Abstract: The hydrogen consumption in the catalytic desulfurization of hydrocarbon oils is reduced by the incorporation in the catalyst of a small amount of arsenic.

Abstract: Low quality solid fuels are gasified by being fed to a gasifier in a concentrated water slurry, the high solids content of the slurry being possible by subjecting the solid fuel to hydrothermal treatment in the product gas quench zone.

Abstract: Solid carbonaceous fuels are converted into gaseous fuels by a process comprising liquefying at least a portion of the solid fuel, subjecting a portion of the high boiling product to gasification with substantially pure oxygen to provide hydrogen for the liquefaction, subjecting the balance of the high boiling product to gasification with air to provide a gaseous product used as the stripping medium to remove lighter boiling materials from the liquefaction product and recovering fuel gas from the stripping zone overhead.

Abstract: Low pour, low sulfur fuel oils are prepared by thermally cracking a high sulfur, high pour point atmospheric residuum and blending the product with a high wax, low sulfur, high pour point atmospheric residuum. The pour point may be lowered further by the addition of a pour point depressant.

Abstract: Preparation of a solid fuel-water slurry suitable for use as feed to a partial oxidation zone for the production of synthesis gas by forming a mixture of finely-divided solid fuel and water, heating the mixture to a temperature above 300.degree. F. under pressure sufficient to maintain water in the liquid phase, cooling the mixture and adding a surface active agent and sufficient water to form a mixture having a water content between 40 and 50 weight %.

Abstract: Solid fossil fuels are converted into liquid and/or gaseous fuels by solving refining the solid fuel, subjecting the heaviest portion of the solvent refined fuel to partial oxidation to produce synthesis gas containing entrained soot, transferring the soot to the solvent-refined coal and returning the soot with the charge to the gasification zone.

Abstract: A desulfurization catalyst is activated by being heated to a temperature between about 750.degree. and 850.degree. F. in the presence of the charge stock to be desulfurized during the initial stages of the on-stream period. In a preferred embodiment the catalyst, prior to the heat treatment, is sulfided at a low temperature and low pressure. The resulting catalyst effectively desulfurizes a petroleum hydrocarbon charge stock with reduced hydrogen consumption.

Abstract: Solid fuels which yield low SO.sub.2 emission on combustion are produced by a process which comprises separating the solid fuel into a light portion having a specific gravity of about 1.6 or less and a heavy portion and subjecting the light portion to hydrothermal treatment.

Abstract: The pumpability of a solid fuel-water slurry is improved by the presence of a small amount of ammonia in the slurry.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for reducing the pyritic content of coal while a coal-water slurry is transported in a pipeline by injecting a pyrite oxidant into the pipeline upstream of the dewatering plant associated therewith.

Abstract: The heating value of solid fuel is increased and the particle size decreased by passing a slurry of the fuel in liquid water at a temperature between 400.degree. F. and the critical temperature of water through a tubular attrition under conditions of turbulent flow. The product slurry is suitable for pipelining.

Abstract: Low rank fuels are beneficiated by treatment with water at elevated temperature under superatmospheric pressure in the presence of hydrogen.

Abstract: Hydrogen is produced by the combustion of carbon with air to produce a combustion gas effluent containing carbon dioxide and nitrogen. The carbon dioxide is separated and reacted with carbon to produce carbon monoxide. The resulting produced carbon monoxide is then reacted with steam to produce carbon dioxide and hydrogen and the resulting produced hydrogen separated. The carbon utilized for the production of hydrogen may be obtained by the thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons to yield carbon and gaseous hydrogen or the carbon utilized in this process may be obtained from a solid carbonaceous fuel, such as coal or coke or the like.

Abstract: Low rank solid fuels are upgraded by heating a mixture of particulate fuel and water to a temperature between 300.degree. F. and the critical temperature of water under a pressure sufficient to maintain substantially all of the water in liquid state, cooling the mixture and separating the particles from the water by agglomeration with a hydrocarbon liquid.

Abstract: Hydrogen is produced by the combustion of carbon with air to produce a combustion gas effluent containing carbon dioxide and nitrogen. The carbon dioxide is separated and reacted with carbon to produce carbon monoxide. The resulting produced carbon monoxide is then reacted with steam to produce carbon dioxide and hydrogen and the resulting produced hydrogen separated. The carbon utilized for the production of hydrogen may be obtained by the thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons to yield carbon and gaseous hydrogen or the carbon utilized in this process may be obtained from a solid carbonaceous fuel, such as coal or coke or the like.

Abstract: Metals are removed from metal- and asphaltene-containing petroleum oils by contacting the oil with pellets of sorptive type attapulgus clay which has been extruded and then dried at a temperature between about 100.degree. and 650.degree. C. to a volatile content of less than 20 weight %.

Abstract: Supported olefin conversion catalysts are activated by a method which comprises calcining the catalyst, impregnating the calcined catalyst with an alcoholic solution of an alkali metal salt, an alkali metal base or an alkali metal alcoholate and then recalcining the catalyst.

Abstract: Production of a gas suitable for use as a fuel or for conversion into a fuel and simultaneous production of a gas saturated with steam suitable for use as feed to a shift conversion zone.

Abstract: Water-solid fuel slurries suitable for use as feed to a solid fuel gasifier are prepared by forming a ground solid fuel-water mixture containing about 35-55 wt. % water, adding sufficient organic liquid to form a pumpable slurry, pumping the slurry through a heating zone to a separator, and separating organic liquid from the fuel-water mixture.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for reducing the pyritic content of coal while a coal-water slurry is transported in a pipeline by injecting a pyrite oxidant into the pipeline upstream of the dewatering plant associated therewith.