Abstract: Ethylene is oligomerizied by reacting ethylene under an elevated pressure greater than about 700 pounds per square inch gauge (4826 kPa) in methanol in contact with a nickel ylide defined by the following Formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7 and R.sub.

Abstract: A fuel having reduced tendency to particulate dissemination under shock comprising a liquid hydrocarbon jet aviation fuel of flash point at least 90.degree. F. (32.2.degree. C.) containing dissolved atactic polypropylene.

Abstract: A modified in-situ retort for the retorting of oil shale is constructed by mining an open space having a volume of twenty-five to thirty-five percent of the volume of the retort in the bottom of the retort and thereafter blasting the oil shale that is to remain in the retort as rubble in a manner to cause random free fall of the shale particles onto the rubblized bed. Blasting occurs sequentially from the bottom of the unfragmented shale immediately above the open space to the top of the retort. At each blast, there is an open space below the shale to be broken in the blast having a volume at least one-third the volume of that shale, and the timing of the blasts is such that movement of the broken shale is not interfered with by shale broken in the preceding blast. There is no withdrawal of oil shale that would cause downward movement of the rubble that is to be retorted in-situ. The resultant in-situ retort is characterized by a high and uniform permeability.

Abstract: Low heating value gases are combusted substoichiometrically in two combustion zones in series in contact with two different supported platinum catalysts in which the concentration of platinum in the catalyst in the first zone is higher than the concentration of platinum in the second catalyst. The combusted gas of reduced carbon monoxide can be directly vented to the atmosphere after energy has been extruded from it for a useful purpose.

Abstract: An apparatus for and method of pumping hot, erosive slurry of coal solids in a coal derived, water immiscible liquid to higher pressure involves the use of a motive fluid which is miscible with the liquid of the slurry. The apparatus includes a pump 12, a remote check valve 14 and a chamber 16 between and in fluid communication with the pump 12 and check valve 14 through conduits 18,20. Pump 12 exerts pressure on the motive fluid and thereby on the slurry through a concentration gradient of coal solids within chamber 16 to alternately discharge slurry under pressure from the outlet port of check valve 14 and draw slurry in through the inlet port of check valve 14.

Abstract: A C.sub.5 -900.degree. F. (C.sub.5 -482.degree. C.) liquid yield greater than 50 weight percent MAF feed coal is obtained in a coal liquefaction process wherein a selected combination of higher hydrogen partial pressure, longer slurry residence time and increased recycle ash content of the feed slurry are controlled within defined ranges.

Abstract: There are provided novel sulfonated group Va ylides defined by the following Formula I: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.

Abstract: There are provided novel salts defined by the following Formula I: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.

Abstract: A catalyst support suitable for use in a cracking process or hydrotreating process having outstanding thermal stability comprising (I) a selected Group IIB metal compound, combinations thereof, and combinations of Group IIB and Group IIA metal compounds, (II) alumina and (III) aluminum phosphate.

Abstract: There is provided a solid, particulate, catalytic complex suitable for the stereospecific polymerization of olefins prepared by reducing TiCl.sub.4, contacting the resultant reduced solid with a complexing agent to obtain a treated solid and contacting the treated solid with TiCl.sub.4 in the presence of silica which has been treated with an alkylaluminum halide. When such a catalyst complex is combined with a suitable activator to polymerize olefins, a high degree of stereospecificity is attained, the activity of the catalyst complex is reduced for polymerization control and the efficiency of the titanium employed is enhanced.

Abstract: Vinyltoluene is separated from close-boiling, olefinically unsaturated alkylaromatic compounds by extractive distillation. For example, vinyltoluene is separated from cis-.beta.-methylstyrene, and from .alpha.-methylstyrene by extractive distillation using .gamma.-butyrolactone as the extracting agent.

Abstract: A stable, isotropic emulsion of a water-insoluble material comprising alkenylsuccinic acid-in-water is prepared without an emulsifying agent. The emulsion is prepared by heating an admixture of a water-insoluble material comprising less than 95 weight percent alkenylsuccinic acid and water at a temperature of at least about 50.degree. C., cooling the heated mixture to below about 30.degree. C. and subjecting the cooled mixture to brisk agitation at a temperature below about 40.degree. C. to form a stable emulsion. The remaining water-insoluble material can be an oleophilic material, such as high molecular weight olefins, paraffin wax, long chain alkyl aromatics, pine oil, or the like. The average particle diameter of the emulsion particles is less than about 30 microns.

Abstract: The presence of a minor amount of a tetrahydrocarbylammonium thiomolybdate containing at least about 15 carbon atoms, such as trioctylmethylammonium thiomolybdate, to a grease thickened with a substituted-urea composition substantially improves the extreme pressure properties of the grease.

Abstract: A stable, isotropic emulsion of substantially pure alkenylsuccinic acid-in-water is prepared without using an emulsifying agent. The emulsion is prepared by heating an admixture of substantially pure alkenylsuccinic acid and water at a temperature of at least about 63.degree. C., cooling the heated mixture to below about 40.degree. C. and subjecting the cooled mixture to brisk agitation at a temperature below about 50.degree. C. to form a stable emulsion. The average particle diameter of the alkenylsuccinic acid particles is less than about 30 microns.

Abstract: The combustible component of a stream of low heating value gas comprising carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane is combusted using less than a stoichiometric amount of air in the presence of an oxygenation catalyst and the heat energy in the combusted gas is utilized, for example, by expansion in a gas turbine.

Abstract: There is provided a solid, particulate, catalytic complex suitable for the stereospecific polymerization of olefins prepared by reducing TiCl.sub.4, contacting the resultant reduced solid with a complexing agent to obtain a treated solid and contacting the treated solid with TiCl.sub.4 in the presence of silica which has been treated with an aromatic ester. When such a catalyst complex is combined with a suitable activator to polymerize olefins, a high degree of stereospecificity is attained, the activity of the catalyst complex is reduced for polymerization control and the efficiency of the titanium employed is enhanced.

Abstract: A novel composition is provided which is suitable for use as a catalytic support which contains chlorine, bromine and magnesium. The molar ratio of bromine to chlorine is critical and ranges between about 1:99 to about 50:50, preferably between about 2.5:97.5 to about 20:80, and most preferably between about 2.5:97.5 to about 15:85. The molar ratio of magnesium to combined chlorine and bromine is not critical but generally ranges between about 1:1.6 and about 1:2.0, preferably between about 1:1.8 and about 1:2.0. The composition is obtained by reacting an organo magnesium compound with a mixture of chlorinated and brominated aluminum compounds.

Abstract: The relative ratio of heavy distillate to light distillate produced in a coal liquefaction process is continuously controlled by automatically and continuously controlling the ratio of heavy distillate to light distillate in a liquid solvent used to form the feed slurry to the coal liquefaction zone, and varying the weight ratio of heavy distillate to light distillate in the liquid solvent inversely with respect to the desired weight ratio of heavy distillate to light distillate in the distillate fuel oil product. The concentration of light distillate and heavy distillate in the liquid solvent is controlled by recycling predetermined amounts of light distillate and heavy distillate for admixture with feed coal to the process in accordance with the foregoing relationships.

Abstract: Pyrite addition to a coal liquefaction process (22, 26) is controlled (118) in inverse proportion to the calcium content of the feed coal to maximize the C.sub.5 --900.degree. F. (482.degree. C.) liquid yield per unit weight of pyrite added (110). The pyrite addition is controlled in this manner so as to minimize the amount of pyrite used and thus reduce pyrite contribution to the slurry pumping load and disposal problems connected with pyrite produced slag.

Abstract: An alpha-olefin is oligomerized in the presence of a three-component catalyst comprising a particulate solid adsorbent, boron trifluoride and elemental oxygen. For example, 1-decene is oligomerized to a product predominating in the trimer and tetramer using boron trifluoride, elemental oxygen and silica as the solid adsorbent.