Abstract: This invention relates to an improved process for producing diesters of phosphorous acid. The process comprises (a) reacting phosphorous acid with monohydric alcohol in a petroleum distillate solvent while maintaining a reaction mass temperature within the range of from about 130.degree. to about 138.degree. C., and (b) refluxing the reaction mass during the reaction, wherein the phosphorous acid contains about 20 up to about 35 wt. % water, the molar ratio of alcohol to phosphorous acid used is within the range of from about 2.0:1 to about 4.0:1, and water is removed from the reaction mass essentially as it is formed during steps (b) and (c).

Abstract: A lubricant composition comprising a major proportion of polyalkylene glycol of lubricating viscosity and a minor proportion dissolved therein of (a) at least one sulphur-containing antiwear or extreme pressure agent, (b) at least one amine salt of at least one partially esterified monothiophosphoric acid, and (c) at least one amine salt of at least one partially esterified phosphoric acid. Such compositions have improved resistance to wear, oxidative degradation and metallic corrosion.

Abstract: Haze formation in additive concentrates containing boron-containing ashless dispersants is inhibited, and improvements in performance capabilities can be realized, by suitably controlling the pH of the concentrate as produced. Not only does such pH control result in no sacrifice in wear and corrosion inhibition, but it has been found possible by suitable adjustment and control of pH to actually improve the effectiveness of the concentrate in its ability to inhibit wear and corrosion. Moreover, such pH control makes possible the provision of compositions having enhanced extreme pressure properties as seen in the standard L-42 test, and improved antirust performance as seen in the standard L-33 test.

Abstract: Lubricant and functional fluids, and additive concentrates, are composed of a) at least one overbased zinc dialkyldithiophosphate characterized in that (i) each of the alkyl groups is a primary alkyl group containing from 6 to 10 carbon atoms, (ii) the overbased to neutral ratio of the dithiophosphate is 0.96 or above as determined by .sup.31 P nmr, (iii) the integrated .sup.31 P nmr spectrum of the dithiophosphate shows less than about 0.25 area percent phosphorus at about 80 ppm, (iv) the integrated .sup.31 P nmr spectrum of the dithiophosphate shows essentially no phosphate species at about 5 to about 15 ppm, and (v) the dithiophosphate exhibits a copper weight loss in ASTM Test Method D2619 of 0.

Abstract: A device is described that is to be worn by the user of an umbrella or parasol. The device supports the umbrella in position over the user so that neither hand is occupied by the umbrella. The device comprises: a) a plate that fits against the user's back; b) a harness connected/connectable to the plate and constructed so as to support the plate against a middle portion of the user's back; and c) a cup or similar support fastened onto the plate to support the umbrella in open position above the user.

Abstract: Preconditioned automatic transmission fluids are made by using a preblend formed by heating an alkenyl succinimide or succinamide dispersant with a phosphorus ester and water to partially hydrolyze the ester and then mixing the preblend and other additives with a base oil.

Abstract: Lubricant compositions especially useful as hydraulic fluids contain a metal-free anti-wear or load-carrying additive containing sulphur and/or phosphorus and an amino succinate ester as corrosion inhibitor. Such compositions are free from heavy metal and have improved environmental acceptability where heavy metals are to be avoided, e.g. in agriculture. The lubricant base stock may be a biodegradable natural oil.

Abstract: Succinimides, succinic esters, and succinic ester-amides are formed by (A) reacting (i) at least one substantially aliphatic polymer of at least one lower olefin, and (ii) an acidic reactant or a mixture of two or more acidic reactants represented by the general formulaR--CO--CH.dbd.

Abstract: Gear oil additive concentrates and lubricant compositions containing a combination of additives which minimize noise and vibration that occasionally develop in limited slip axles. The additive combinations include (i) an oil-soluble succinimide of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is alkyl or alkenyl having 8 to 50 carbon atoms, and R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are hydrogen atoms or alkyl or alkenyl groups having up to about 4 carbon atoms; and (ii) a boronated or non-boronated carboxylic derivative composition produced by reacting a substituted succinic acylating agent with (a) amine having at least one primary or secondary amino group in the molecule, or (b) at least one alcohol, or (c) a combination of (a) and (b). The substituent of the succinic acylating agent is derived from polyalkene having a number average molecular weight of about 500 to about 100,000. The additive concentrates and lubricant compositions are devoid of any metal-containing component.

Abstract: The copper corrosiveness of organic sulfides is reduced by treating them with an alkali metal-containing or alkaline earth metal-containing substance capable of dissolving elemental sulfur (e.g., sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfide, etc.). The process is conducted in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst in an aqueous liquid reaction medium. Experiments have shown that it is possible by use of this process to reduce the copper corrosiveness to a level below that exhibited by a product formed by treating the same initial organic sulfide in the same way but in the absence of a phase transfer catalyst.

Abstract: Apparatus is described for controlling the volumes of water and headspace air in a water storage/delivery tank of an individual water well system that includes a pump for maintaining water within the storage/delivery tank and for maintaining the pressure in the tank within preselected limits. The apparatus enables the water level within the tank to be assessed, the air pressure within the tank to be assessed, and the respective volumes of headspace air and water within the tank to be adjusted independently of the pump. Three versions of the apparatus are described: a manually operated system, a semi-automatic system, and a fully automatic system. Use of the apparatus overcomes problems associated with the absorption of the air within the tank and resultant water-logging of the tank. Once this occurs, the pump is caused to switch on and off to an excessive extent.

Abstract: Preconditioned automatic transmission fluids are made by using a preblend formed by heating an alkenyl succinimide or succinamide dispersant with a phosphorus ester and water to partially hydrolyze the ester and then mixing the preblend and other additives with a base oil.

Abstract: A friction reducing additive composition comprising a long chain succinimide derivative and a long chain amide has superior friction reducing properties, especially in wet brake systems for tractors and other vehicles.

Abstract: The handle of the toothbrush is in the general form of an animal (e.g., a quadriped) having its body supported when not in use in a generally horizontal position. The handle is manually encircled and grasped by the hand with the thumb extending under and around the lower part of the body and with the palm and fingers extending over and around the upper part of the body portion as in a fist. To facilitate such grasping by small children or manually impared persons, the head/neck portion or the front leg portion of the animal (or both) are positioned to be adjacent to the thumb and forefinger side of the hand of the user, and the rear leg portion and an optional tail portion of the animal are positioned to be adjacent to the fourth finger side of the hand of the user. The brush head of the toothbrush extends from an end of the handle. When the brush is not in use, it is adapted to rest on a flat surface with the bristles spaced from such surface.

Abstract: Described is a combination of fasteners and tools which visually communicate their respective sizes to the user so clearly that by merely glancing at these objects a tool matching the fastener or a fastener that matches the tool can readily be selected for use. This beneficial result is achieved by visually coding the fasteners of different sizes either by a pattern or preferably by color so that all fasteners of a given size bear one distinguishing visual appearance, all fasteners of another given size bear another distinguishing visual appearance, and so on.

Abstract: The device transmits and mechanically amplifies input torque into increased output torque to facilitate such chores as tightening or loosening wheel lug nuts, and cranking a rotary mechanical jack. When used to tighten or loosen a wheel lug nut, the device is preferably anchored in place by attachment to a wheel lug nut other than the lug nut being tightened or loosened. When used to crank a mechanical jack, the device is preferably anchored in place by use of a crank handle, and the device is operated by use on an auxiliary crank. The inptut torque to the device can be supplied by hand or by an electric motor operated by battery power transmitted via a plug fitted into the socket of a cigarette lighter. The device is compact and can be readily used, even by physically weak or infirm persons.

Abstract: Gear oil additive concentrates and lubricant compositions containing a combination of additives which minimize noise and vibration that occasionally develop in limited slip axles. The additive combinations include (i) an oil-soluble succinimide of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is alkyl or alkenyl having 8 to 50 carbon atoms, and R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are hydrogen atoms or alkyl or alkenyl groups having up to about 4 carbon atoms; and (ii) a boronated or non-boronated carboxylic derivative composition produced by reacting a substituted succinic acylating agent with (a) amine having at least one primary or secondary amino group in the molecule, or (b) at least one alcohol, or (c) a combination of (a) and (b). The substituent of the succinic acylating agent is derived from polyalkene having a number average molecular weight of about 500 to about 100,000. The additive concentrates and lubricant compositions are devoidd of any metal-containing component.

Abstract: The invention provides a process of reducing the copper corrosiveness of dihydrocarbyl polysulfides by treating them with an alkali metal-containing or alkaline earth metal-containing substance capable of dissolving elemental sulfur (e.g., sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfide, etc.). The process is conducted in a liquid reaction medium composed of a mixture of water and at least one water-soluble alcohol. Experiments have shown that it is possible by use of this process to reduce the copper corrosiveness to a level below that exhibited by a product formed by treating the same initial dihydrocarbyl polysulfide in the same way but in a liquid medium composed solely of water.

Abstract: Aryl difluoromethyl sulfone adds to aldehydes under phase transfer conditions to give novel substituted alcohols of the general formulaRCH(OH)CF.sub.2 SO.sub.2 Ar (I)wherein R is an aryl, cycloaliphatic, sec- or tert-aliphatic, or heterocyclic group and Ar is an aryl group. The substituted alcohols of formula I are of particular utility as intermediates in the synthesis of a variety of useful end products. For example, the products of formula I may be utilized in desulfonylation reactions, oxidation reactions and fluorination reactions.

Abstract: A friction reducing additive composition comprising a long chain succinimide derivative and a long chain amide has superior friction reducing properties, especially in wet brake systems for tractors and other vehicles.