Abstract: The disclosure relates to recombinant protein expression systems comprising genetically modified cells wherein the cells are transformed or transfected with tRNA genes to reduce base mismatch due to genetic degeneracy in the genetic code.

Abstract: There is described a processor for use in the microwave torrefaction of biomass material which comprises, a micronized biomass char material and a method of producing a biomass char material, and a method of producing L-glucosan.

Abstract: There is described a method of transformation of a cellulosic material, such as, lignocellulosic biomass material and/or cellulose, into a directly fermentable saccharide containing mixture wherein said method of transformation comprises the microwave assisted hydrothermal treatment of the cellulosic material.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to the isolation of a nucleic acid molecule[s] that encode a novel cytochrome P450 and an oxidoreductase from a Papaver somniferum [P. somniferum] cultivar, transgenic cells transformed with said nucleic acid molecule and sequence variants thereof; and including methods for the production of intermediates in the production of morphinans.

Abstract: A pulse generation device includes a substrate, a spin injector provided on the substrate and made of a ferromagnetic body, a spin rotor provided on the substrate, made of a ferromagnetic body, and having magnetic anisotropy in which a direction of a first axis becomes an easy axis of magnetization, a channel portion made of a nonmagnetic body, and joined with the spin injector and the spin rotor directly or via an insulating layer, and a generating portion configured to generate a pulse by detecting, when a magnetic moment of the spin rotor is reversed from a state in which the magnetic moment faces one side of the first axis to a state in which the magnetic moment faces the other side of the first axis, a state in which the magnetic moment of the spin rotor faces a direction along a second axis orthogonal to the first axis.

Abstract: There is described a method of producing (?)-levoglucosenone, said method comprising, heating lignin to a temperature in excess of 150° C. for a time sufficient to convert a proportion of the lignin to (?)-evoglucosenone.

Abstract: A spin control mechanism includes a spin portion and a first channel portion. The spin portion has a magnetic moment that can be reversed and rotated. The first channel portion is provided in contact with the spin portion, and is configured from ferromagnetic insulator. Then, the spin control mechanism controls a direction of the magnetic moment of the spin portion using a spin current generated by a temperature gradient provided to the first channel portion.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to the isolation of a nucleic acid molecule[s] that encode a novel cytochrome P450 and an oxidoreductase from a Papaver somniferum [P. somniferum] cultivar, transgenic cells transformed with said nucleic acid molecule and sequence variants thereof; and including methods for the production of intermediates in the production of morphinans.

Abstract: A spin valve element 10 including a spin injector 12 made of a ferromagnetic material, a spin detector 16 made of a ferromagnetic material, and a channel part 14 made of a non-magnetic material. The spin detector 16 is arranged at a position separated from the spin injector 12, the channel part 14 is connected with the spin injector 12 and the spin detector 16 directly or through an insulating layer, and a plurality of spin diffusion portions 30 to 34 with enlarged cross section areas in a direction perpendicular to a spin current is formed in the channel part 14.

Abstract: A spin rotary member includes a substrate, a spin injector made of a ferromagnetic material magnetized in a substrate in-plane direction, and provided on the substrate, a spin rotor made of a ferromagnetic material having a magnetic moment rotatable in the substrate in-plane direction, and provided on the substrate, being separated from the spin injector, a channel part made of a non-magnetic material, arranged between the spin injector and the spin rotor, and bonded with the spin injector and the spin rotor directly or through an insulating layer, and a spin rotation control part configured to control a rotation direction of spin of the channel part.

Abstract: A crystallisation method for an alloy film such as a Co-based ternary Heusler-alloy is described having the steps of: providing a substrate; depositing a layer of the alloy film to be crystallised onto the substrate using a physical vapour deposition process to a depth of up to a few hundred nm; optionally depositing a capping layer thereon; heating the deposited film at an annealing temperature below 300° C. and for example of around 200° C. to 300° C. to effect crystallisation of the alloy film layer. The method is in particular applied to the in the deposition and annealing in situ of an alloy film in or on a semiconductor device for example as a functional film in or on such a device and in particular to the deposition and annealing in situ of a highly-spin-polarised ferromagnetic thin film on a semiconductor or spintronic device.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to delta (12) and delta (15) desaturases and their use in the modification of oil content in hemp.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to anti-viral agents that mimic or inhibit packaging singles of RNA viruses that function in viral capsid formation and their use in the control of viral infection.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to nucleic acids that encode polypeptides with cytochrome P450 activity involved in the biosynthesis of plant derived diterpenoids or diterpenes.

Abstract: A mesoporous material is derived from a polysaccharide by thermally assisted partial carbonisation after expansion. The polysaccharide is an acid containing polysaccharide or mixture of polysaccharides.

Abstract: A spin control mechanism includes a spin portion and a first channel portion. The spin portion has a magnetic moment that can be reversed and rotated. The first channel portion is provided in contact with the spin portion, and is configured from ferromagnetic insulator. Then, the spin control mechanism controls a direction of the magnetic moment of the spin portion using a spin current generated by a temperature gradient provided to the first channel portion.

Abstract: The device (10) disclosed herein assists in the diagnosis and classification of neurodegenerative diseases through the assessment of a subject's visuo-spatial ability. The device (10) has a touch-screen display (11) into which a user can input data utilizing a stylus (13) or the like. A position reader is provided, linked to a position data storage means and also a timer to link a time value to said position data, the time value being stored in a time data storage means. Storage means is also provided for preset-value data relating to known data on medical conditions, with the preset-value data having been produced in accordance with an evolutionary algorithm. A comparator compares the user input data with the preset-value data, and the result is output.

Abstract: There is described a method of isolating one or more of pectin, d-limonene, a flavor compound, a flavonoid, a soluble monosaccharide, a decomposition product of a monosaccharide and cellulose, from citrus material wherein said method comprises the microwave assisted hydrothermal low temperature treatment of citrus material.

Abstract: There is provided a method of pinning domain walls in a magnetic memory device (10) comprising using an antiferromagnetic material to create domain wall pinning sites. Junctions (22) where arrays of ferromagnetic nanowires (16) and antiferromagnetic nanowires (20) cross exhibit a permanent exchange bias interaction between the ferromagnetic material and the antiferromagnetic material which creates domain wall pinning sites. The exchange bias field is between 30 to 3600 Oe and the anisotropy direction of the ferromagnetic elements is between 15 to 75° to an anisotropy direction of the antiferromagnetic elements.

Abstract: A dimeric aluminum(salen) catalyst of formula I: wherein: (a) at least one R group is selected from L-A, and/or (b) at least one of X group is a divalent C3-7 heterocyclene group, containing a ring atom which is a quaternary nitrogen atom paired with a counterion selected from Cl, Br and I; and/or (c) at least one X group is a C2-5 alkylene chain or a C1-3 bisoxyalkylene chain, substituted by a group -Q-L-A; and/or (ii) (a) one R group is L-A?, or (b) one X group is a divalent C3-7 heterocyclene group, containing a ring atom which is a quaternary nitrogen forming part of an ammonium linking group bound to a solid support and paired with a counterion selected from Cl, Br and I; or (c) one X group is a C2-5 alkylene chain or a C1-3 bisoxyalkylene chain, substituted by a group -Q-L-A?.