Abstract: An octagonal structure of photodiodes using standard CMOS technology has been developed to serve as a de-multiplexer for spatially multiplexed fiber optic communication systems.

Abstract: Time-resolved optical tomography systems using a short pulse laser, may be used in detection and treatment of cancer and tumors. Information is conveyed about tissue interior by the temporal variation of the observed scattered, and reflected measured when short-pulse lasers interact with scattering-absorbing media like tissue. Multiple scattering-induced temporal signature that persists for time periods greater than the duration of the source pulse and is a function of the source pulse width, the scattering and absorbing properties of the medium, and the location in the medium where the properties undergo changes. If the detection is carried out on the same short time scale (comparable to the order of the pulse width), the signal continues to be observed even for long durations after the pulse has been off due to the time taken for the photons to migrate to the detector after multiple scattering in the tissue media.

Abstract: A system for extracting long wavelength ocean wave energy and for extracting rotational wave energy uses a plurality of boom elements connected to at least one hinge element for movement about the hinge element in a direction of the vertical force of a wave and for movement about the hinge element in a direction of the transverse force of a wave, and the hinge element includes a shaft transverse to the boom elements with a blade mounted to the shaft for rotational movement of the shaft in the direction of the rotational force of a wave.

Abstract: A method for desulfurization of heavy fuel oil using ferrate compounds by mixing fuel oil containing sulfur compounds with a solvent and forming a fuel oil solvent mixture, dissolving the sulfur compounds present in the fuel oil solvent mixture. Adding a liquid ferrate solution to the fuel oil solvent mixture produces oxidized sulfur compounds, in solution. An absorbing agent is added to remove thed oxidized sulfur compounds from said solution.

Abstract: Time-resolved optical tomography systems using a short pulse laser, may be used in detection and treatment of cancer and tumors. Information is conveyed about tissue interior by the temporal variation of the observed scattered, and reflected measured when short-pulse lasers interact with scattering-absorbing media like tissue. Multiple scattering-induced temporal signature that persists for time periods greater than the duration of the source pulse and is a function of the source pulse width, the scattering and absorbing properties of the medium, and the location in the medium where the properties undergo changes. If the detection is carried out on the same short time scale (comparable to the order of the pulse width), the signal continues to be observed even for long durations after the pulse has been off due to the time taken for the photons to migrate to the detector after multiple scattering in the tissue media.

Abstract: Multiple light beams are launched into a single optical fiber, each respective light beam with a corresponding signal. Each of the respective multi-beams are separated by launching each of the light at a different incidence angle and/or input position, into the optical fiber. In this way, each light beam is able to propagate independently according to its own trajectory inside the fiber. The resultant multi light beams propagate with respective counter cyclical orbital angular momentum with respective helical paths.

Abstract: A method for producing a ferrate solution by producing a ferrate intermediate material and then combining the intermediate material with a halogen or ozone solution.

Abstract: The subject invention pertains to a method and apparatus for multiplexing in optical fiber communications. The subject invention relates to a method and apparatus for spatial domain modulation in optical wavelengths. In a specific embodiment, the subject invention relates to a spatial domain multiplexer (SDM) for use with an optical fiber. Preferably, the input channels coupled into the fiber optic cable include collimated laser beams. The techniques of the subject invention can be utilized with single mode and multi mode waveguide structures, for example, single mode and multi mode optical fibers. The subject invention is applicable to step index optical fiber and to graded index optical fiber. Applications of the subject technology can include secure data links, for example, which can modulate data such that if the data is intercepted, the data cannot be interpreted. The subject methods and apparatus can also be used in conjunction with other multiplexing techniques such as time-domain multiplexing.

Abstract: A fiber optic switch uses induced periodic variations in a multi-mode optic fiber, to control power loss in the switch and power output.

Abstract: 3-Mirror fiber optic sensor for simultaneous measurement of dual parameters such as hydrogen concentration and temperature, is formed from 2 optical leads comprising 3 reflective surfaces, and defining 2 optical cavities. The effect of temperature on each of the cavities and the effect of hydrogen, for example, on the one of the cavities, produces phase shifts in the reflected lights, and interference patterns from which the parameters may be detected.

Abstract: The subject invention pertains to a method and apparatus for multiplexing in optical fiber communications. The subject invention relates to a method and apparatus for spatial domain modulation in optical wavelengths. In a specific embodiment, the subject invention relates to a spatial domain multiplexer (SDM) for use with an optical fiber. Preferably, the input channels coupled into the fiber optic cable include collimated laser beams. The techniques of the subject invention can be utilized with single mode and multi mode waveguide structures, for example, single mode and multi mode optical fibers. The subject invention is applicable to step index optical fiber and to graded index optical fiber. Applications of the subject technology can include secure data links, for example, which can modulate data such that if the data is intercepted, the data cannot be interpreted. The subject methods and apparatus can also be used in conjunction with other multiplexing techniques such as time-domain multiplexing.

Abstract: A fiber optic switch uses induced periodic variations in a multi-mode optic fiber, to control power loss in the switch and power output.

Abstract: 3-Mirror fiber optic sensor for simultaneous measurement of dual parameters such as hydrogen concentration and temperature

Abstract: The subject invention pertains to a method and apparatus for generation and/or delivery of x-ray irradiation. The subject invention can be used to deliver x-ray irradiation to an artery in order to prevent restenosis in the artery. For example, a short pulse laser generated ionizing dose of x-ray irradiation can be effectively delivered to the arterial wall using hollow waveguides. The delivery of such a dose can help to prevent restenosis. The use of short pulse x-rays can allow energy to be precisely delivered, and can reduce diffusion of the energy to nearby normal tissue during the exposure. The arterial walls can be irradiated from a cylindrical or conical symmetric mirrored reflective end tip mounted on the end of a hollow waveguide. The subject invention also pertains to a method and apparatus for delivery of x-ray radiation with respect to medical therapies such as tumor necrosis.

Abstract: A fiber optic liquid level detector uses optical fibers to detect the presence or absence of liquids. The waveguide properties of optical fibers tends to deviate from the normal dielectric interfaces so that a fiber immersed in a liquid has a reflection coefficient smaller than when surrounded by air. This is caused by the differences in refractive indices of liquid and air and is used to measure the amount of light transmitted or reflected by the fiber in the preserve or absence of a liquid.

Abstract: The method for making the fiber optic Fabry-Perot sensor includes securing an optical fiber to a substrate, and forming at least one gap in the optical fiber after the optical fiber is secured to the substrate to define at least one pair of self-aligned opposing spaced apart optical fiber end faces for the Fabry-Perot sensor. Preferably, an adhesive directly secures the at least one pair of optical fiber portions to the substrate. The opposing spaced apart optical fiber end faces are self-aligned because the pair of optical fiber end portions are formed from a single fiber which has been directly secured to the substrate. Also, each of the self-aligned spaced apart optical fiber end faces may be substantially rounded due to an electrical discharge used to form the gap. This results in integral lenses being formed as the end faces of the fiber portions.

Abstract: The invention includes methods useful for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and the evaluation of enhanced levels of lipid peroxidation in a mammal. The methods utilize isoprostanes as sensitive and stable molecular markers for lipid peroxidation in a mammal. Methods of identifying compounds useful for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease or for reducing levels of lipid peroxidation in a mammal are also included. The invention also includes kits useful for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and for the evaluation of levels of lipid peroxidation in a mammal.

Abstract: A fan structure includes a fan head having a plurality of blades mounted for rotation. A mechanism is coupled to the fan head and is constructed and arranged to move the fan head along a surface of a sphere in a three dimensional pattern. At least one motor is constructed and arranged to cause rotation of the blades and movement of the mechanism. The mechanism thus provides both back-and-forth and up-and-down motion of the fan head.

Abstract: A device for measuring a total dose of biologically effective radiation is provided, in a specific embodiment, for measuring ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) in the wavelength range of 290-400 nm. X-radiation and high-energy particle radiation are also measurable with this device. The device includes a sample of DNA dried onto a plastic film, and the analysis method includes assaying for damage with the use of polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence techniques. The damage to the DNA is correlatable with dosage via a comparison with standardized calibration data.

Abstract: The concentration of a substance, such as glucose, in a biological sample, such as human tissue (e.g. the skin of an index finger) is non-invasively determined by directing the output beam of a laser diode onto and into the skin so as to cause Raman scattering. The output of a charge coupled device, upon which the scattered light is spatially dispersed according to frequency is digitized and applied to a processor. The processor compares the Raman scattering intensity characteristics of the sample with a comparative model, in particular, an artificial neural network discriminator (ANND). The ANND is trained with a plurality of Raman spectral characteristics from biological fluids or tissue, possessing known Raman scattered light intensities versus wavelength characteristics at known concentrations. A preferred implementation of the ANND employs fuzzy adaptive resonance theory-mapping (ARTMAP), which has robust noise rejection capabilities and can readily handle nonlinear phenomena.