein for removing contaminants from air using a combination of an ionic liquid and a reactive oxygen species.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus are provided for deodorizing and disinfecting air and droplets from urinal, toilet bowl, and other receivers and holders of urine and fecal matter. The apparatus comprises a housing (1) having an air inlet (2) and air outlet (3), wherein the housing (1) encloses a droplet removal chamber (4) for removing droplets from airflow; a deodorization and disinfection chamber (5) for removing air contaminants in the airflow; and an delivery unit (6) for airflow generation. Being actively drawn into the apparatus, air contaminants such as odor, bacteria and virus are removed without discharge of contaminated air and causing secondary pollution. The apparatus and method provide odorless and comfortable environment and avoid disease transmission in both public and domestic toilets.

Abstract: An electrostatically atomizing kit for use in a vehicle has an atomizing unit in combination with a plurality of differently shaped deflector guides. The atomizing unit is supplied with water and electrostatically atomizing the water into charged minute water particles in the form of a mist to be carried on a conditioned air blowing into a passenger's room through a blow port. The deflector ducts are selectively detachable to the blow port, and are differently shaped to each other to deflect the conditioned air carrying the mist in different directions in order to effectively concentrate the mist carried air to a particular object or item in the passenger's room.

Abstract: An air scrubber, system, and method of use are provided. The air scrubber includes an electrospray nozzle for creating an ionic fluid electrospray plume; an air sample intake positioned to provide an air sample interacting with the ionic fluid electrospray plume; and a counter electrode positioned to collect the electrospray plume. The selected chemicals in the air sample are captured by ionic fluid electrospray plume and accumulate on the counter electrode.

Abstract: A system includes an ultrasound wave generator, a fluid cavity coupled to the ultrasound wave generator, an array of micro-machined ultrasonic-assisted electrospray nozzles coupled to the fluid cavity, an electrode configured to impart a charge onto the fluid output of the electrospray nozzles, and a carbon dioxide release unit configured to receive the ionic liquid after absorption of carbon dioxide by the ionic liquid and to remove carbon dioxide from the ionic liquid such that the regenerated ionic liquid can be recycled for additional carbon dioxide capture.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for recovering mercury control reagents from particulate materials is disclosed. The particulate materials include fly ash mixed with mercury control reagents collected from boiler flue gases. The particulate materials are provided to an electrostatic separation system, which is operated under predetermined conditions so as to produce a concentrated stream of the mercury control reagent and a diluted stream containing minimal mercury control reagent.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to cyclonic separation or filtering of nanoparticles suspended in a gas. A plume of liquid droplets may be generated using an ultrasound or other generator. The gas may be mixed with the plume of liquid droplets, which may have received an electrostatic charge prior to mixing, to promote preferential adhesion of the nanoparticles to the liquid droplets. The gas with suspended nanoparticles and suspended liquid particles may flow through a cyclonic separator that spins rapidly, causing the cleaned gas to flow out of the filter while the liquid with adhered nanoparticles may be discharged, collected, and/or re-used in the plume generator. By causing nanoparticles to adhere to larger liquid particles, the filter may allow the filtering and collection of much smaller particles than current systems may filter under atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: An electric device 1 includes: an air inlet 3 through which air is taken in; a gas-liquid contact portion 5 for making gas-liquid contact between the air taken in and electrolyzed water 4 to purify the air; a water collecting portion 6 for collecting moisture in the air after the gas-liquid contact; an air outlet 7 through which the air the moisture in which was collected is ejected, wherein the air inlet 3, the gas-liquid contact portion 5, the water collecting portion 6, and the air outlet 7 are arranged in sequential order from upstream of an air duct 2; a water storage portion 8 in which the gas-liquid contact portion 5 is dipped and in which the water collected by the water collecting portion 6 is stored; and an electrolyzing portion 9 for generating the electrolyzed water 4 containing an active oxygen species by electrolyzing the water stored in the water storage portion 8.

Abstract: Embodiments of systems and methods for inducing swirl in particles are provided. In one embodiment, a system for inducing swirl in particles may include a supply including a plurality of electrically charged particles, and at least one swirling chamber for creating at least one electrical field therein, which may include an entry path in communication with the supply and an exit path. According to this example embodiment, the plurality of electrically charged particles may flow through the swirling chamber or chambers, causing at least one of the plurality of electrically charged particles to rotate about a radial axis of the swirling chamber as a result of the electrical field.

Abstract: An air conditioning system with an electrostatically atomizing function includes an electrostatically atomizing unit and a ventilation duct which flows conditioned air. The electrostatically atomizing unit generates a mist of charged minute water particles. The electrostatically atomizing unit is provided with a discharge port which locates adjacent to an air outlet of the ventilation duct. The mist of the charged minute water particles flows into an airflow which is sent from the ventilation duct. The mist of the charged minute water particles effectively spreads to the space by the air flow without dissipating inside the ventilation duct.

Abstract: The air purification apparatus includes a duct (10), a filter (20) for air purification, an electrostatically atomizing device (30), a fan (40), and a switching device (50). The duct (10) has an inlet (11) and an outlet (12). The filter (20) is placed inside of the duct (10). The electrostatically atomizing device (30) is configured to generate a mist of charged minute water particles by means of electrostatically atomizing phenomenon and discharge the same into the duct (10). The fan (40) is configured to send air from the inlet (11) to the outlet (12). The switching device (50) is configured to switch one of a first mode and a second mode. The air purification apparatus is configured to send a mist of charged minute water particles from the electrostatically atomizing device (30) to the outlet (12) not through the filter (20) in said first mode.

Abstract: An air treatment apparatus that includes a housing; a plurality of electrodes, at least one of which receives liquid from a liquid supply; and a power supply. The power supply is operable to establish an electric potential between a portion of the liquid-receiving electrode and the other electrode so that the air treatment apparatus produces a liquid mist having a bipolar distribution of liquid particles.

Abstract: An air cleaner is described comprising a housing having an air inlet and an air exhaust extending therethrough, a refill for containing a reservoir of liquid which is releasable from the housing, a nebuliser within the housing configured, in use, to be in fluid contact with the source of liquid to generate a mist of liquid droplets, said nebuliser being configured, in use, to eject the mist upwardly, a chamber within the housing in which the mist is retained, a fan within the housing configured, in use, to generate a flow of air through the air inlet and into the chamber such that at least some of the contaminants in the air flow are urged by the mist out of the flow of air and toward the refill. A refill for the air cleaner is also described as well as the use of said air cleaner.

Abstract: An electrostatic atomizing device, which is capable of increasing the generation of a fine mist, while suppressing abnormal discharge and the generation of ozone. This electrostatic atomizing device is equipped with a plurality of atomizing electrodes, to which a high voltage is applied by a single high voltage generating circuit, counter electrodes disposed so as to face the atomizing electrodes; and a liquid transfer means for transferring a liquid (e.g., water) to each of the atomizing electrodes. The atomizing electrodes are connected in parallel to the high voltage generating circuit, and a resistive element for suppressing discharge current is inserted between the high voltage generating circuit and each of the atomizing electrodes.

Abstract: A dynamic electrostatic apparatus for purifying air is provided. In some embodiments, the apparatus includes at least one emitter through which a fluid is sprayed into a plurality of electrically charged droplets that intermix with particulates in incoming air and form a plurality of charged agglomerates. A minor portion of such charged agglomerates are collected on a conductive surface and removed from the input air, while a major portion of such charged agglomerates are deflected by a deflecting element onto a collective surface. Thus, the apparatus reduces particulates in output air. In some embodiments, the emitter includes an array of hydrophilic spray fibers.

Abstract: An apparatus for purifying air is provided. In some embodiments, the apparatus includes at least one spray fiber through which an aqueous fluid is sprayed into a plurality of electrically charged nanodroplets that intermix with particulates in incoming air and form a plurality of charged agglomerates. Such charged agglomerates are collected on a conductive surface or a collection pad and removed from said input air, resulting in reduced particulates in said output air. In some embodiments, the aqueous fluid includes an air purifying agent.

Abstract: An emitter electrode is cooled by a cooler to generate condensed water which is charged by a high voltage applied between the emitter electrode and an opposed electrode and is discharged as a mist of charged minute water particles. A controller is provided to vary a temperature drop to a predetermined minimum temperature in dependence of an environmental temperature detected by a temperature sensor. The temperature drop is made variable in proportion to the environmental temperature. Accordingly, a sufficient amount of water can be condensed on the emitter electrode simply by controlling the cooling of the emitter electrode without relying upon an environmental humidity.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a charging device having a charge section (20) for charging a floating particle in an air to be handled, and an air handling device (an air cleaning device) having the charging device. The charge section (20) is constituted by a first charge section (20a) adopting an impact charging technique and a second charge section (20b) adopting a diffusion charging technique. With this structure, charging and collection of dust can be accomplished only in the casing of the device, and therefore, an increase in size of the device can be avoided.

Abstract: A supply air device including supply air nozzles, through which incoming air is led into a mixing chamber and further into a room so that the supply air device induces a circulating or secondary air flow from the room. An electric particle filter and/or a cell gas filter, through which the circulating or secondary air flow is led.

Abstract: Devices for removing particles for a gas utilizing electrostatic precipitation comprising collector modules with fewer electrical connections, which facilitate cleaning, and/or eliminate the need for high voltage connections between a removable collector module and a collector module support. Driver electrode modules provide electrical connection between an insulated driver electrode and a source of electrical potential or between insulated driver electrodes and at least one other conductor through a hole in or on some edge on the driver electrodes. A biasing force is provided and a conductive element serves as a conductor between the driver electrode(s) and the other conductors. A plurality of insulated driver electrodes, e.g. plates, are formed with a single, conductive plate or from a plurality of electrically joined conductive plates which are coated with insulation and then bent.

Abstract: A gas sampling canister has an electrospray nozzle for creating an ionic fluid electrospray plume. A gas sample intake is positioned to provide a gas sample flowing through the ionic fluid electrospray plume. A cooled counter electrode is positioned to collect the electrospray plume such that selected chemicals in the gas sample are captured by ionic fluid accumulating on the cooled counter electrode. A system and method for sampling gas are also described.

Abstract: Embodiments of an abatement apparatus are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, an abatement apparatus may include a scrubber configured to receive an effluent stream from a process chamber and further configured to remove first particles from the effluent stream; a scrubber conduit coupled to the scrubber to receive the effluent stream therefrom and configured to remove second particles from the effluent stream, the scrubber conduit having one or more inlets configured to provide a fluid to sufficiently wet an interior surface of the scrubber conduit to trap the second particles thereon and to wash the second particles therealong; and a central scrubber coupled to the scrubber via the scrubber conduit. In some embodiments, the scrubber conduit is downward sloping from the scrubber to the central scrubber. In some embodiments, a plurality of scrubbers may be coupled to the central scrubber via a plurality of scrubber conduits.

Abstract: An air filtration system is described for removing oil and grease entrained in air extracted from the region above a cooker. The system comprises a first mesh screen filter leading to a first chamber, in which two nozzles 10 create two separate continuous water curtains 15a, 15b which overlap when viewed in the direction of the air flow to form a combined curtain extending across the region through which the air passes. The extracted air then passes via a second mesh screen filter 11 into a second chamber 12, identical to the first chamber 9, in which two further nozzles 13 are provided which create two further water curtains 15c, 15d. The water curtains 15a, 15b, 15c, 15d cool and condense vaporized oil and grease within the air, which condensed oil and grease droplets fall with the water into a container. The main bore of each nozzle is of circular cross-section, but a profiled plate causes the resulting water curtain to have a width which is narrow relative to the diameter of the nozzle bore.

Abstract: A contaminant extraction apparatus, systems and method for extracting contaminants, such as particles and polar molecules, from an air flow containing a contaminated gas such as air so that the contaminants are expelled from the embodiments after they are extracted. One method includes the steps of generating two electric fields in separate air flow channels separated by an extraction grid with the second electric field having a greater potential difference than the first electric field; generating a first air flow through the first air flow channel and a second air flow through a second air flow channel; dispensing charged liquid droplets into the first air flow using at least one charged droplet generator; allowing the droplets to transfer charge to those contaminants; and expelling the contaminants into the second air flow using the potential difference in the second electric field.

Abstract: A system is provided that prevents inhibition of adsorption of Hg and other heavy metals by activated carbon or other heavy metal adsorbent due to prior adsorption of sulfur trioxide (SO3) in an exhaust gas containing SO3. As it has been found that while SO3 is adsorbed, the adsorption of SO3 precedes the adsorption of Hg and other heavy metals onto activated carbon, a basic substance injection system is disposed along an exhaust gas flow channel at an upstream side of an activated carbon injection system, thereby attaining effective removal of Hg and other heavy metals from the exhaust gas by adsorption thereof onto surface pores of the activated carbon. The SO3 concentration after removal by basic substance conversion is computed from the SO3 concentration before removal, and the activated carbon injection rate can be controlled based on the concentration after removal.

Abstract: A system (10) for cleaning atmospheric pollution, the system (10) including at least ne air inlet (30) of a building (20) to draw polluted air (15) from the atmosphere, an air passageway (55) to direct the polluted air (15) to a filtration system (80) located at the premises of the building (20) to filter the polluted air (15), and at least one air outlet (81) of the building (20) to direct the filtered air (90) into the atmosphere.

Abstract: A process for removing carbon dioxide from a gas stream by scrubbing the carbon dioxide from the gas stream with a mixture of ammonium and alkali carbonates such as sodium carbonate and/or potassium carbonate. Using the mixed alkali carbonate solution as the CO2 scrubbing solution offers the opportunity for both low regeneration energy and low ammonia volatility while still maintaining a high rate of CO2 hydration.

Abstract: An assembly for use in a fully or partially-enclosed structures (such as an HVAC duct) includes a housing, a tube mounting member and a tube for generating ions. The housing has a cavity that can be accessed by removing a cover, and the tube may be removed from the tube mounting member without unscrewing or removing any components attached to the structure.

Abstract: The invention provides a filter for separating very small particles or organisms from the air or gas in which they are carried, comprising a filter mechanism and a duct, chamber or pipe to contain and transport the air or gas and to house the filter mechanism; the filter mechanism comprising: a particle charging means, a means to introduce charged or uncharged atomized droplets of liquids or reagents into the air or gas after the particle charging stage, and a capture means for collecting the atomized droplets and/or very small particles or organisms.

Abstract: A portable high air volume electrostatic collection precipitator for analyzing air is provided which is a relatively small, self-contained device. The device has a collection electrode adapted to carry a variety of collecting media. An air intake is provided such that air to be analyzed flows through an ionization section with a transversely positioned ionization wire to ionize analytes in the air, and then flows over the collection electrode where ionized analytes are collected. Air flow is maintained at but below turbulent flow, Ionizable constituents in the air are ionized, attracted to the collection electrode, and precipitated in the selected medium which can be removed for analysis.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to a nonwoven filtration media comprising a bonded mix of different, discontinuous, thermoplastic resin fibers and optionally discontinuous cellulosic fibers. The nonwoven media has an advantageous combination of stiffness, foldability, efficiency and the ability to retain a fold. The nonwoven media can be thermally bonded during the production process. The advantageous combination of mechanical properties allow the disclosed nonwoven media to accept and retain folds and pleats better than some conventional filtration materials while the mix of different fibers provides desirable filtration properties.

Abstract: Purification method and apparatus for purifying a gas stream by oxygen removal. The apparatus includes primary and secondary oxygen separation zones and tubular electrically driven oxygen separation elements. There are more elements in the primary zone than the secondary zone so that low concentrations of oxygen can be obtained in a purified stream and turbulent flow conditions can also be obtained that will permit purification to very low levels. In addition, a junction is provided to connect the tubular separation elements to metallic elements such as manifolds.

Abstract: An air scrubber, system, and method of use are provided. The air scrubber includes an electrospray nozzle for creating an ionic fluid electrospray plume; an air sample intake positioned to provide an air sample interacting with the ionic fluid electrospray plume; and a counter electrode positioned to collect the electrospray plume. The selected chemicals in the air sample are captured by ionic fluid electrospray plume and accumulate on the counter electrode.

Abstract: There is provided an electrostatic precipitator comprising air inlet means to a conduit for the passage of an air flow containing particles and means generating a focusing electrostatic field within the conduit substantially orthogonal to the air flow in which the generating means comprise a two dimensional surface electrode including an ion source and an earthed counter electrode and in which the air inlet means and the surface electrode are adapted to direct ion substantially against the direction of the air flow in the conduit.

Abstract: An improved system for removing particles and contaminants from an air flow attract particles and contaminants to a plurality of charged spray droplets. The system has a first channel with an inlet and an outlet into which a first air flow is directed, an air flow containing a plurality of contaminants, a solvent reservoir containing a volume of solvent, one or more charged droplet sources for producing a plurality of charged liquid droplets, a second channel with an inlet and an outlet into which a second air flow is directed, one or more voltage reduction electrodes positioned about at least one of said electrospray sources, a grounded counter electrode, and at least one grid positioned between the plane of the charged droplet source and the grounded counter electrode. The voltage between the grid electrode and the charged droplet source is sufficient to sustain an electrospray process.