Abstract: An improved process is disclosed for the selective transalkylation of toluene and, optionally, of C9 aromatics. The process preferably uses a bound sulfated zirconia catalyst to provide improved selectivity for the production of xylenes.

Abstract: In a reformer for a fuel cell equipped with a reforming unit 7 using a reaction system composed of a partial oxidation reaction and a steam reforming reaction as a reforming reaction, the reformer includes a vaporizing device 4 for vaporizing a raw fuel using a mixture of liquid hydrocarbon such as gasoline or alcohol and water and for supplying the vaporized fuel to the reforming unit 7. A spray nozzle 6 atomizes the raw fuel and supplies the atomized fuel to the reforming unit 7, and a blowing machine 9 supplies air to the reforming unit 7.

Abstract: The present invention provides a furnace and process that relies on a multiplicity of radiant heating tubes, each in the form of a U-shaped coil, that are mounted within a furnace firebox such that an inlet leg of any one of the plural tubes is immediately adjacent and spaced apart from an outlet leg of another one of the plural tubes within the firebox of a thermal cracking furnace. This spacial pairing of an inlet leg of one tube with an outlet leg of another tube of the plural radiant heating tubes of the cracking furnace maximizes utilization of the available radiant heat within the firebox of a thermal cracking furnace while reducing the likelihood of localized hot spotting that could produce coke-tar plugging of a tube.

Abstract: A method for rejuvenating a polishing slurry that has been used for a chemical-mechanical polishing process includes the steps of: recovering the polishing slurry; and re-dispersing abrasive grains contained in the polishing slurry recovered. Specifically, the abrasive grains may be re-dispersed by adding a dispersant or applying an electromagnetic field or ultrasonic radiation to the polishing slurry recovered.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus and process for the vaporization of liquid precursors and deposition of a film on a suitable substrate. In one aspect, an apparatus and process for the control of a gas flowed through a gas feedthrough in a substrate processing chamber and system is provided. In another aspect, a deposition chamber is provided for depositing BST and other materials which require vaporization, especially low volatility precursors which are transported as a liquid to a vaporizer to be converted to vapor phase and which must be transported at elevated temperatures to prevent unwanted condensation on chamber components. The chamber comprises a series of heated temperature controlled internal liners, such as a heated gas feedthrough.

Abstract: A molding (catalyst structure) for chemical apparatuses which is formed from at least two closed frames and one or more cross-pieces connecting these frames, where the frames are arranged at a distance from one another in a single plane or in a plurality of parallel planes about an (imaginary) molding (structure) axis which is perpendicular to the plane(s) and passes through the center points of the frames. The molding (catalyst structure) is preferably formed from at least four closed frames and one or more cross-pieces connecting these frames, where the frames are arranged one inside the other at a distance from one another in at least two parallel planes about an (imaginary) molding (structure) axis which is perpendicular to the planes and passes through the center points of the frames, and each plane has at least two frames.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for the production of reformed gases. Natural gas and/or liquid hydrocarbons and oxygen are combusted in a first stage to produce carbon dioxide and water. The products of combustion are conveyed to a second stage. Reforming gas or atomized liquid hydrocarbons and oxygen are injected into the second stage and mixed with the products of combustion to react with the carbon dioxide and water to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The process and apparatus are particularly adapted for use in supplementing the reform gases produced in a Direct Reduced Iron plant wherein iron ore is reduced to iron inside a shaft furnace. The process and apparatus may also be used to provide heated enrichment natural gas or liquid hydrocarbons for use as a source of carbon in the shaft furnace to provide for carburization of the iron. Additionally, the process and apparatus may be used as a process control device for controlling the temperature of the reformed gases flowing to the shaft furnace.

Abstract: An apparatus for removing flammable gas is started only when a concentration change in the flammable gas in a primary containment vessel is detected, so that the decrease in activity of a catalyst due to a catalyst poison is prevented. This apparatus has a catalytic recombining apparatus equipped with a catalyst 1 for reacting the flammable gas, a case 2 that houses the catalyst, and lids 4a and 4b installed at openings 3a and 3b of the case 2. Adhesive parts 5a and 5b which adhere the lids 4a and 4b and the case 2 is melted at high temperatures, and heating elements 6a and 6b composed of an oxidizing catalyst of hydrogen is installed in contact with the adhesive parts 5a and 5b. Thus, the lids are not only closed under normal conditions but opened when the adhesive parts 5a and 5b being melted along with the temperature increase in the surrounding atmosphere.

Abstract: Contaiminated hydrogen gas from a catalytic steam reformer is purified by passing it through a membrane assembly having a metallic membrane sealed between two tubular stainless steel members having perforations (or being formed as screen or mesh) and having an encapsulating chamber around it. Pressure regulating valve means in recycle path of residual gas flowing out of the membrane assembly maintains a constant pressure of contaminated hydrogen gas in the membrane assembly. The purified hydrogen gas may be further purified, if needed, by directing the purified hydrogen gas out of a side tube of the chamber through a second encapsulated membrane assembly that is a replica of the first encapsulated membrane assembly. A directional valve may be selectively set to recycle residual gas out of the first membrane assembly until it is virtually free of hydrogen. Residual gas out of the second membrane assembly approaches being 100% free of hydrogen and may always be exhausted to a burner.

Abstract: This invention presents a sulphurous acid generator which employs a combination of novel blending, contact and mixing mechanisms which maximize the efficiency and duration of contact between sulphur dioxide gas and water to form sulphurous acid in an open nonpressurized system, without employing a countercurrent absorption tower. The present invention also incorporates a novel high temperature concrete for use in constructing portions of the present invention.

Abstract: A process and/or system is provided for isomerizing a hydrocarbon feedstock comprising saturated C6 hydrocarbons by contacting the hydrocarbon feedstock, in the presence of hydrogen and optionally a chloride, with a first isomerization catalyst composition in a first isomerization reactor defining a first reaction zone operated at a first reaction temperature, withdrawing a first intermediate stream comprising cyclohexane and n-hexane from the first reaction zone, separating the first intermediate stream, via a first separator, into a first product stream comprising cyclohexane and a second intermediate stream comprising n-hexane, contacting the second intermediate stream, in the presence of hydrogen and optionally a chloride, with a second isomerization catalyst composition in a second isomerization reactor defining a second reaction zone operated at a second reaction temperature greater than the first reaction temperature, and withdrawing from the second reaction zone a second product stream comprising isoh

Abstract: This invention presents a sulphurous acid generator which employs a combination of novel blending contact and mixing mechanisms which maximize the efficiency and duration of contact between sulphur dioxide gas and water enriched with air/oxygen to form sulphurous acid in an open nonpressurized system, without employing a countercurrent absorption tower.

Abstract: Multiple levels of interlocks are provided relative to gas flow for a chemical vapor deposition chamber. When a chamber lid used for normal processing is in place, no interlock is in effect. When a lid used during maintenance operations is in place, flow of toxic gas to the chamber is interlocked, but flow of purge gas is permitted. When no lid is in place, all gas flow to the chamber is interlocked. The interlock arrangement may be implemented with two switches, both of which are actuated when the lid for normal processing is in place, and only one of which is actuated by the lid for the maintenance process.

Abstract: A germicidal method and apparatus for destroying airborne pathogenic bacteria such as tuberculosis bacteria using ultraviolet light. Air is drawn through a filter and into a sterilization chamber that is irradiated with ultraviolet light, and out through an exhaust opening. Consideration for the characteristics of the room in which the apparatus is installed and the positioning of the installation allows effective prevention of transmission of disease through expectoration and inhalation of airborne microdroplets of bacteria-containing sputum. The filter is of the low-density type which traps large particulates, but not small particulates of the size of the microdroplets, so that the filter does not become a bacteria colonization site. Baffles on the air intake opening and air exhaust opening to prevent ultraviolet light from escaping into the environment.

Abstract: A particulate catalyst is regenerated by upward transport in a combustor having an extended length and separated from combustion gases with a single stage of cyclones. The extended length combustor ends with a termination device arranged to tangentially discharge particulate catalyst and gases into an open disengaging vessel and to achieve a high separation efficiency. Initial high separation efficiency provided by the termination device permits a single downstream stage of cyclones to reduce particulate emissions to acceptable levels. The combination of the separation device and the extended combustor can accommodate changes in particulate densities in the extended combustor without inducing cyclone overload.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the disposal of waste products containing hydrocarbons and/or halogenated waste products, wherein the waste products are made to react in a hydroxide molten bath in the absence of oxygen at temperatures of 400-900° C.

Abstract: A process for producing carbon black comprising reacting a reaction stream formed by a prior carbon black forming process with an oxidant and a carbon black yielding feedstock to produce carbon black and cooling, separating and recovering the carbon black. The process advantageously reduces the amount of fuel needed to produce carbon black. Also disclosed is an apparatus for practicing the process.

Abstract: An improved process for recovering hydrocarbons from an inlet inert gas-hydrocarbon vapor mixture is provided. The inlet mixture is caused to flow through a first bed of solid adsorbent whereby hydrocarbon vapors are adsorbed on the bed and a residue gas stream comprised of substantially hydrocarbon-free inert gas is produced. The hydrocarbon-free inert gas is vented and a second bed of solid adsorbent having hydrocarbon vapors adsorbed thereon is evacuated with an ejector operated by a motive liquid. A major portion of the hydrocarbon vapors is desorbed from the bed and an inert gas and hydrocarbon-rich vapor mixture commingled with the motive liquid is produced. The inert gas and hydrocarbon-rich vapor mixture is separated from the motive liquid and conducted to a point of additional processing or disposal.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for catalytically converting a feedstock comprising an oxygenate to olefins utilizing a heat exchange device to transfer heat from at least a portion of an effluent of an oxygenate conversion reactor to the feedstock to cause at least a portion of the feedstock to vaporize.

Abstract: There is provided a making method of a coated body by using ion plating. A melt and evaporating source housed in an evaporation container disposed above a subject to be coated in a vacuum container, is heated. The melt and evaporating source is evaporated through a number of fine evaporation holes formed in an evaporation face formed by the bottom of the evaporation container, yet preventing the melt and evaporating source from dropping. The evaporated particles from the melt and evaporating source are ionized with the use of plasma generated between the evaporation container and the subject to be coated. From above, the surface of the subject to be coated is coated with the ionized evaporated-particles, causing the ionized evaporated-particles to adhere to the surface of the subject to be coated, thus forming a coating film thereon.