Abstract: Process for production of non-proteinogenic L-amino acids by direct fermentation of a microorganism strain known per se having a deregulated cysteine metabolism in a manner known per se, which comprises adding, during the fermentation, a nucleophilic compound to the fermentation batch in a manner such that this leads to the production of non-proteinogenic L-amino acids by the microorganism strain.

Abstract: A process is provided for preparing optically active alcohols, amines and derivatives thereof by reacting aldehydes or imines at a temperature of less than 15° C. in the presence of a chiral, enantiomerically pure auxiliary with an organozinc halide which is obtained from zinc and a reactive halogen compound, and water, acid or base, or an alkylating, arylating, acylating or silylating reagent is subsequently added.

Abstract: A process for removing zinc from organic solutions comprising zinc alkoxides or zinc amides, includes admixing the solution with an alkylating, arylating, acylating or silylating agent in the presence of a precipitating reagent having at least two nitrogen donors and subsequently removing the precipitated solid.

Abstract: A process is provided for preparing an enantiopure 1,3-dioxolan-4-one or 1,3-oxathiolan-5-one derivative, which includes bringing a mixture containing enantiomeric 1,3-dioxolan-4-one or 1,3-oxathiolan-5-one derivatives and an enzyme with hydrolytic activity into contact in the presence of a nucleophile. Cleaving a dioxolanone/oxathiolanone ring of one enantiomer occurs by the enzyme with hydrolytic activity and, after the cleavage of one enantiomer has taken place, the uncleaved enantiomer of the 1,3-dioxolan-4-one or 1,3-oxathiolan-5-one derivative is isolated.

Abstract: A process for preparing saturated carboxylic acids having from one to four carbon atoms by gas-phase oxidation, includes reacting 2-butanone with oxygen over a coated catalyst which is an inert nonporous support body and a catalytically active mixed oxide composition comprising (a) one or more oxides selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, tin dioxide and aluminum oxide, and (b) from 0.1% to 1.5% by weight, based on the weight of the component (a) and per m2/g of specific surface area of the component (a), of vanadium pentoxide, applied to the external surface of the support body.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing isocyanato-organosilane of general formula (I) R2R3R4Si—R1—N═C═O. According to said method, gaseous carbamato-organosilane of general formula (II) R2R3R4Si—R1—NH—CO—OR (II), wherein R represents a monovalent C1-C10 alkyl radical, R1 represents a bivalent C1-C6 hydrocarbon radical and R2, R3 and R4 respectively represent a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy or i-propoxy radical, is heated in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for separating and purifying an aqueous mixture that mainly consists of acetic acid, formic acid and high-boiling substances by extraction with a solvent in a cyclic process. The inventive method is characterized in that the flow of raffinate is fed to a solvent stripping column (11) with the major part of the water in order to remove the water from the cycle. The flow of extract is fed to a solvent recovery distillation column (8). In a first step, a mixture (A) that consists of water and solvent, is separated by overhead distillation. A mixture (B) that consists of acetic acid, formic acid and high-boiling substances is separated via a sump. Once the formic acid is removed in a column (29), mixture (B) is separated in an acetic acid distillation column to give pure acetic acid and high-boiling substances.

Abstract: Process for production of non-protenogenic L-amino acids by direct fermentation of a microorganism strain known per se having a deregulated cysteine metabolism in a manner known per se, which comprises adding, during the fermentation, a nucleophilic compound to the fermentation batch in a manner such that this leads to the production of non-proteinogenic L-amino acids by the microorganism strain.

Abstract: A process for reducing free aldehydes in dispersions, suspensions, emulsions and solutions which comprises including therein thioamine compound of the formula IV and optionally a thioamine of the formula III: where R1 is a C1-5 alkyl radical, an aryl radical or hydrogen, R2 is —(COO)a —E or —(CONH)a—E where a is 0 or 1 and E, R3, R4, and R5 are independently R4 and R5 together containing at least one carbon atom, and n being 0 or 1.

Abstract: An alcohol is oxidized to an aldehyde or a ketone in the presence of a nitroxyl compound as catalyst, wherein the alcohol to be oxidized is contained in an organic liquid phase, and is reacted in the presence of a nitroxyl compound with an aqueous phase comprising an oxidant. The reaction is carried out continuously at a contact time of the phases of from 0.1 s to a maximum of 15 minutes, with intensive mixing of the phases. The process produces high yields with low quantities of other oxidation byproducts.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of producing platelets, wherein a material to be processed into platelets is applied in a flowable or gaseous state to a substrate, consolidated, removed from the substrate, and subjected to a crushing or grinding process, wherein the material is applied to the substrate in succeeding layers such that after application, a lamina pack is present which, in cross section perpendicular to its surface, has individual laminae of a thickness of between 0.2-1000 &mgr;m, and said lamina pack, having been stripped from the substrate, is treated in such a way that the material disintegrates into individual laminae and the individual laminae are reduced in size to a particle size of 0.5-10000 &mgr;m.

Abstract: A method is for producing monolithic substrate catalysts and for their use in the gas phase oxidation of hydrocarbons. The catalysts are obtained by coating the catalyst substrate with a suspension that includes a catalytically active compound and one or more surfactants of the general formula RnYmX. R represents the hydrophobic part of the surfactant, with n being 1, 2 or 3. Y represents the hydrophobic part of the surfactant, with m being 0, 1, 2, or 3 and X represents the hydrophilic head group of the surfactant.

Abstract: A cathode is made of an electrically conducting support with a coating of electrochemically deposited lead with a density between 0.001 and 2 g/cm3.

Abstract: A process for preparing an &agr;-haloketone of the formula (1) where R1 is an optionally heteroatom-containing and optionally substituted hydrocarbon radical, R2 is a hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl or aryl radical, and X is a halogen radical, by reacting a carboxylic acid derivative of the general formula (2) where L is a leaving group, with a mono- or dienolate of a silyl ester of the formula (3) where R3 and R4 are identical or different alkyl, aryl, alkenyl or aralkyl radicals; and hydrolyzing the reaction product immediately afterwards by adding acid and decarboxylating to (1). The product &agr;-haloketone may be reduced to the corresponding &agr;-haloalcohol.

Abstract: The invention relates to a security marking whose level of proof against forgery is greater than that of known security markings, comprising liquid-crystalline material with chiral phase, wherein the security marking is imperceptible to the eye and the properties of the liquid-crystalline material with chiral phase can be detected with the aid of detection systems.

Abstract: A process for preparing organozinc halides in solvents, includes reacting a reactive halogen compound with zinc in one or more carboxylic esters. It is also possible to prepare keto, hydroxyl and amino compounds of organozinc halides obtained in a first step from a reactive halogen compound and zinc in one or more carboxylic esters, wherein the organozinc halide obtained is reacted in a second step with an electrophilic reaction partner and the reaction product of the second step is hydrolyzed in a third step.

Abstract: A process for obtaining hirudin derivatives from E. coli secretor mutants which entails: (1) construction of a recombinant vector on which there is located the gene coding for a hirudin derivative directly downstream of a DNA section which codes for a bacterial signal peptide; (2) of an E. coli secretor mutant with the recombinant vector constructed in step (1); (3) cultivation of the transformed cells in a medium; and (4) obtaining the hirudin derivative from the medium; and a recombinant vector which contains one or more copies of a gene construct which codes for a protein consisting of a bacterial signal peptide and of a hirudin derivative, and a hirudin derivative with the N-terminal amino-acid sequence A—(SEQ ID NO: 5) in which A represents Ala, Gln, His, Phe, Tyr, Glu, Ser, Asp or Asn.

Abstract: CGTases, which, when converting starch or starch-like substrates to CD, produce &ggr;-CD to an increased extent and still exhibit at least 60% of the specific total CGTase activity of the starting CGTase which was used for preparing the enzyme concerned. The amino acid sequences differ from the amino acid sequences of known CGTases by the deletion of from 3 to 8 amino acids from the region from amino acid position 155 up to and including amino acid position 195, where position 1 of the protein sequence is the beginning of the signal peptide of the CGTase and the deletion brings about the increase in the &ggr;-CGTase activity of the protein.

Abstract: A process for preparing saturated carboxylic acids having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms at a reaction temperature of from 100° C. to 400° C. and pressures of from 1.2×105 Pa to 51×105 Pa by gas phase oxidation of saturated and/or unsaturated C4-hydrocarbons, with an oxygen-containing gas and water vapor in the presence of at least one catalyst. The gas leaving the reactor is partly recirculated in a reaction gas circuit. This reaction gas circuit is configured such that part of the organic acids formed in the gas-phase oxidation is taken from the gas leaving the reactor so that the acid content of the recirculated part of the gas leaving the reactor is from 0.01% to 6.0% by volume.

Abstract: A method is provided for producing catalysts useful for synthesizing maleic anhydride by oxidizing saturated and/or unsaturated C4 hydrocarbons. A vanadium (V) compound is reacted with a mixture of phosphorous and phosphoric acids in a particular ratio, in a solvent mixture containing a structure former, and an entrainer and where the water of reaction together with entrainer is distilled off and the resulting precursor is subjected to calcination.