Abstract: A process for separating an emulsion into separate and easily recoverable phases. The process comprises exposing an emulsion comprising a discontinuous phase and a non-conducting continuous phase to an electric field thereby effecting coalescence of the discontinuous phase into droplets of a size for effective gravitation from the continuous phase, where the discontinuous phase and the continuous phase have different dielectric constants and densities and at least one of the phases comprise a silicon containing compound or a silicon containing polymer. The present process is especially useful for separating emulsions where the discontinuous phase is an aqueous acid solution and the continuous phase is diorganopolysiloxane.

Abstract: A compact, continuous-flow synthesis device for the production of dimeric hydrocarbon species by reacting unsaturated hydrocarbons such as alkenes and alkynes with atomic hydrogen or free radicals generated by the dissociation of molecular hydrogen or organics such as alkanes. The dissociation is carried out in a module either by the electric discharge between a pair of parallel, annular, flat disc, high-voltage electrodes or by the radiation between a pair of parallel, toroidal ultraviolet lamps. The reactant to be dissociated flows radially inward from the module periphery between the pair of electrodes or the pair of ultraviolet lamps, and reaches the axis of the annulus or torus in the dissociated state. Unsaturated hydrocarbons in the dispersed phase injected vertically down this axis react with the dissociated species in a collision chamber surrounding the dissociation module to form residual free radicals.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a metallic fiber in which from a convergent extended wire, which is formed by a metallic fiber and a matrix member which is formed of a metallic material and whose dissolvability is higher than the dissolvability of the metallic fiber, the matrix member is continuously dissolved and removed by an electrolytic processing in a plurality of electrolytic tanks which are arranged in the conveying direction of the convergent extended wire, wherein: the convergent extended wire is passed through electrolytes in the plurality of electrolytic tanks, which are arranged in the shape of a gentle convex arch at the vertical direction upper side which includes the conveying passage of the convergent extended wire, the convergent extended wire is passed above a plurality of feeding devices which are provided at the outer sides of the electrolytes and which are disposed in the same arch-shape so as to correspond to the electrolytic tanks, in each of the plurality of electrolytic tanks, the metallic

Abstract: An ink jet recording head comprises a discharging opening for liquid discharge and an electricity-heat convertor. The electricity-heat convertor comprises a heat-generating resistor and electrodes attached to the resistor. The heat-generating resistor and electrodes are formed from a single layer of electroconductive material which is anodically oxidized to change it into an insulating material except in the region where the resistor and electrodes are located. The resistor is formed by anodically oxidizing a portion of the layer which remained electroconductive after the first anodic oxidation to obtain a desired resistance value.

Abstract: A sample holder for receiving, containing and storing multiple samples for delivery to an electrophoretic gel; and a method of preparing a gel for electrophoresis such that samples are first loaded onto a separate holder which can then be positioned at an edge of a gel bed surface while the electrophoretic gel is poured, whereby after solidifcation thereof the sample holder is removed leaving the samples adhered in a position for delivery to the electrophoretic gel after current is applied to the system.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for two-coat one-fire electrophoretic enameling of a work piece made of metal, wherein a first undercoat enamel slip deposit bath is followed by at least one excess slip removing bath before the undercoated work piece is submerged in a process bath including an additive for reducing the electrical resistance of the enamel biscuit followed sequentially by another rinsing bath, a finish enamel coating bath and not less than one final rinsing bath before the coated work piece is subjected to an enamel firing step.

Abstract: A catalyst composition for use in electrochemical reactor devices comprising platinum, ruthenium, and osmium and having a single phase crystal structure comprising a face centered cubic unit cell. In accordance with a particularly preferred embodiment, in atomic percentages, platinum comprises about 65% of the catalyst composition, ruthenium comprises about 25% of the catalyst composition, and osmium comprises about 10% of the catalyst composition.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrochemical cell which has an electrode, a membrane disposed in contact with one side of the electrode and a mass flow field disposed on the other side of the electrode for directing fluid to and away from the electrode. The mass flow field comprises glassy carbon. The cell of the present invention is particularly useful in converting anhydrous hydrogen halide, in particular, hydrogen fluoride, directly to essentially dry halogen gas, such as anhydrous hydrogen fluoride to fluorine gas.

Abstract: An apparatus for cleaning a gas sensor and a method therefor are disclosed. A high voltage is supplied to a heat generating body of the gas sensor for a certain period of time to generate a large amount of heat within a short period of time so as to remove the moisture or miscellaneous gases absorbed into on the surface of the gas sensor, thereby stabilizing the characteristics of the gas sensor. The apparatus includes: a power supply section for receiving an ac voltage from a commercial ac power source to convert it into a rated voltage and an excessive voltage exceeding the rated voltage; and a switching section for supplying the rated voltage to the gas sensor after supplying the excessive voltage of the power supply section to a heat generating body of a gas sensor for a certain period of time.

Abstract: A method apparatus is provided for electrophoretically depositing particles onto an electrode, and electrohydrodynamically assembling the particles into crystalline structures. Specifically, the present method and apparatus creates a current flowing through a solution to cause identically charged electrophoretically deposited colloidal particles to attract each other over very large distances (<5 particle diameters) on the surface of electrodes to form two-dimensional colloidal crystals. The attractive force can be created with both DC and AC fields and can modulated by adjusting either the field strength or frequency of the current. Modulating this "lateral attraction" between the particles causes the reversible formation of two-dimensional fluid and crystalline colloidal states on the electrode surface. Further manipulation allows for the formation of two or three-dimensional colloidal crystals, as well as more complex "designed" structures.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrochemical cell and a process for producing a hydroxide solution, sulfuric acid and a halogen gas from a hydrogen halide and a sulfate solution. In particular, the sulfate solution may be an alkali metal sulfate solution, such as sodium or potassium sulfate solution, an alkaline earth metal sulfate solution or an ammonium sulfate solution. The cell and the process may use either an anhydrous or an aqueous hydrogen halide, namely, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen bromide and hydrogen iodide, to a respective dry halogen gas, such as chlorine, fluorine, bromine, or iodine, to produce hydrogen ions in order to split the alkali metal solution and form the sulfuric acid. The cell has two membrane-electrode assemblies, where an anode is disposed in contact with one membrane, and a cathode is disposed in contact with another membrane. The sulfate solution is fed in between the membrane-electrode assemblies.

Abstract: The present invention provides electronically conducting polymer films formed from photosensitive formulations of pyrrole and an electron acceptor that have been selectively exposed to UV light, laser light, or electron beams. The formulations may include photoinitiators, flexibilizers, solvents and the like. These formulations can be used to manufacture multichip modules on typical multichip module substrates, such as alumina, fiberglass epoxy, silicon and polyimide. The formulations and methods of the invention enable the formation of passive electronic circuit elements such as resistors, capacitors and inductors in multichip modules or printed wiring boards.

Abstract: There are disclosed a process for the electrochemical decomposition of organic pollutants in an acidic solution to carbon dioxide performed in a electrochemical system comprising a working electrode and an auxiliary electrode with oxygen at ambient temperature and at a reductive potential or current, wherein the working electrode used is a graphite-containing electrode.

Abstract: Phosphor screens are disclosed that exhibit decreased Coulombic aging and/or lower threshold voltages. The phosphor compositions and electrochemical methods for making those screens are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to composite articles including a surface layer of tin, lead, silver or an alloy thereof that contains co-deposited non-ionic polymeric particles to provide a reduced-friction deposit that has an initially low coefficient of friction and low insertion force and fretting corrosion in separable electronic connectors, and to methods for preparing the plated articles. The polymeric particles have a size between about 0.1 to 0.45 .mu.m in diameter to reduce the coefficient of friction of the resultant deposit to about 0.45 or below. Also, the deposit has excellent electrical properties and can be successfully soldered. The invention also relates to a solution for plating the surface layer of the composite articles, which surface layer reduces insertion force and fretting corrosion of separable electronic connectors.

Abstract: A thin film helical conductor coil assembly includes an electrically-nonconducting ceramic substrate having a substantially planar surface and separated first and second magnetic elements which mutually bound a volume of the ceramic substrate. The thin film conductor coil assembly also includes a thin film magnetic core, which magnetically connects the first magnetic element to the second magnetic element. The thin film magnetic core, which overlies the substantially planar surface of the ceramic substrate, is constructed from a compliant electroplated magnetic material. The thin film conductor coil assembly further includes an electroplated thin film helical coil which traverses about the thin film magnetic core and forms a conductive path from a first terminal to a second terminal.

Abstract: In the electrochemical cell comprising a housing in which two diffusion electrodes are arranged which contain active catalyst particles and at whose rears in each case a contiguous compartment for a gas is provided, a compartment for a liquid electrolyte being provided between the diffusion electrodes, there is arranged, between the diffusion electrodes, at least one anion exchanger membrane directly in front of one of the diffusion electrodes.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing onium hydroxide from a corresponding onium salt and for purifying onium hydroxide including providing an electrochemical cell containing a cathode, an anode, a divider and a bipolar membrane, the bipolar membrane having an anion selective side facing the anode and a cation selective side facing the cathode, wherein the divider is positioned between the cathode and the bipolar membrane, and the bipolar membrane is positioned between the divider and the anode, thereby defining a feed compartment between the divider and the bipolar membrane, a recovery compartment between the divider and the cathode, and a water compartment between the bipolar membrane and the anode; charging a solution containing at least one of the onium salt and the onium hydroxide to be purified to the feed compartment; charging a liquid electrolyte to the other compartments; passing a current through the electrochemical cell to produce the onium hydroxide in the recovery compartment; an

Abstract: A process for tungsten alloy plating wherein a tungsten replenisher concentrate of tungsten ions pre-complexed with a hydroxy carboxylic acid is used for maintenance additions to the bath. A preferred additive includes from about 100 to about 120 g/l of tungsten ions complexed with from about 120 to about 220 g/l of citric acid. The process provides consistent cathode efficiency and produces ductile deposits of tungsten alloy electroplate.

Abstract: An electroplating apparatus includes an electroplating tank having a generally flat base on which a semiconductor substrate may be placed with a surface to be electroplated oriented upwardly. A first seal seals a tank body to the flat base and a second seal seals the tank body to a peripheral portion of the surface of the semiconductor substrate. A substantially sealed volume adjacent the surface of the semiconductor substrate is produced. A gas supply tube for pressurizing the volume and an electrolyte discharge arrangement for discharging electrolyte from the volume when pressurized by a gas introduced through the gas supply tube are also provided. The discharge tube extends through a wall of the tank body to a position immediately above the surface of the semiconductor substrate within the volume.