Abstract: During use in hydrocarbon conversion processes, sorbents, e.g. for carbon and metals, and catalysts become contaminated with metals, e.g. heavy metals such as vanadium, nickel and sodium. Leaching of heavy metals can be sharply reduced by treatment of such spent particulate materials with alkaline earth metal compound, e.g. lime, calcium fluoride, calcium sulfate, and barium chloride. Surprisingly, calcium chloride, calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate are relatively ineffective.

Abstract: Self-healing coatings are formed by first phosphating or nitriding ferrous parts, then coating with an emulsion of e.g. polysiloxane, oil, sorbitan derivative and sodium sulfonate, butyl cellosolve, oleic acid. Preferred phosphating is to a thickness of 2,000-3,000 mg Zn phosphate/square foot. This coating passes 240-plus hours in 5% salt spray (ASTM B-117) and resists wash off with car wash soap.

Abstract: There are provided improved processes for the manufacture of enriched pitches, carbon fiber precursors, carbon fibers, and graphite fibers. The improvement comprises employing an elevated wiped-film evaporator in a wiped-film evaporator system comprising the wiped-film evaporator and a means for recovering enriched pitch, such as a positive displacement pump, to form an enriched pitch from catalytic pitch and regulating the operating conditions of the wiped-film evaporator system to provide the desired enriched pitch. The wiped-film evaporator is located a specific distance above the means for recovering enriched pitch. The vertical distance between the outlet of the wiped-film evaporator and the inlet of the means for recovering enriched pitch is within the range of about 10 feet to about 40 feet, preferably about 20 feet to about 40 feet.

Abstract: Water reducible coating compositions comprising: an oxidized slack wax, paraffin wax or petrolatum; a low molecular weight polyethylene, polybutene, or polypropylene; naphthenic or paraffinic oil; a salt of a sulfonic acid, a nitrate, a nitrite, a borate or an amine soap of a fatty acid; a mixture of mineral spirits and ethylene glycol monopropyl ether; an unsaturated fatty acid (preferably oleic acid) and a fugitive amine (preferably 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol); and water are disclosed which provides improved corrosion resistant coatings for ferrous alloys.

Abstract: Self-healing coatings are formed by first phosphating or nitriding ferrous parts, then coating with an emulsion of e.g. polysiloxane, oil, sorbitan derivative and sodium sulfonate, butyl cellosolve, oleic acid. Preferred phosphating is to a thickness of 2,000-3,000 mg Zn phosphate/square foot. This coating passes 240-plus hours in 5% salt spray (ASTM B-117) and resists wash off with car wash soap.

Abstract: The near infrared absorbance of the methyne band measures octane (pump, RON, and MON) with excellent correlation and can be used for gasoline blending. The absorbance may be measured as the first, second, third, fourth or higher derivative or by other signal processing techniques. The signal can be used to control a multi-component gasoline blending system to produce a preset desired octane. Such continuous or frequent measurement of octane (research octane number, RON; motor octane number, MON; and pump octane number (research plus motor times 0.5)) permits constant or frequent optimization of gasoline blending to produce a target octane which is sufficient to meet motorists' needs, yet uses minimum amounts of the more expensive high octane blending stocks.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and apparatus for avoiding the clumping of dry fibers having diameters and lengths in certain ranges during blending of such fibers into a dry or wet particulate material. The process comprises distributing fibers in a vaporous medium, and transporting fluidized fibers to a mixing zone containing a dry or wet particulate material. Concurrently with stirring and blending of the particulate material with fluidized fibers, the fluidized fibers having been separated at least partially from a fluidized vapor are gradually introduced into the mixing zone. This process avoids the phenomena of "balling" that otherwise occurs with certain fibers.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an improved pitch for making readily stabilizable, substantially nonmesophasic carbon fibers. The pitch has a softening point of about 250.degree. C. (480.degree. F.) or above and is produced from an unoxidized thermal petroleum pitch by selectively reducing or eliminating a portion of the low molecular weight materials in a very short period of time so that the tendency to produce mesophase pitch is eliminated or reduced and so that the chemical integrity of the components of the higher molecular weight fractions is preserved as much as possible. Also disclosed is a method of producing carbon fibers therefrom and rovings or mats from such fibers.

Abstract: An intake system comprising a conduit with a valve means which permits only passage of air in one direction overcomes liquid solidification problems associated with transporting liquid sulfur so long as the length of the conduit is sufficient that the free end within the container is below the surface of the transported liquid.

Abstract: Coke and metals are removed from a carbo-metallic oil by contacting the carbo-metallic oil in a riser reaction zone with a relatively inert particulate sorbent material in the presence of steam and the resulting coked particulate sorbent material is regenerated in a regeneration zone in the presence of steam and oxygen to remove the carbonaceous deposits by means of oxidation, water gas reaction and carbon gasification. The operating conditions in the riser reaction zone and the regeneration zone are regulated to provide a maximum coke level on the regenerated particulate sorbent of about 0.25 wt. %.

Abstract: A method for removing furfural-derived coke from metallic surfaces by heating in an oxygen-containing gas, such as air, for a time and at a temperature sufficient to change the crush strength of the furfural coke to a point which will permit easy removal of such coke, without such an evolution of heat that the metallurgical properties of said metal surfaces are undesirably changed.

Abstract: A method for removing furfural-derived coke from metallic surfaces by heating in an oxygen-containing gas, such as air, for a time and at a temperature sufficient to change the crush strength of the furfural coke to a point which will permit easy removal of such coke, without such an evolution of heat that the metallurgical properties of said metal surfaces are undesirably changed.

Abstract: A process for upgrading topped crude oils and residual portions comprising material boiling above 552.degree. C. (1025.degree. F.) by the combination of partial demetallizing and decarbonizing of the residual oil before effecting zeolite catalytic cracking thereof is described in conjunction with a product separation process, a combined hydrocarbon gas product concentration section and the use of parallel arranged CO boilers to produce sulfur free flue gas and steam. Steam generated by the combination operation effectively reduces the energy requirement of the combustion process.

Abstract: A method performable during operation of a fire heater for cleaning the fire heater tubes without significant adverse wear on the fire box of the fire heater or fire heater tubes to restore the heat transmission thereof. The method comprising: Impacting during the operation of fire heater tube exterior surfaces having a Burnell Hardness number of about 160-240, an abrasive particle speed of at least 625 feet per second, with said abrasive particles having a density of about 120-300 pounds per cubic foot and a particle diameter of about 0.04-2.80 millimeters.

Abstract: Commercial catalysts are prepared combining the various ingredients into a catalytic binder system which has been freed of sodium so that the catalyst ingredients can be preferably spray dried and used in Fluid Catalytic Cracking or Reduced Crude Conversion hydrocarbon conversion operations without subsequent washing or drying. Catalysts can even be prepared on site, e.g., in spray drier operations performed in the FCC/RCC refenerator. Low-sodium slurries of any or all of the following ingredients can be employed in the manufacture: zeolites, clays, sols, carbon blacks, sacrificial sieves, acid matrix substances, and getters.

Abstract: Liquid fuel products are produced at least partially from coal by passing into a progressive flow catalytic cracking zone a mixture stream of coal and carbometallic oil, forming mobile hydrogen within said zone under conditions including vapor residence time of up to about 10 seconds, at 900.degree.-1,400.degree. F., and total pressure of about 10 to about 50 pounds per square inch absolute introducing said mobile hydrogen into said mixture stream; contacting said stream with zeolite cracking catalyst to produce liquid products while laying down coke on said catalyst; and separating said coked catalyst from said liquid products.

Abstract: An apparatus for separating solids and vapors from a suspension of the two materials is disclosed. The solids are directed through a conoid element to enhance directional flow and to prevent return of solids to the separation apparatus.

Abstract: A process for economically converting carbo-metallic oils to lighter products. The carbo-metallic oils contain 650.degree. F.+ material which is characterized by a carbon residue on pyrolysis of at least about 1 and a Nickel Equivalents of heavy metals content of at least about 4 parts per million. This process comprises flowing the carbo-metallic oil together with particulate cracking catalyst through a progressive flow type reactor having an elongated reaction chamber, which is at least in part vertical or inclined, for a predetermined vapor riser residence time in the range of about 0.5 to about 10 seconds, at a temperature of about 900.degree. to about 1400.degree. F., and under a pressure of about 10 to about 50 pounds per square inch absolute sufficient for causing a conversion per pass in the range of about 40% to 90% while producing coke in amounts in the range of about 6 to about 14% by weight based on fresh feed, and laying down coke on the catalyst in amounts in the range of about 0.

Abstract: Water reducible coating compositions comprising: an oxidized slack wax, paraffin wax or petrolatum; a low molecular weight polyethylene, polybutene, or polypropylene; naphthenic or paraffinic oil; a salt of a sulfonic acid, a nitrate, a nitrite, a borate or an amine soap of a fatty acid; a mixture of mineral spirits and ethylene glycol monopropyl ether; an unsaturated fatty acid (preferably oleic acid) and a fugitive amine (preferably 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol); and water are disclosed which provides improved corrosion resistant coatings for ferrous alloys.