Abstract: The invention relates to a fluorescence radiation source in which an anode which encloses a member is struck by electrons on its side which faces the member and in which the primary X-ray radiation generated in the anode generates fluorescence radiation in the member. The member is preferably arranged within an enclosing shield which keeps scattered electrons remote from the member.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a stand for an x-ray examination apparatus comprising a telescoping column that, for example, guides an x-radiator adjustably in the direction of its longitudinal axis and comprises at least three tubular telescope parts joined inside one another, whereby the telescope parts are coupled such to one another that, given adjustment of the x-radiator, the same relative displacement occurs between respectively two telescope parts adjacent to one another and whereby respective stops are provided between telescope parts adjacent to one another. Adjustment devices are thereby provided with which the position of the telescope parts is adjustable such relative to one another in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the telescoping column that all stops take effect essentially simultaneously and the adjustment devices are fashioned and arranged such that they are actuatable without dismantling the telescoping column.

Abstract: Roentgen lithography aparatus comprises a roentgen tube for producing long wave roentgen radiation for forming an image of a mask on a substrate. The roentgen tube comprises an electron gun having a glow cathode and a grid, electron beam deflecting and focussing coils, a target on which the electron beam is projected and an exit window through which roentgen rays from the target are projected through a lithography mask onto a substrate. The glow cathode and the target are of high atomic number high melting point material, such as tunsten. The grip has an annular flange with a central opening in which the tip of the glow cathode is disposed. The front face of the flange facing the target is frustoconical with an included angle of about 100.degree. to 140.degree. while the rear face is plane. The angle between the front and rear faces as measured in a radial plane is about 15.degree. to 60.degree.. The focussing coil focusses the electron beam into a focal spot on the target having a diameter less than 10.sup.

Abstract: The invention relates to an X-ray apparatus, comprising an essentially monochromatic radiation source which irradiates an examination zone in different positions by means of a primary beam having a small cross-section, a first position-sensitive detector device which measures, on the other side of the examination zone, the radiation elastically scattered in the primary beam, and means for reconstructing an image of the irradiated cross-section.

Abstract: An irradiation apparatus including an x-ray or gamma-ray source, an optical distance and surface profile measuring device, and means for adjusting the dose of radiation delivered to a target surface by the source based on a precise measured distance from the source to the target surface. The measuring device has a laser or other beam source and photodetector in known fixed relationship to the radiation source, and a pair of mirrors which are turnable to direct the laser beam from the laser to a sequence of selected spots on the target surface and then to the photodetector. Knowing the geometry of the system, the distance from the radiation source to the sequence of spots on the target surface can be computed. In one embodiment the two mirrors define a baseline of a triangle, with the laser and photodetector lying proximate to the baseline. One mirror rotates at a known speed and sensors determine the orientation of the mirror when that mirror directs light reflected from the target onto the photodetector.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an X-ray lithography system having a long life target. The life of the conventional target in X-ray generating systems for use in X-ray lithography systems is increased by providing means by which a single laser pulse can be provided to the same spot a plurality of times. In addition, new target designs are provided which are mechanically moved to allow laser pulses to be provided to adjacent points over a large surface area. One type of target is a cylindrical drum which is helically rotated to allow the laser pulse to intersect at all points along the helix of the drum. A second type of long life target is a long continuous strip in which a strip is moved from a feed reel to a take-up reel. The strip may be within a cassette.

Abstract: An x-ray diagnostics system has a number of sub-systems, including an x-ray generating system, an image pick-up system, and a patient support system. At least two of these sub-systems have components thereof which are individually suspended by support mechanisms which permit three-dimension movement and adjustment of the component by a motor. The motor is connected to a central computer which controls the motion and positioning of all components for moving the components to selected positions relative to a patient and relative to each other.

Abstract: Disclosed is a film feeding mechanism for use during medical x-ray techniques, particularly angiography. Sheets of film are fed sequentially at high speed into and out of a film exposure device, by a feed mechanism including continuously driven feed wheels and movable pinch rollers, in a manner so as to reduce damage to the films, including the build-up and discharge of static charge on the films. In the film exposure device, a free-floating lower clamping assembly, having a natural substantially flat configuration, clamps each film against an upper clamping assembly from the center of the film progressively outward towards its leading and trailing ends, to eliminate wrinkling of the film. A firing command is transmitted to an X-ray generator before each unexposed sheet of film reaches the exposure position and each cycle of operation is accomplished by energizing a single revolution clutch connectable to a continuously running, constant speed motor.

Abstract: A method of checking the presence or absence of an X-ray sheet film in a cassette inserted into an automatic film unloading or loading apparatus, utilizes a proximity sensor arranged in the apparatus to sense position changes of a sheet film supporting foil which is arranged for a limited movement in the cassette. The proximity sensor is connected to an electronic control device which controls the operational sequence of the unloading and loading apparatus. When the gripping member preferably in the form of a suction cup seizes a sheet film on the supporting means in the cassette, the supporting means remain in its rest position after the sheet film is removed. However, if no film is present on the supporting means, the suction cup seizes the supporting means and displaces the same from its rest position. This change is sensed by the sensor and a signal is delivered to the electronic control circuit which modifies the operational sequence accordingly.

Abstract: A digital scan projection radiography system is disclosed which is particularly adapted for the rigors of portable deployment. The system scans by gravity. A cam mechanism is employed which raises the pivot of a pivotally suspended scanner assembly including source, detector and other components to render gravitational potential energy of the scanner assembly approximately linear with respect to angular scanning displacement. This feature enables limiting scanning angular velocity to an approximately constant value with the aid of only a friction brake. The feature also causes the detector scanning path to more closely approximate a linear path than an arcuate path which would result from simple pivotal pendulum scanning.

Abstract: A measuring apparatus for measuring a physical property of a substance using radiation has a source of radiation for irradiating the substance, a radiation detector which is disposed on the opposite side of the substance from the radiation source, a mask for allowing radiaton to enter the radiation detector only along n prescribed pathways, and a signal processing and calculating device for calculating the physical property of the substance based on the radiation which is incident upon the radiation detector. The mask has n different mask patterns each comprising a plurality of pattern elements which allow the passage of radiation and which can be positioned between the substance and the radiation detector in alignment with the radiation pathways.

Abstract: Using a belt transmission and guide wheels, a linear drive for a detector arm of an X-ray monochromator is simply obtained, the angle between the detector arm and the crystal arm always being accurately equal to the angle between the crystal arm and the entrance slit.

Abstract: A method of analyzing a composition of an optical fiber base material to be measured by radioactive rays, which comprises the steps of irradiating radioactive rays from a radiation generator to the composition containing a plurality of elements or the substance, emitting the transmitted rays of the base material to a plurality of single crystals to produce several types of transmitted rays of specific energy, and measuring the transmitted rays by a radiation detector to analyze the compositions of the constituent elements in the base material. Thus, this method can accurately and economically analyze the composition in response to the constituent elements of the composition and the thickness of the composition.

Abstract: An x-ray scanner for detecting plastic articles has an x-ray source which generates a fan-shaped x-ray beam through which an article to be examined is moved. A primary radiation detector array is disposed at a side of the article opposite to the x-ray source and functions to provide a normal x-ray image identifying metal articles. Additional detectors, which detect scatter radiation are disposed around the examination space at a distance from the primary radiation detector. The scatter radiation detectors detect scattered radiation characteristic of that produced by plastic articles. Signals from the scatter radiation detectors are processed, by which the presence of a plastic article can be identified.

Abstract: An X-ray exposure mask for use in a stepper in X-ray lithography is formed so that deformation of mask patterns on a surface of the X-ray mask is prevented, so that when these patterns are transferred to a semiconductor wafer substantially no deformation of the patterns will occur, allowing higher integration of patterns. The surface of the X-ray mask is divided into a centrally located first region and a surrounding second region. A layer of X-ray absorbing material is superposed on the surface of the X-ray mask and includes a first layer portion coextensive with the first central region and patterned for selectively exposing the first central region of the membrane surface in a corresponding pattern for selected transmission of an X-ray beam therethrough.

Abstract: An automated sample inlet system for sequentially introducing a plurality of indium encapsulated samples into a mass spectrometer wherein the samples are placed in a micro tube and loaded into a circular carousel under a vacuum bell jar maintained at ambient temperature. The samples are systematically advanced by rotating the carousel resulting in each sample sequentially falling through a delivery tube containing an inverted ball valve into a sample vaporizing chamber within an oven. An additional pair of sapphire ball valves in communication with the glass vaporizing chamber are sequentially opened and closed in a preprogrammed manner along with the opening and closing of the thermal inverted ball valve and the indexing of the carousel such as to automatically evacuate the glass inlet system iwthin the oven, introduce a new sample and vaporize it and then inject this vapor into a mass spectrometer.

Abstract: Several different embodiments of high-intensity rotating-anode X-ray are shown which use a liquid or fluid-cooled rotating-anode. No ferrofluid-type rotating joints or O-ring gasket-type seals are required so that the interior of the tube maintains a high vacuum without pumping. A bellows permits mechanical coupling to interior structures of the tube while providing a completely vacuum tight enclosure. All joints may be hard soldered or brazed together so the entire system can be baked at a high temperature during pumpdown.

Abstract: A computed tomography system which includes both a high-energy imaging apparatus (such as an X-ray computed tomography device) and also one or more phantoms whose solid characteristics generally correspond to the density and shape (preferably including external and internal contours) of the existing object to be imaged. The phantom is used for differential error-correction techniques, which permit very accurate imagining of the contours of bones in vivo. The accurate images thus derived permit fabrication of orthopedic prostheses which have an extremely accurate fit to existing bone structure.

Abstract: An improved multiwire proportional counter camera having particular utility in the field of clinical nuclear medicine imaging. The detector utilizes direct coupled, low impedance, high speed delay lines, the segments of which are capacitor-inductor networks. A pile-up rejection test is provided to reject confused events otherwise caused by multiple ionization events occurring during the readout window.

Abstract: A fused metal oxide ceramic coating is disclosed for application in a particular region of the target employed in an x-ray tube. The disclosed ceramic coating enhances the thermal emittance of a refractory metal target and comprises the fused product of a metal oxide physical mixture comprising Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, ZrO.sub.2, and TiO.sub.2 which exhibits a minimum melting point of approximately 1580.degree. C. A preferred ceramic coating comprises from about 40 weight percent up to about 70 weight percent TiO.sub.2, from about 20 weight percent up to about 40 weight percent ZrO.sub.2, and from about 10 weight percent up to about 20 weight percent Al.sub.2 O.sub.3. A process for the in situ preparation of said ceramic coating is also disclosed along with a particular rotating type x-ray tube and radiographic imaging system employing said improved target.