Abstract: A well-known technique to discourage piracy of digital objects is to fingerprint the version each customer receives. The invention provides a novel way of fingerprinting the decryption functions given by broadcasters to their customers (usually in the form of smart cards). The main difficulty is to ensure that all the algorithms provided by the broadcaster implement the same decryption function, and yet to make it computationally difficult for a pirate who obtains a large number of such implementations to find even one fundamentally different implementation which is not traceable to a particular customer.

Abstract: Improved methods and apparatus are provided for protecting public key schemes based on modular exponentiation (including RSA and Diffie-Hellman) from indirect cryptanalytic techniques such as timing and fault attacks. Known methods for making the implementation of number-theoretic schemes resistant to such attacks typically double their running time, whereas the novel methods and apparatus described in this patent add only negligible overhead. This improvement is particularly significant in smart card and software-based implementations, in which the modular exponentiation operation is quite slow, and doubling its time may be an unacceptable solution.

Abstract: An anti-tumor pharmaceutical composition includes cells into which a gene encoding human IL-6 has been inserted. A method of treatment of a patient suffering from cancer to prevent and/or inhibit the development of metastases by administering to the patient the anti-tumor pharmaceutical composition including the above mentioned cells.

Abstract: Memory efficient variants of public key encryption and identification schemes for smart card applications with severely limited RAM without using dedicated coprocessors. The variants replace the memory-intensive modular multiplication operation z=x*y (mod n) by a new randomized multiplication operation z'=x*y+r*n, where r is a randomly chosen integer in a suitable range 0,b!, and a double convolution process to compute z' is used. Method and apparatus are described.

Abstract: A method of making a photochromic polysiloxane includes the steps of forming a photochromic spironaphthooxazine monomer including an alkene terminated side and, by addition reaction, covalently bonding the alkene carbon to [SiH] moieties of a siloxane polymer. Novel spironaphthooxazine monomers and photochromic polysiloxanes are disclosed.