Abstract: Apparatus for inspecting baggage moved relative to an x-ray beam. The apparatus causes a beam of x-rays to pass through a reference in the course of exposure and detects the presence of the reference material contained within the baggage by matching the effective atomic number of the materials within the bag, with the atomic number of the reference.

Abstract: An apparatus and method is disclosed for facilitating calibration of a dual energy digital radiography system having a focused multi-element detector assembly. The apparatus includes two sets of calibration elements, each set made of a different basis material. Each calibration element defines a segment of an annulus and is positionable between the system source and detector such that the center defined by the annulus is substantially coincident with the focal spot of the source. Within individual sets, the thicknesses of the respective member elements differ one from another in accordance with a binary progression. Each of the calibration elements is positioned and sized such that it intercepts and attenuates all radiation which ultimately falls upon the detector.

Abstract: A system for measuring the open space between, and the ratio of open space to cord diameter, of cord reinforced tire fabric. A collimated x-ray source and detector scan across the tire fabric as it is calendered providing a signal corresponding to each edge of a cord. A counter counting at a constant rate provides a time interval measurement of each open space, and also of the corresponding open space plus cord, as the x-ray source and detector scans the fabric. The quotient of the two time intervals determined is proportional to the fractional open space at a particular location in the fabric. An alarm is provided to indicate when the open space is outside predetermined limits.

Abstract: A high resolution X-ray inspection system particularly adapted for electronic circuit components comprised of an X-ray cabinet including an X-ray tube which is located in a vertical tower and where the object and film are placed on a slidable support member located inside the lower portion of the cabinet, with the support member being slidable outwardly therefrom. The slidable support member includes provision for attaching, upon demand, a fluoroscopic imaging device whose output is optically coupled to a closed circuit TV camera located in the bottom of the housing beneath the slidable shelf. The fluoroscopic generator includes a thinly coated radioluminescent phosphor plate optically coupled to the input of an image intensifier comprised of a microchannel plate multiplier.

Abstract: Device to permanently link a metal joining piece and a composite material tube, to a tube subjected to static pressure up to 150 MPa. The assembly consists of a metal part constituting a sealing (8) and joining (7) piece with a collar (2), onto which the composite material (1) is attached. A tubular anti-abrasion and anti-corrosion (6) sleeve, flush-mounted in the metal joining piece and protected by a ring (9) at its end ensures total isolation of the composite/metal joint from corrosive fluids which may be flowing through the tube. In particular, the application of the device to oil industry sensors.

Abstract: A radiographic machine in which the exposure is equalized as between different areas of the image plane so as to enhance high spatial frequency features of the image and suppress low spatial frequency features and achieve other benefits as well. A fan beam which is wide enough to encompass the object being imaged is swept across the object and segments of that beam are individually pulse width modulated at each of a number of sampling intervals during the sweep by monastable or bistable shutter pins which either completely block or completely uncover the sectors which they control. An alternate embodiment adds beam width moulation as well, by making the shutter pins either completely block their sectors of uncover them only to the degree necessary for beam width modulation.

Abstract: An x-ray lithography system is disclosed in which x-rays are generated by directing a high energy laser beam against a metal target to form an x-ray emitting plasma. The x-rays from the plasma are then directed through a mask towards a resist covered wafer to cause a patterned exposure on the wafer resist coating. The mask, the portion of the target which the laser beam strikes and the portion of the water to be exposed are all within an evacuated chamber. The laser, prior to entering the chamber, is split into two separate beams, each of which are focused and directed through a window in the side of the chamber towards the same spot on the target. Apparatus, including an air bearing, seal and positioner, is provided to move the target at periodic intervals. Similar apparatus is provided to move the wafer from exposure section to exposure section.

Abstract: A fluid controlled counterbalance and power-assist system for use in a diagnostic x-ray imaging system includes a first member and a second member movably mounted to said first member. A slave actuator including a reciprocal piston is selectively coupled between the first and second members. Fluid coupling ports are located on each end of the cylinder for coupling working fluid to either side of the piston. First and second master actuators each including a cylinder are located remote from the imaging system. Each master actuator has fluid coupling ports selectively located on each end of its cylinder for coupling working fluid to one side of the cylinder and control fluid to the other side. Working fluid connection lines connect one end of the slave actuator to one end of the first master actuator and connect the opposite end of the slave actuator to the second master actuator for providing working fluid flow between said actuators.

Abstract: The invention relates to an X-ray tube with a rotating anode which is driven by a magnetic bearings motor. The anodic current is outflowed by a friction-type contact device which is located inside the shaft supporting the rotor of the motor. The friction contact device is actuated so as to cut off or establish an electrical contact between an inner wall of the rotor and the friction contact device.

Abstract: X-ray tube construction comprising a housing with a metal tube envelope therein and a shaft. An anode plate is carried by the shaft. Bearings are disposed on opposite sides of the anode plate and rotatably mount the shaft in the envelope. A motor drive is coupled to the shaft for rotating the shaft and the anode plate carried thereby. A cathode is provided for supplying electrons which are accelerated by a high voltage to the anode plate for creating x-rays upon impingement with the anode plate. A heat cage is disposed in the housing and the envelope and surrounds the anode plate. X-ray shielding is disposed within the housing between the envelope and the housing. Windows are provided in the shielding, the metal envelope and in the heat cage to permit x-rays to pass therethrough. Particularly novel means is provided for dissipating the heat generated in the anode and for dissipating the same exterior of the housing prior to the heat passing to the opposite extremities of the shaft.

Abstract: Alignment in X-ray lithography is generally effected in such a manner that the surface of a target mark for alignment formed on a wafer is illuminated with light for alignment through an X-ray mask, and the position of the wafer is detected from the reflected light. On the basis of the finding that the reflected light from the mask, particularly from an absorber formed thereon, greatly degrades the precision and reliability in measurement, the present invention provides a pattern transfer mask provided with a thin film which lowers the reflection factor of the mask the thin film having a thickness set a .lambda./4n (.lambda.:the wavelength of the light for alignment; n: an integer) or an odd-number multiple thereof. Thus, it is advantageously possible to overcome the above-described lowering of precision and reliablity.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a method of calibrating a tomographic system which is used for testing earthen cores. At least two phantoms of a first type of phantom is used in calibrating for contrast resolution. At least two phantoms of a second type of phantom are used to calibrate the tomographic system for beam hardening.

Abstract: A device which measures both the thickness of a thin film and the concentration of selected elements within the thin film. An X-ray source is utilized to irradiate the thin film sample and two detectors, an energy dispersive detector and a wavelength dispersive detector, provide the film thickness and element concentration measurements respectively.

Abstract: A rotating anode for X-ray tube including a base body on which target is formed by the deposit of at least one layer of target material wherein said base body includes a first central section comprising at least to some extent a carbon-carbon composite material and a second part of monolithic graphite supporting target arranged at least partly at the periphery of the former with the two parts bound mechanically to one another by a means of interconnection, such as brazing at the junction point of the two parts.

Abstract: An X-ray line detector where signals from detector elements are selectively combined in dependence on the deflection angle of the X-ray beam from the X-ray source and an object carrier.

Abstract: An F-kV and an F-mA output from tube-voltage adjuster and tube-current adjuster, respectively, are supplied to exposure-rate controller. Controller compares an input entrance exposure rate determined by the F-kV and the F-mA with a preset exposure rate set in view of a patient's safety. When the former is equal to or less than the latter, controller supplies the input F-kV and F-mA to X-ray tube. When the former exceeds the latter, controller supplies an F-kV and an F-mA corresponding to the preset exposure rate to X-ray tube and a limit signal to auto-iris controller. X-rays output from X-ray tube are transmitted through patient to form an X-ray image. The X-ray image is converted into an optical image by image intensifier tube. After the light quantity of the optical image is reduced by auto-iris, the optical image is picked up by TV camera. TV camera outputs an image signal to TV monitor and brightness detector.

Abstract: A method of applying solid lubricant to a bearing with rolling surfaces which comprises the steps of sputter cleaning the bearing substrate and implanting ions of the solid lubricant to a shallow depth in the surface of the substrate to improve the bonding of the solid lubricant plating which is subsequently deposited by plasma-assisted ion plating in a thin layer of approximately 1000 .ANG. directly over the implanted substrate and wherein the plating is applied to the bearing substrate at high temperature and in the presence of low pressure inert gas ions to improve surface structure and wherein the bearing element is then cooled in a vacuum.

Abstract: An x-ray diagnostics installation has an x-ray source, an x-ray image intensifier connected to a video chain and a processing circuit which controls various components of the installation. The processing circuit includes a weighting circuit which allocates an individual weighting factor to different regions of the x-ray image. The processing circuit also includes an evaluation circuit, connected to the weighting circuit, which combines the signals from the weighted image regions to form an actual value signal, which is used to control certain of the components of the installation.

Abstract: A high intensity x-ray source that uses a flowing stream of liquid gallium as a target with the electron beam impinging directly on the liquid metal.

Abstract: Spectroscopic measurements of stable isotopes are performed using a tunable lead salt diode laser. The design of the system is based upon the optimization of isotopic spectral lines from two different path lengths in an absorption cell using a single gaseous sample. A short path cell to measure the more abundant species and a long path cell to measure the less abundant species are used. A micrometer adjustment of a path length is used for equalizing spectral line intensities to obtain a measure of isotope enrichment or of absolute isotopic concentration.