Abstract: Small particle size catalysts having an average particle size of less than 20 or 10 microns, which agglomerate when contacted with a hydrocarbon liquid, are easily dispersed in the hydrocarbon liquid by first forming a mixture comprising the catalyst particles and one or more non-acidic, liquid polar oxygenates, such as an alcohol, ketone, ester, ether or mixture thereof. The mixture is contacted with the hydrocarbon liquid in which the particles then readily disperse. This process is useful for adding fresh or regenerated small particle size catalyst to catalytic hydroprocessing process slurries, including a reactive Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis slurry. One to four carbon atom alcohols are preferred oxygenates for use with a Fischer-Tropsch slurry.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a catalyst which is highly active for the synthesis of hydrocarbons from mixtures of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. A silica or silica-containing support is treated with a solution containing both an Iron Group metal, or metals, and nitrous acid, nitric acid, or a nitro-containing organo, or nitro-containing hydrocarbyl compound, or compounds, sufficient to hydroxylate the surface thereof and increase the number of hydroxyl groups on the surface of the support such that the metal component will be highly dispersed, this increasing the activity of the catalyst in a hydrocarbon synthesis reaction as contrasted with that of a catalyst of similar composition, similarly prepared except that the support component of the catalyst was not contacted and simultaneously treated with both the Iron Group metal and the acid.

Abstract: Supports for Fischer-Tropsch catalysts with increased strength and attrition resistance are formed by incorporating both silica and alumina into a support comprised primarily of titania; whereupon Fischer-Tropsch active metals can be composited with the support; the catalysts being particularly useful in slurry reactions.

Abstract: TAN containing oils, e.g., crudes, are treated by flashing to remove substantially all of the water therefrom, thermally treating the recovered liquid to reduce the naphthenic acid content thereof, and re-combining light gases recovered from the flashing step with the treated liquid.

Abstract: A premium synthetic lubricating oil base stock having a high VI and low pour point is made by hydroisomerizing a Fischer-Tropsch synthesized waxy, paraffinic feed wax and then dewaxing the hydroisomerate to form a 650-750.degree. F.+ dewaxate. The waxy feed has an initial boiling point in the range of about 650-750.degree. F., from which it continuously boils up to at least 1050.degree. F. and has a T.sub.90 -T.sub.10 temperature difference of at least 350.degree. F. The feed is preferably hydroisomerized without any pretreatment, other than optional fractionation. The 650-750.degree. F.+ dewaxate is fractionated into two or more base stocks of different viscosity.

Abstract: A gas distribution grid for a slurry reactor includes a plurality of gas injectors horizontally arrayed across, and extending through, an otherwise gas and liquid impervious plate. The injectors have a throat open at both ends, with a gas pressure reducing bore at one end which is the entrance end and with the other end opening into an upward opening cone. Flow diverting means in the injectors prevents slurry solids from entering the throat and being attrited by the high velocity gas jet exiting the bore into the throat. It is preferred that the gas injectors not protrude above the top surface of the grid and flat space is eliminated by means such as angular fillers, to prevent solids accumulation top of the grid. A chamfer may be present at the junction of the bore and throat to prevent unrestricted expansion of the gas jet entering the throat. This is useful for injecting gas into a reactive hydrocarbon synthesis slurry in a slurry reactor, with reduced catalyst attrition and deactivation.

Abstract: Pillared clays composited with Group VIII metals or Group VI metals may be used for the hydroconversion with excellent activity maintenance, of Fischer Tropsch waxes, boiling above about 700.degree. F.

Abstract: Partially deactivated catalyst in a slurry hydrocarbon synthesis process is rejuvenated employing a cyclic rejuvenation process in which syngas or CO flow into the slurry is stopped to stop the hydrocarbon synthesis reaction, the CO purged out of the slurry with a purge gas in the presence of hydrogen, the catalyst rejuvenated with a hydrogen containing rejuvenating gas and the hydrocarbon synthesis reaction restarted by passing the synthesis gas feed back into the reactor. All or a portion of the purge gas and/or the rejuvenating gas may be recycled during the respective purge and/or rejuvenation. The hydrogen required during the purge is typically part of the purge gas.

Abstract: The HCN concentration of HCN containing synthesis gas streams is reduced by treatment with a Group IVA metal oxide and optionally containing a Group IIB, Group VA, or Group VIA metal or metals, at reaction conditions preferably suppressing Fischer-Tropsch activity.

Abstract: A gas conversion process in which both hydrocarbons and hydrogen are produced from a synthesis gas feed which comprises a mixture of H.sub.2 and CO, uses hydrogen from a portion of the feed for one or more of (i) hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst rejuvenation and (ii) hydroconversion upgrading of at least a portion of the synthesized hydrocarbons. Hydrogen is produced from a slipstream of the synthesis gas fed into the hydrocarbon synthesis reactor by one or more of (i) physical separation means such as pressure swing adsorption and (ii) chemical means such as a water gas shift reactor. If a shift reactor is used due to insufficient capacity of the synthesis gas generator, physical separation means such as pressure swing adsorption will still be used to separate a pure stream of hydrogen from the shift reactor gas effluent.

Abstract: The present invention is directed toward improved processes for the regeneration of noble metal-containing catalysts wherein iron contamination of the catalyst during regeneration is significantly diminished. It has been found that maintenance of any iron present in contact with the catalyst in the oxidized state (e.g., as Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 or Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4) during contact of the catalyst with a source of halogen in the regeneration haliding step results in a marked decrease in the degree of catalyst contamination by iron species.

Abstract: Small amounts of primary, linear alcohols can be added to distillate fuels to improve the fuel's lubricity properties; particularly when the fuel has low or minimal lubricity.

Abstract: A process for dewaxing waxy hydrocarbonaceous materials, such as hydrocarbon fuel and lubricating oil fractions to reduce their cloud and pour points comprises reacting the material with hydrogen in the presence of a dewaxing catalyst comprising at least one metal catalytic component and ferrierite in which at least a portion of its cation exchange positions are occupied by one or more trivalent rare earth metal cations. The rare earth ion exchanged ferrierite catalyst has good selectivity for lubricating oil production, particularly when dewaxing a Fischer-Tropsch wax hydroisomerate. Preferably at least 10% and more preferably at least 15% of the ferreirite cation exchange capacity is occupied by one or more trivalent rare earth metal cations.

Abstract: A process for making a synthesis gas comprising H.sub.2 and CO in the presence of a reforming catalyst comprising a supported non-noble Group VIII metal catalytic component from a feed including a low molecular weight alkane, and preferably methane as in natural gas, O.sub.2, H.sub.2 O and CO.sub.2 without catalyst deactivation is achieved by partially oxidizing and steam reforming the feed in the presence of the catalyst. The feed H.sub.2 O to hydrocarbon carbon mole ratio is less than 2. The mole ratio of the combined feed CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 O to hydrocarbon carbon ranges from 0.5-2.5 and that of the feed H.sub.2 O to CO.sub.2 ranges from 0.35-6. Synthesis gas having H.sub.2 to CO mole ratios less than 2:1 and even less than 1.5:1 are easily achieved with net CO.sub.2 consumption, which also makes the process environmentally beneficial.

Abstract: A novel injector/reactor apparatus and an efficient process for the partial oxidation of light hydrocarbon gases, such as methane, to convert such gases to useful synthesis gas for subsequent hydrocarbon synthesis. Sources of a light hydrocarbon gas, such as methane, and oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas are preheated and pressurized and injected through an injector means at high velocity into admixture with each other in the desired proportions, preferably at comparable momentums, at a plurality of mixing nozzles which are open to the reaction zone of a reactor and are spaced over the face of the injector, to form a reactant gas premix having a pressure drop equal to at least 1% of the lowest upstream pressure of either of said gas streams. The gas premix is ejected in a time period which preferably is less than 9 milliseconds, at a velocity between about 25 to 1000 feet/second, into a reaction zone comprising a partial oxidation zone, so that the gas mixture reacts therein.

Abstract: A novel fluidized bed syngas (FBSG) injector/reactor apparatus and an efficient process for the partial oxidation and steam reforming of light hydrocarbon gases such as methane, to convert such gases to useful synthesis gas containing CO and H.sub.2 for recovery and/or subsequent hydrocarbon synthesis. Sources of a light hydrocarbon gas, such as methane, and oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas are preheated and pressurized and injected through gas orifices of an injector at high velocity and comparable momentums into admixture with each other in the desired proportions, at a plurality of mixing chambers or recessed cups which are open to the fluidized bed reaction zone of a reaction chamber and are spaced over the face of the injector, to form a reactant gas premix having a pressure drop of at least 1% through the injector.

Abstract: Hydrogen cyanide is removed from an HCN containing gas, e.g., a gas containing CO+H.sub.2, by contact with a metal oxide catalyst comprised of the oxides of molybdenum, titanium, and aluminum in the presence of water vapor, and subsequently water washing the resulting gas.

Abstract: An improved catalyst for the production of lube oil blending components, and lube oils, from waxy, paraffinic feeds, a process for producing such catalyst, and a process utilizing this catalyst in the production of lubes. The catalyst is a unitized mixed powder pellet catalyst constituted of a dehydrogenation component, or components, suitably a catalytically active Group VIB, VIIB, or VIII metal, or metals, an isomerization component, suitably an amorphous acidic solid support, and a small pore molecular sieve dewaxing component. The dewaxing component is characterized as a small pore molecular sieve wherein the pore windows are formed by 8 oxide atoms which form the limiting edge of the pore window, each of the oxide atoms constituting one of the four oxide atoms of a tetrahedrally coordinated cluster around a silicon or aluminum framework ion, or atom, each oxide ion is coordinated to two framework ions in these structures, and the pore size of the sieve ranges between about 6.3 .ANG. and 2.3 .ANG..

Abstract: A downcomer for producing at least two slurries having different solids and gas concentrations from a single three phase slurry of particulate solids and gas bubbles in a slurry liquid has two or more concentric gas and solids disengaging zones, each having an open fluid conduit depending from an orifice in the bottom. The dowwncomer is useful in a slurry hydrocarbon synthesis process for forming a catalyst and gas reduced slurry which is passed to a liquid filter to remove hydrocarbon liquid from the slurry reactor.

Abstract: Stable, zirconia-pillared clays of reduced gallery height, useful as supports for hydroconversion catalysts, are prepared by treating clays with a zirconium compound, a surfactant and water, and compositing the reduced gallery height clay with suitable metal or metals.