Abstract: Systems and methods that involve distributing water droplets onto a media, particular but nonlimiting examples of which include systems and methods for exchanging heat between process water and air in an evaporative cooling system that includes media with a plurality of individual elements each having a surface. The surfaces of at least some of the individual elements individually have a static electrical charge, and the static electrical charges are different among the surfaces of the individual elements.

Abstract: Known wet electrostatic precipitators are large and inefficient. The present invention enables the production of smaller, more efficient and long lasting wet electrostatic precipitators by the addition of a central bore in the inner electrode through which a first purge flow is passed and directed into the precipitator chamber, perpendicular to the direction of flow of the gas to be treated through the chamber to urge the particulate into the water curtain. A second, larger, cleaning purge flow is also provided to disturb the water curtain such that it cleans the inner electrode of any deposited particulate.

Abstract: Disclosed is technology and device for uniform distribution of water film on solid collecting plate used on a wet electrostatic precipitator (ESP). The device includes clamping plate fastening bolts, suspended clamping plates, a water distribution pipe, guide vanes, collecting plate, a limiter, a two-way limited fixed axis and a double arming bolt. The surfaces of the solid collecting plate are subjected to coating pretreatment, the upper parts of the collector are connected with the water distribution pipe, and the 45° guide vanes are twisted; a corrugated diversion with the width of 5 to 8 mm is adopted; stainless steel pipes are crosswise welded, water distribution holes are formed at the water distribution pipe, the distribution pipe is connected with an external water tank, and the inlet quantity of the water is controlled by a PLC; the collectors are placed vertically, and the ESP contains a set of sharp discharge electrodes.

Abstract: A device for collecting particles that have a high electron affinity, particularly explosive particles, from a gas, includes a flow channel (12a) in which at least one electrically positive collector electrode (20a) and at least one ionising electrode (18a) are arranged, between which an electrical field is present so that the particles having high electron affinity can be indirectly charged by corona discharge on the ionising electrode (18a) and can be displaced towards the collector electrode (20a).

Abstract: A compact electrostatic particulate collector for sampling contaminants has a collection chamber defined by a titanium inner surface of a wall. A potential inducer is disposed within the chamber to create a field potential between itself and the wall of the chamber. A blower is disposed to propel air to be sampled through the chamber. At least one rinse channel is disposed to wet the inner surface of the wall of the chamber substantially 100%. The rinse channel is angled to direct a rinse liquid in a spiral direction around the inner surface of the wall. Contaminants in the air being sampled are electro statically biased into the rinse liquid on the wall and rinsed out of the chamber for collection.

Abstract: A wet electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is disclosed to have a housing, several discharge wires, two roughened collection electrodes coated with TiO2 or SiO2 nanoparticles, two porous metallic plates, and two roughened glass plates coated with TiO2 or SiO2 nanoparticles. The porous metallic plates and the glass plates coated with TiO2 or SiO2 nanoparticles located above the collection electrodes are used to enhance the uniformity of the water film. When particles are introduced into the ESP, they are charged by gas ions generated by corona discharge, and then migrate to collection electrodes due to electrostatic force. Finally, particles are removed by uniform water film flowing downward along the collection electrodes. Furthermore, pulse jet passing through the small holes on the collection plates is used to clean discharge wires, maintaining electric corona strength and prolonging the operation life.

Abstract: A wet electrostatic precipitator (1) includes an inlet (2) for receiving a gas (4) containing a pollutant, and an outlet (6) for discharging therefrom the gas (8) from which said pollutant has been at least partially removed. Nozzles (24) are operative for purposes of spraying liquid onto at least one first vertical collecting surface (30) of at least one collecting electrode (18). A liquid distributor (42) is provided for purposes of pouring liquid onto at least one second vertical collecting surface (44), said at least one second vertical collecting surface (44) being located on a further collecting electrode (36), with said further collecting electrode (36) being located downstream of said at least one collecting electrode (18). The nozzles (24) are located upstream of the liquid distributor (42), as viewed with reference to the direction of flow of the gas.

Abstract: The invention discloses a composition comprising a hybrid composite organic-inorganic membrane. The hybrid organic-inorganic membrane according to the present invention may comprise an amorphous porous layer incorporating organic functionalities. The amorphous porous layer may be deposited on a porous alumina substrate by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The amorphous porous layer may comprise a single top-layer (STL), multiple top-layers (MTL) or mixed top-layers (XTL). The substrate may comprise a single layer or multiple graded layers of alumina.

Abstract: A wet electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is disclosed to have a housing, several discharge wires, two roughened collection electrodes coated with TiO2 or SiO2 nanoparticles, two porous metallic plates, and two roughened glass plates coated with TiO2 or SiO2 nanoparticles. The porous metallic plates and the glass plates coated with TiO2 or SiO2 nanoparticles located above the collection electrodes are used to enhance the uniformity of the water film. When particles are introduced into the ESP, they are charged by gas ions generated by corona discharge, and then migrate to collection electrodes due to electrostatic force. Finally, particles are removed by uniform water film flowing downward along the collection electrodes. Furthermore, pulse jet passing through the small holes on the collection plates is used to clean discharge wires, maintaining electric corona strength and prolonging the operation life.

Abstract: Provided is a process and apparatus for separating a multi-component feed stream wherein a porous separator is used to effectively create, via permeation and phase change, at least three fractions of differing compositions.

Abstract: A wet electrostatic precipitator is disclosed to include a condensation-growth chamber, a precipitation chamber connecting with the condensation-growth chamber, three dual-sleeve members mounted in the precipitation chamber, three discharge electrodes connecting with the dual-sleeve members, two insulating members covering on the inner surface of the precipitation chamber, and two ground electrodes mounted on the outside of the precipitation chamber. Thus, a uniform water film is formed on the surface of the insulating members to wash away the particles from waste gas. The condensation-growth chamber is provided for the particles to grow therein and thereby enhances the collection efficiency. The insulating member acts as a shield between the discharge electrodes and the ground electrodes and thereby avoids a short circuit or sparks.

Abstract: Porous polymeric membranes formed from a hydrophobic polymer, such as halar having membrane pores of a size sufficient to permit gas and/or vapor permeation 0.05 ?m to 5 ?m without permitting the flow of a hydrophilic fluid across the membrane. Pore distribution is uniform and porosity is high, in some cases up to 80%. Membranes may be in the form of a flay sheet or hollow fibre for example and can be used in a variety of applications such as stripping HF gas, degassing of caustic solution, chlorine gas/alkaline filtration, degassing tap water to remove dissolved chlorine. Processes used to make such membranes can be carried out using relatively non toxic solvents such as citric acid ethyl ester or glycerol triacetate.

Abstract: The present invention provides a water-flowing mechanism in a wet type electrostatic precipitator that can stably and quickly form a water film on a dust-collecting plate even at the beginning of the operation and that has an excellent adjusting function of a supplying flow-rate of washing liquid. The present invention includes a dust-collecting plate, a washing liquid supplying source to wet the dust-collecting plate, and a cylindrical member that is opened according to the shape of the upper end face of the dust-collecting plate and into which the washing liquid supplying source is inserted, wherein the horizontal cross-section of the dust-collecting plate is formed in a corrugated shape, and the lower opening of the cylindrical member is formed in a corrugated shape according to the dust-collecting plate.

Abstract: An electrostatic precipitator that can prevent the corrosion of a discharge electrode even if a gas to be treated containing a corrosive mist is treated. In an electrostatic precipitator having a discharge electrode arranged along a flow path of the gas to be treated, a spray nozzle that can spray a water to the upstream side of the discharge electrode is mounted. A wet film is formed on the surface of the discharge electrode with the water sprayed from the spray nozzle. The sprayed water is desirably a water vapor or a water droplet having a particle diameter of less than 10 ?m.

Abstract: A gas recovery system is disclosed. The gas recovery system includes a gas source productive of a gaseous stream comprising moisture, a gas dryer in fluid communication with and downstream of the gas source, and an electrochemical compressor in fluid communication with and downstream of the gas dryer. The gas dryer is disposed to receive the gaseous stream and produce a delivery stream absent moisture and a slipstream comprising moisture. The electrochemical compressor is disposed to receive the slipstream at a first pressure and produce a compressed stream at a second pressure greater than the first pressure.

Abstract: An apparatus (10) and method for recovering elemental carbon, elemental sulfur, elemental iron, elemental gold and other elemental materials from an air flow including a funnel-shaped receptor (14) and an inverted cone-shape electrode node body (12) spaced from the funnel receptor, a funnel-shaped reaction zone (45) between the outer surface of the electrode node body and the inner surface (60) of the receptor for receiving the air flow, and a plurality of point source electrodes (36) mounted to the electrode node body (12) and projecting into the reaction zone (45). The electrode node body (12) and the receptor (14) are electrically isolated from each other, the receptor (14) is connected to ground, and a voltage source is electrically connected to the electrode node body (12).

Abstract: An apparatus and method to separate a mixture of gases—such as carbon dioxide and methane—by an inorganic membrane comprising a ceramic support and a silica layer made from a silicon elastomer sol. The apparatus and method can efficiently separate the gaseous mixture and can also cope with the extreme conditions found in e.g. hydrocarbon producing wells. A method of manufacturing the apparatus is also disclosed.

Abstract: A laminar flow, wet electrostatic precipitator (ESP) with planar collecting electrodes preferably made of membranes, such as a woven silica fiber. The collecting electrodes are spaced close to planar discharge electrodes to promote laminar flow (Re<2300). Charging electrodes are positioned upstream of the wet ESP to charge the particulate entering the wet ESP to promote collection. The wet ESP is preferably downstream from a conventional turbulent dry ESP for collecting a substantial portion of the larger particulate in the gas stream prior to the gas stream entering the wet ESP.

Abstract: A method for cleaning a two-stage emission electrode of an electrofilter suitable for use with an internal combustion engine, whereby a cleaning body moves along the emission electrode to strip it of deposits. Only the first stage of the electrode is cleaned by the cleaning body.

Abstract: An electrostatic precipitation system (100) utilizes laminar flow of a particulate-laden gas in order to enhance the removal of sub-micron sized particulates. The system incorporates a vertically oriented housing (105) through which the gas flows downwardly therethrough to a lower outlet port (110). The gas, which may be a flue gas enters the laminar flow precipitator (102) through an inlet port (108) for passage through a charging section (104). The charging section (104) imparts a charge to the particulates carried by the flue gas. The flue gas and charged particles then flow to a collecting section (106) which is downstream and below the charging section (104). The collecting section (106) is formed by a plurality of substantially parallel tubular members, each tubular member defining a collecting passage therein.

Abstract: An improved method of screen gravure photoengraving using a half-tone positive in which the gradation is fully represented by the variations of both sizes and depths of ink cells formed in the printing plate and the formation of moire pattern can be prevented without requiring strict registering in exposure steps, and the method comprises the steps of, for example, exposing a photosensitive material such as a carbon resist to a light source through a gravure screen having transparent crosslines, further exposing the photosensitive material to the light source through a half-tone positive, again exposing to the light source by interposing a diffusion sheet between the half-tone positive and the photosensitive material, then transferring thus exposed photosensitive material on a gravure cylinder and carrying out developing and etching.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method for producing improved quality photographs on microfilm and improved quality diazo microfiche duplicates. A negative half-tone image of a real world subject is produced on a photosensitive medium. A negative of that image is then formed on microfilm, such negative being a positive half-tone image of the real world subject. Diazo duplicates are then made, if desired, using the negative image (positive half-tone image of the real world subject) on the microfilm as the master.

Abstract: High resolution microimages of continuous tone photographs must be prepared in halftone form to enable inexpensive duplication of the microimages by conventional graphic arts processes. The halftone pattern in such microimages must have a spatial frequency of not less than about 40 line pairs per millimeter in order to enable the projection of an acceptably detailed enlarged image. In the present invention, such halftone microimages are prepared using an ultra-high resolution gradient density screen having therein an image of an interference fringe field resulting from an exposure of a preform of the screen to two interferring mutually coherent beams of radiation.

Abstract: An improved two printing step process for reproducing visual subject matter including the making of a secondary printing plate with a positive image random pattern screen and printing a substrate sequentially and in registry with the secondary printing plate and a master printing plate made with a conventional half tone screen. The random pattern screen is a positive image phototransparency having a large plurality of irregularly shaped highlight areas and constrasting shadow areas per square inch, an optical density from about 0.17 to about 1.6, a contrast factor from about 0.75 to about 1.5 and a transparency factor from about 0.25 to about 0.60. The random pattern screen is made from a transparent plate having light disruptive projections on its surface. A negative and a positive phototransparency of the transparent plate are made while controlling exposure and developing conditions to produce a positive image screen having the desired characteristics.

Abstract: This invention is concerned with light transmitting screens which can be used in printing of half-tone illustrations such as photographs and in color television. The screen is formed on one face with a plurality of projections or depressions which so adjoin one another that the face is free of interstices, light incident on the contoured surface so formed being refracted as it passes through the screen to break up the image being transmitted into a pattern of dots. For use in color television, the projections or depressions are defined as triangular pyramids whose surfaces are subtended from their bases at different angles to be in sympathy with the wavelengths of the different colors being transmitted.

Abstract: An apparatus for three-dimensional viewing of stored color information. A microfiche (lensfiche) formed by known techniques is viewed without the requirement of special glasses worn by an individual viewing the display. Each lens of a lenticular lensplate is associated with a pair of apertures, the apertures receiving light polarized in two mutually orthogonal directions. One aperture of each aperture pair passes only polarized light of one kind and images this light at a point in front of the lensplate corresponding to the normal viewing position of one eye. The other aperture of each aperture pair passes only polarized light of the other kind and images this light at a point in front of the lensplate corresponding to the normal viewing position of the other eye. This is a Division of application Ser. No. 582,170 filed May 30, 1975, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,012,116.

Abstract: An optical system in which successive color filtered light images pass through a screen positioned at discrete preselected angles. An un-filtered light image is transmitted through the screen with the screen being positioned at one of the preselected angles for the filtered light image.

Abstract: An electrophotographic printing machine in which a transparency light image is projected through a screen having a plurality of opaque regions. At least a portion of the opaque regions have a light reflecting surface on one side thereof and a light absorbing surface on the other side thereof. The screen is positioned so that the light reflecting surfaces of the opaque regions form a visual image of the transparency light image being projected therethrough. Incident light rays are absorbed by the absorbing surfaces of the opaque regions.

Abstract: A half-tone screen in which a first and second set of grooves are inscribed in a transparent member. The grooves are arranged in a repetitive pattern with each groove from the first set being interposed between adjacent grooves of the second set, and the width of each groove of the first set being greater than the width of each groove of the second set.

Abstract: An intaglio halftone gravure printing plate is made by contact-printing onto a sensitized carbon tissue a contact screen including a grid-like arrangement of minute dark dots each having the shape of a square rounded off at the four corners with the peripheries vignetted and having densities tapering from a maximum value of 3.0 at the center to a minimum value of 0.1 at the periphery, contact-printing a halftone positive onto the carbon tissue, contact-printing a light diffusion sheet and the halftone positive combinedly onto the carbon tissue, and developing the treated carbon tissue on a printing plate for subsequent etching of the cylinder.

Abstract: Method for substantially improving the shadow detail and color spectrum range of multicolored lithographic reproductions including the preparation of and printing with standard halftone printing plates and overprinting with a secondary printing plate made from a color separation used in making the halftone printing plates; the secondary printing plate being made from a secondary image exposed through a random pattern screen.

Abstract: A projection diaphragm assembly for achieving halftone negatives with conventional cameras capturing the range and contrast of reproduction materials to be copied, retarding the lighter gray from the white in black and white halftone negatives and separating the gray-white contrast relation for printing purposes is provided. The projection diaphragm is to be utilized in conjunction with a halftone screen of conventional form and may be utilized in front of the associated camera lens assembly or between the front and rear elements of the associated camera lens assembly. The diaphragm assembly includes a frame supported from the associated camera for angular displacement about the center axis of the camera lens assembly and a pair of aperture defining superposed plates are supported from the frame for simultaneous inverse rectilinear shifting diametrically of the associated camera lens axis. The plates are disposed normal to the associated lens axis and include variably registrable openings formed therethrough.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are disclosed by which a processed photosensitive material can be provided with a lenticular surface with each lenticule having a predetermined profile. The lenticules are arranged relative to one another with such a degree of accuracy that any speckle and scintillation that might be produced when the processed material is utilized as an element of a transmission or reflection type screen is reduced to a minimum, if not completely eliminated. Once the exposure factors for the emulsion have been established, the exposure profile can be determined for a particular lenticule profile to be imaged onto the photographic material or emulsion. The exposure profile can be utilized to provide a transparency master target pattern which can be of a relatively large size.

Abstract: A method of producing gravure printing surfaces is disclosed. The method utilizes a separately produced screened negative made on orthochromatic film and a continuous tone negative. Both negatives are superimposed to produce a positive with variable size dots and variable tone densities which are then utilized to expose the carbon tissue resist used to etch the printing surface. Alternatively, the negatives are utilized to produce corresponding positives each of which is used to expose the carbon tissue.

Abstract: An improved two printing step process for reproducing visual subject matter including the making of a secondary printing plate with a positive image random pattern screen and printing a substrate sequentially and in registry with the secondary printing plate and a master printing plate made with a conventional half tone screen. The random pattern screen is a positive image phototransparency having a large plurality of irregularly shaped highlight areas and contrasting shadow areas per square inch, an optical density from about 0.17 to about 1.6, a contrast factor from about 0.75 to about 1.5 and a transparency factor from about 0.25 to about 0.60. The random pattern screen is made from a transparent plate having light disruptive projections on its surface. A negative and a positive phototransparency of the transparent plate are made while controlling exposure and developing conditions to produce a positive image screen having the desired characteristics.

Abstract: An imaging method involves a substrate having a coating which undergoes a photochemical conversion upon being irradiated to yield only products whose vapor pressure under the operative temperature is higher than that of the coating. In this way as a result of the selective vaporization of the coating the desired image is obtained. The new method has wide applications such as photography, production of microfilms, electrophotographic document duplication, production of master prints for offset printing, etc.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are disclosed by which a processed photosensitive material can be provided with a lenticular surface with each lenticule having a predetermined profile. The lenticules are arranged relative to one another with such a degree of accuracy that any speckle and scintillation that might be produced when the processed material is utilized as an element of a transmission or reflection type screen is reduced to a minimum, if not completely eliminated. Once the exposure factors for the emulsion have been established, the exposure profile can be determined for a particular lenticule profile to be imaged onto the photographic material or emulsion. The exposure profile can be utilized to provide a transparency master target pattern which can be of a relatively large size.

Abstract: A half-tone screen comprises a transparent or opaque sheet having an uneven face with a multitude of projections thereon coated with a paint or varnish of contrasting color. By scraping, the coating material is removed and the projections decapitated to a selected degree to provide desired progressive shading effects.

Abstract: A method is set forth for increasing the sensitivity and speed of a deformation imaging system. A lenticular lens array is interpositioned between the deformation imaging member and the imaging lens to thereby focus the radiation into a sharp relatively high intensity dot or line pattern.

Abstract: A method is set forth for extending the dynamic range of imagewise exposure systems by transmitting the electromagnetic radiation image through two angularly displaced cylindrical lens arrays and then to a photosensitive surface so that the image at the photosensitive surface is imperfect.

Abstract: A method is set forth for increasing the sensitivity and speed of a deformation imaging system. Two angularly displaced lenticular lens arrays are interpositioned between the imaging member and the imaging lens to thereby focus the radiation into a sharp relatively high intensity dot pattern.

Abstract: A method is set forth for extending the dynamic range of imagewise exposure systems by transmitting the electromagnetic radiation image through a lenticular lens array and then to a photosensitive surface so that the image at the photosensitive surface is imperfect.

Abstract: A membrane type dielectric storage target formed from a thin refractory dielectric film is stretched to form at least a one-sided surface, a first surface portion contacting a conductive wire mesh, a second surface portion having areas coated with conductive material imaging the mesh of the first surface portion. The method contemplates forming the conductive image on the second surface portion by photo-resist, decoration, and breakdown techniques.

Abstract: Halftone, multicolor printed effects are achieved by special preparation of art work in the desired pre-selected colors without blending and the use of only white as a diluent of color strength, forming color separated line-engraved press plates therefrom and applying the separate colors by offset printing to the workpiece without overprinting. A novel method and apparatus for producing halftone effect printing using these line-engraved press plates for printing cylindrical objects, and more particularly, cans of the two-piece type.

Abstract: An optical system in which a screened light pattern and a light image of an original document are projected onto a common region of a light receiving member forming a modulated light image thereon. Collimated light rays are employed in the formation of the screened light pattern.