Abstract: Described herein is an improved target for use in a pulsed induced plasma X-ray lithography system. The target is formed as a disk shaped base having a series of concentric grooves formed on the side thereof incident to the focused laser beam. A plurality of small holes are fabricated through the base to the facing wall of the groove against which the laser beam is focused and a film, of a polyimide or silicon nitride material, covers the hole. A thin layer of metal target material is then placed on the film aligned with each hole. The thickness of the metal is selected to be sufficient to allow the complete ablation of the material during the existence of the X-ray emitting plasma. In this manner, a minimal amount of debris, either in the form of molten droplets or evaporated metal material, will be generated.

Abstract: Disclosed is an x-ray film packet positioner device by means of which certain x-ray film views can be obtained and which is especially adaptable to all disciplines of dental practice but not limited to same. This invention consists of two units, namely a positioner body device and an x-ray film packet holding rod device. The positioner body of the invention is stabilized and held in position by a bite platform device and contains slots for positioning and holding x-ray film packets for obtaining certain x-ray film views as well as containing a hole in which a positioner x-ray film packet holding rod device can be placed. The positioner body contains holes into which are inserted retaining devices and by means of which an x-ray film packet holding rod device is stabilized and fixed in position, and by which the body of the invention is tightened against a bite platform. The x-ray film packet holding rod device contains slots for holding x-ray film packets in certain positions.

Abstract: The present invention is an apparatus for producing tomographic images of an object comprising: a beam of collimated radiation transmitted through the object in a plurality of rays, an imaging electro-optic detector for detecting the attenuated transmitted radiation after it has passed through the object, the detector including an energy convertor, image format altering device, and a readout device, wherein the detector has a detective quantum efficiency greater than 0.05, a total signal dependent background less than 10 percent of the signal from the unattenuated x-ray beam, a useful dynamic range greater than 10, a non-uniformity of response between adjacent active pixels of less than 75%, and deviations of geometric linearity that is less than 10 pixels in the recorded image, means for obtaining the attenuation coefficients from the transmitted radiation, and means for computing a reconstructed image of the object from the attenuation coefficients.

Abstract: A computer tomography apparatus with a frame upon which is mounted an x-ray emitter and corresponding detector module with x-ray detectors and associated electronics, is provided with a closed circulation cooling system with evaporator coils located adjacent to the electronics, the coils lying across both focus-proximate and focus-distant edges of circuit boards for the electronics, a condensor located away from the electronics, and cooling air which is blown through interspaces between the circuit boards and the evaporator coils.

Abstract: A MAS regulating system for high frequency medical X-ray generator produces a control signal to stop the exposure when the milliamp-seconds delivered by the X-ray tube becomes equal to or greater than a desired maximum amount set by an operator. The system comprises a converter circuit for converting a signal corresponding to a desired MAS value set in by the operator into a first digital signal having a predetermined format. A digital integrator circuit integrates and converts the actual MA current in the X-ray tube to a digital MAS signal corresponding to the actual MAS value of the current in the X-ray tube and in the same predetermined format as the first digital signal. A comparing circuit compares the first and second digital signals and produces a control signal to stop the exposure when the second digital signal is greater than the first digital signal.

Abstract: A dental X-ray film pack includes a dental X-ray film, an inner packaging member covering both sides of the dental X-ray film and an outer packaging member having a peeling piece at a part thereof and enclosing the dental X-ray film and inner packaging member. The dental X-ray film pack is provided with a means for uniting together a section of the inner packaging member, said section covering one side of the dental X-ray film on the side of the peeling piece, and the peeling piece.

Abstract: A foot and ankle positioning and holding fixture for medical examination and X-ray of the foot and ankle, with film holding means enabling views in a single film of both side and top for easier comparison. The fixture is easily adjustable for dorsiflexion and internal and external rotation.

Abstract: A pivot motor drive for actuating a grid to move over the X-ray film in the Bucky during an X-ray exposure, comprising (a) an electromagnet, (b) a pivoting beam mounted thereon and acting directly on the grid and said beam displacing said grid in the presence of the magnetic field, and (c) a progressive spring acting on said grid and causing said grid and said beam to return to the original position in the absence of the magnetic field.

Abstract: A radiography source, preferably a cobalt-60 source constructed of a plurality of radioactive cobalt-60 pellets contained in an open capsule preferably constructed of titanium. The pellets are disposed in the capsule and compacted therein to reduce the source focal size. A plug is disposed in the open capsule and welded therewith. The cobalt and titanium materials are sufficiently different in atomic number to permit good X-ray analysis resolution.

Abstract: A method of imaging for enhancing detection of cracks or flaws in an object using penetrating radiation is disclosed wherein a contrast medium is applied to an object before illumination and scatter radiation is detected from the object. This is achieved by employing a flying spot scanner and a backscatter imaging technique allowing imaging of objects which are not completely accessible, e.g. imaging the object where only one side accessible.

Abstract: An x-radiator has a rotating anode on which electrons emitted by a thermionic cathode are incident to produce an x-ray beam. The electron stream is incident on the anode at a focal spot. The focal spot on the anode is prevented from migrating laterally from a selected point by a magnetic field generated by a coil acting on the electron stream. The position of the emitted x-ray beam is monitored by a detector, and upon a change in position of the x-ray beam, corresponding to a migration of the focal spot, the detector supplies a signal to a control unit for the coil which adjusts the magnetic field to maintain the electron stream at the desired focal spot.

Abstract: Radio-diagnostic equipment includes an X-ray tube and a shutter which defines an aperture of modifiable size for allowing X-rays to pass therethrough. The shutter consists of a plurality of individual lamella which lie adjacent each other about the sides of the aperture and can be adjusted individually in a longitudinal direction depending on the size of the object under examination. An X-ray image intensifier and a television camera coupled to it generate a video signal and a monitor reproduces an image of the video signal. An evaluating circuit derives a control signal from the video signal which is applied to a position adjusting device including spring-like elements which can be deflected from an initial position by physical forces for controlling the positioning of each lamella.

Abstract: A high frequency laser for generating a coherent collimated beam in the ultraviolet to x-ray range using a high energy charged particle beam is provided. The laser utilizes an undulator which in one embodiment is a solid state superlattice composed of alternating layers of two materials have slightly different lattice spacing to provide strain modulation. A beam of charged particles is injected into the undulator to stimulate emission at short wavelengths in ultraviolet to hard x-ray range. The feedback required for lasing action is provided by Bragg diffraction involving the basic crystal lattice or other mirror device such as a superlattice mirror. In another embodiment, a dynamic undulator is used comprising infrared electromagnetic radiation. High energy Lithium ions are injected into the undulator resulting in stimulation of high frequency radiation. The feedback is provided by a superlattice mirror.

Abstract: A cushioning bite plate adapter for use with a dental x-ray film holder comprises an elastically compressible member which has an attachment surface for engaging a surface of a bite plate of the film holder. An adhesive layer is disposed on the attachment surface of the elastically compressible member. A protective peel-off sheet is disposed over the adhesive layer. To use, the protective peel-off sheet is removed and the adhesive layer on the attachment surface is pressed into contact with the bite plate surface. The adhesive layer maintains the elastically compressible member in contact with the bite plate surface. Following use, the adapter is separated from the bite plate surface and thrown away.

Abstract: A dental diagnostic apparatus or installation which obtains a better matching of the exposure data to the patient and has a rotary unit carrying the radiation source and the film cassette which are adjustable to an initial position by an adjustment arrangement and from this initial position the film cassette can be charged with the radiation within the framework of normal transillumination with the radiation initially beginning outside of the mandibular arch. The incoming radiation dose is measured by a detector arrangement which creates a signal that is compared in a computational unit of a control arrangement to a rated quantity corresponding to a prescribed dose value. The exposure data required from further transillumination of the patient's head are identified therefrom and the tomogram position is determined by identifying the patient-associated film speed via the jaw length/jaw width measurements and comparison to defined rated value.

Abstract: A diagnostic imaging scanner system is provided which includes an arm structure mounted to a support structure for pivotal motion about a substantially horizontal arm axis. A source of radiation directs radiation along a beam path. A detector is mounted on the arm structure in alignment with the beam path and is spaced from the source to accommodate placement of a subject under examination therebetween. During pivotal motion the detector thus moves along an arcuate path which lies in a substantially vertical plane. Means are provided for compensating the gravitational torque experienced about the arm axis during scanning motion. The compensating means includes means for producing a predetermined force and a cam mounted for pivotal motion about a substantially horizontal cam axis which is operatively coupled to the force means for converting the predetermined force to a first torque about the cam axis.

Abstract: An apparatus for setting the exposure parameters of an X-ray generator that comprises an X-ray transformer for supplying high voltage and filament current to an X-ray tube, in which data relating to the functional relationships between the unloaded voltage of the X-ray transformer, the loaded voltage thereof, the anode current of the X-ray tube and the filament current are stored in the memory of a processor, and based on a measured unloaded voltage and a preset mAs exposure value the processor calculates and displays the loaded high voltage, sets a suitable discrete filament current and determines the exposure time corresponding to the predetermined mAs value in such a way that the X-ray tube cannot be overloaded. If the predetermined exposure data cannot be set due to overload, the processor indicates this fact, whereby the operator can either adjust the voltage or change the exposure parameters.

Abstract: In order to provide a dental X-ray diagnostic installation for producing panoramic tomograms of the jaw of the patient and to achieve a simple structure with improved image quality, the apparatus includes an adjustment mechanism for the carrier of the radiation source and the film cassette holder to be adjusted in an orbital curve corresponding to the dental arch of the patient. The adjustment arrangement includes first adjustment parts with which the carrier can be rotated around a first vertical axis, and second adjustment elements for moving or swivelling the first axis in an arch transverse relative to the symmetry axis of the subject during the rotary motion. The swivel radius and the amount of excursion of this swivel motion are selected so that the perpendicular transillumination direction through the subject gives a constant distance between the subject and the film during the motion of the rotary unit. To accomplish this, the invention includes two separate embodiments with various modifications.

Abstract: In an x-ray bone densitometer, special calibration techniques are employed to accommodate variations. In one aspect, a bone-like calibration material is interposed and the system determines the calibration data from rays passing only through flesh. In another aspect, a rotating device carries the calibration material through the beam. The specific densitometer shown uses an x-ray tube operated at two different voltages to generate a pencil beam, the energy levels of the x-ray photons being a function of the voltage applied. An integrating detector is timed to integrate the detected signal of the patient-attenuated beam over each pulse, the signals are converted to digital values and a digital computer converts the set of values produced by the raster scan into a representation of the bone density of the patient. Multiple reference detectors with differing absorbers are used by the system to continuously correct for variation in voltage and current of the x-ray tube.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring structural characteristics of a manufactured circuit board containing solder joints by automated real-time digital X-ray radiographic inspection techniques. A circuit board under examination is automatically positioned by a digitally controlled multi-axis positioning system between an electronic X-ray source and an electronic X-ray imaging system. X-rays, in a beam of X-rays from the X-ray source, are directed towards the circuit board. The X-rays are absorbed, scattered and transmitted through the circuit board. The X-rays transmitted through the circuit board are directed upon the X-ray imaging system. The X-ray imaging system converts the transmitted X-rays into digital images which represent the radiographic density of the portion of the circuit board under examination. The digital images are stored within a digital image processor.