Abstract: An instrument for determining the stress in the wall of a borehole by recording successively on the same holographic recording medium two holograms of a selected surface region of the wall, and, in the interval between the two recordings, forming a stress relief in the wall in stress relieving relation to the surface region to produce on the recording medium a double exposure hologram. This hologram contains holographic information which represents the stress in the wall in the vicinity of the surface region and may be converted to data defining the magnitude and direction of the stress.

Abstract: A method for the removal of particulate matter as well as noxious gases and vapors from a gas stream. This is accomplished by means of charged droplets having a size between 60 and 250 microns and preferably between 80 and 120 microns. The droplets are generated by first ejecting a stable jet of liquid such as water. The liquid jet is broken up into charged droplets by applying an electric potential between the jet and the collecting walls of the scrubber. Since most gases are electronegative the droplets are preferably charged positively by the resultant electrostatic field. However, in case some of the particles are already charged it is preferred to generate charged droplets having a polarity which is the same as that of the particles. The method works well with particles having a diameter of approximately 0.01 micron or more and the droplets are preferably moved at an angle to the direction of movement of the gas stream to increase the relative velocity between the droplets and the particles.

Abstract: The nature of cells such as human or animal cells is identified by means of microwaves. The cells to be identified, as well as normal cells, are interposed respectively into one of two microwave beams thereby to obtain microwave absorption spectra. The two spectra are subtracted from each other preferably by shifting the phase of one beam by 180.degree. so that the two microwave spectra normally cancel each other. The resultant spectrum is detected and may be recorded, or otherwise exhibited by an oscilloscope. Instead of using cells, it is possible to use tissues or slices. It has been found that the thus obtained microwave spectra are characteristic of malignant cells and permit to distinguish, for example, between carcinomas, sarcomas and melanomas. The microwave range may be between 5 and 150 GHz (gigahertz) and preferably the range is between 76 to 86 GHz.

Abstract: A sensor, such as a radar, is mounted on a moving vehicle equipped with a speed control system which normally maintains the vehicle speed constant at a pre-set speed in the absence of a preceding vehicle within a safe distance. The sensor detects the presence of a preceding vehicle and measures the distance and closing speed of the controlled vehicle with respect to the preceding vehicle, and generates an adaptive speed signal. The adaptive speed signal modifies the error signal of the speed control system which controls either the throttle or brake to cause the controlled vehicle to match its speed to the speed of the preceding vehicle, and to maintain a safe distance from it, thereby making the adaptive speed signal vanish. The error signal may be modified by the adaptive speed signal either by decreasing the desired speed or by increasing the actual speed. The desired, actual, and adaptive speeds may all be represented by digital numbers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a digital system for maintaining the speed of a motor vehicle at a preselected speed. The desired speed of the vehicle is set into a digital memory bank and the instantaneous actual speed of the vehicle is determined by a digital readout. The desired vehicle speed and the actual speed of the vehicle are compared to produce a digital error signal which is used to control the throttle setting of the vehicle to cause the actual speed of the vehicle to equal the desired speed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a digital system for maintaining the speed of a motor vehicle at a preselected speed. The desired speed of the vehicle is set into a digital memory bank and the instantaneous actual speed of the vehicle is determined by a digital readout. The desired vehicle speed and the actual speed of the vehicle are compared to produce a digital error signal which is used to control the throttle setting of the vehicle to cause the actual speed of the vehicle to equal the desired speed.

Abstract: Apparatus and method wherein a photographic plate is doubly exposed by pulsed laser illumination to record successive instants in the history of an object under consideration. The doubly exposed plate is then developed and the photograph or hologram is used to reproduce the object in full three-dimensional detail including subtle changes in the object in the form of interference fringes where the hologram is illuminated with continuous laser illumination.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrical circuit board structure incorporating a ceramic substrate wafer and metallic mounting means bonded to the substrate wafer for securing the structure to a housing. The metallic portion of the structure protects the ceramic wafer from mechanical stresses transmitted through the housing by providing structural integrity and dynamic isolation. Selection of such a metallic material having its coefficient of thermal expansion similar to that of the substrate material prevents the creation of thermal stresses between the ceramic and the metal portion of the structure.The disclosed method comprises rigidly securing the ceramic substrate circuit board to the metallic member in such a way that the latter may be attached to the housing without stressing the ceramic material.

Abstract: A broadband waveguide mixer suitable for the microwave and millimeter wave regions is described. The mixer is characterized by having a unique dual-guide mixer mount through which extends two parallel and spaced waveguides. The RF wave and the local oscillator wave are respectively impressed on the two waveguides via a hybrid coupler. A pair of crossbars extend through each waveguide. A pair of diodes connected back-to-back are disposed in each waveguide and are connected to the respective crossbars. Each pair of diodes has a polarity opposite to that of the other pair. The output is derived from a coaxial cable connected to the adjacent ends of the two crossbars. The input signals may be applied by a folded hybrid tee or a short slot hybrid coupler to simplify the input structure. The mixer has low noise and broadband performance.