Abstract: The invention relates to compositions and methods useful in the detection of nucleic acids using a variety of amplification techniques, including both signal amplification and target amplification. Detection proceeds through the use of an electron transfer moiety (ETM) that is associated with the nucleic acid, either directly or indirectly, to allow electronic detection of the ETM using an electrode.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel xylanase activity (XA) proteins and nucleic acids. The invention further relates to the use of the XA proteins in the process of pulp bleaching.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents for imaging cancer.

Abstract: A biosensor, sensor array, sensing method and sensing apparatus are provided in which individual cells or randomly mixed populations of cells, having unique response characteristics to chemical and biological materials, are deployed in a plurality of microwells formed at the distal end of individual fibers within a fiber optic array. The biosensor array utilizes an optically interrogatable encoding scheme for determining the identity and location of each cell type in the array and provides for simultaneous measurements of large numbers of individual cell responses to target analytes. The sensing method utilizes the unique ability of cell populations to respond to biologically significant compounds in a characteristic and detectable manner. The biosensor array and measurement method may be employed in the study of biologically active materials, in situ environmental monitoring, monitoring of a variety of bioprocesses, and for high throughput screening of large combinatorial chemical libraries.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and apparatus for performing biological reactions on a substrate surface that use a low volume of sample fluid, accommodate substrates as large as or larger than a conventional microscope slide, accommodate a plurality of independent reactions, and accommodate a substrate surface having one or more hydrogel-based microarrays attached thereto. The invention further provides an apparatus that allows introduction of fluids in addition to sample fluid into each reaction chamber via standard pipet tips and associated pipettor apparatus. The invention further an apparatus that increases reaction reproducibility, increases reaction efficiency, and reduces reaction duration.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel granulopoietic activity (GPA) proteins and nucleic acids. The invention further relates to the use of the GPA proteins in the treatment of G-CSF related disorders.

Abstract: The invention provides methods and compositions for combinatorially decoding arrays.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus and methods for efficient, high-throughput electrical or electrochemical detection of biomolecules. More specifically, the invention provides an apparatus in which an independent set of electrodes is used to increase the occurrence of a desired bio-conjugation event at a test site.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of self-assembled monolayers with mixtures of conductive oligomers and insulators to detect target analytes.

Abstract: In a molecule detection system and method, a sample containing target molecules is added to an array of test sites, with each test site containing distinct probe molecules. The probe molecules bind with the target molecules in the sample to form bound complexes. A source illuminates the array of test sites with incident electromagnetic radiation, and an active pixel sensor detects the electromagnetic radiation from the array. To detect the presence of target molecules in the sample, the active pixel sensor detects changes in the optical properties of the test sites that result, either directly or indirectly, from their binding of the probe molecules with the target molecules. The target molecules may also be characterized on the basis of which probe molecules bind to them.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus for performing biological reactions on a substrate layer having a multiplicity of oligonucleotide binding sites disposed thereon. The invention provides a hybridization chamber wherein nucleic acid hybridization is performed by reacting biological material on a biochip comprising a substrate having an array of oligonucleotide binding sites. The binding sites are associated with an array of 3-dimensional polyacrylamide pads for anchoring the reactants. The arrays are covered with a flexible layer that permits mixing of the hybridization solution on the biochip and detection of hybridization in situ. Fluid inlet and outlet ports in the chamber provide for control of fluid flow into and out of the chamber.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and an improved apparatus for removing gas bubbles from a reaction chamber comprising a flexible layer removably affixed to a substrate layer having a multiplicity of oligonucleotide binding sites disposed thereon, in which biological reactions are performed. The invention specifically relates to methods and apparatus for removing gas bubbles from a reaction chamber wherein target molecules contained in a sample fluid are reacted with probe molecules immobilized on a substrate having an array of oligonucleotide binding sites. The arrays are covered with a flexible, gas permeable layer that permits mixing of the sample fluid on the biochip and removal of gas bubbles from the fluid by use of a means for facilitating diffusion of gas bubbles across the flexible, gas permeable layer.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods for identifying novel compositions which modulate the activity of Toso, and the use of such compositions in diagnosis and treatment of disease.

Abstract: A multilayered microfluidic DNA analysis system includes a cell lysis chamber, a DNA separation chamber, a DNA amplification chamber, and a DNA detection system. The multilayered microfluidic DNA analysis system is provided as a substantially monolithic structure formed from a plurality of green-sheet layers sintered together. The substantially monolithic structure has defined therein a means for heating the DNA amplification chamber and a means for cooling the DNA amplification chamber. The means for heating and means for cooling operate to cycle the temperature of the DNA amplification chamber as required for performing a DNA amplification process, such as PCR.

Abstract: Described herein are assays and components for encoding and decoding microspheres. Each assay or component described utilizes at least one nanocrystal.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of particles comprising binding ligands and electron transfer moieties (ETMs). Upon binding of a target analyte, a particle and a reporter composition are associated and transported to an electrode surface. The ETMs are then detected, allowing the presence or absence of the target analyte to be determined.

Abstract: The present invention provides for the selective covalent modification of nucleic acids with redox active moieties such as transition metal complexes. Electron donor and electron acceptor moieties are covalently bound to the ribose-phosphate backbone of a nucleic acid at predetermined positions The resulting complexes represent a series of new derivatives that are bimolecular templates capable of transferring electrons over very large distances at extremely fast rates. These complexes possess unique structural features which enable the use of an entirely new class of bioconductors and photoactive probes.

Abstract: The invention provides bifunctional detection agents comprising optical dyes covalently linked to at least one magnetic resonance image (MRI) contrast agent. These agents may include a linker, which may be either a coupling moiety or a polymer.

Abstract: This invention relates to apparatus and methods for detecting single base extension to an oligonucleotide array using electrochemical labels.