Abstract: The application relates to a power switch for breaking an electrical circuit when current and/or current time span threshold values are exceeded, including an energy converter, which on the primary side is connected to the electrical circuit, and on the secondary side provides an energy supply for at least one control unit of the power switch. A choke is connected between the secondary-side output of the energy converter and the control unit of the power switch.

Abstract: Improved overcurrent detection and mitigation systems, methods, and techniques for a BMS are described herein. A BMS monitor may detect an overcurrent using two different techniques. The first technique may detect an overcurrent based on average power over different, overlapping time periods. The second technique may detect an overcurrent based on determining a modeled junction temperature of a switching device.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a DC mechanical circuit breaker that can utilize two switches, one of which can generate zero-crossing with an alternate oscillatory circuit for the other one, which can be a conventional zero-crossing-based AC breaker and can be used in the main circuit. This is different from the conventional single-switch commute-and-absorb method currently used. The present disclosure shows that disclosed circuit breaker improves the fault current extinction and significantly reduces the voltage rate-of-change while creating the current zero-crossing faster compared to the available technology. Thus, disclosed circuit breaker is capable of interrupting high DC currents with minimal arc through a less expensive AC circuit breaker. Simulation and hardware results are provided to show the efficiency of the disclosed circuit breaker.

Abstract: A disconnector to reduce considerably high voltage and high frequency current generated during the service no-load opening and closing, the disconnector comprising a first main contact a second main contact, a sliding contact and an arcing horn having a length, the disconnector having a connected state, an intermediate state and a disconnected state, wherein in the connected state a first electrical contact is established between the first main contact and the second main contact, in the intermediate state the first electrical contact is interrupted while a second electrical contact exists between the sliding contact and a contact position on the length of the arcing horn, and in the disconnected state the first electrical contact and the second electrical contact are interrupted, wherein at least a part of the length of the arcing horn comprises an electrical filter configured to provide a resistance and an inductance to an electrical current.

Abstract: Provided are embodiments for determining solenoid plunger position by performing a method which includes generating, by a first signal circuit, a first signal based at least in part on a pull-in current value of a current applied to a solenoid coil of a solenoid. The method further includes generating, by a second signal circuit, a second signal by applying a time delay to the first signal. The method further includes comparing, by a comparator circuit, the first signal and the second signal to determine whether a plunger of the solenoid has moved within the solenoid from a first position to a second position. The method further includes, responsive to determining that the plunger of the solenoid has moved within the solenoid from the first position to the second position, reducing the current applied to the solenoid coil of the solenoid from the pull-in current value to a hold current value.

Abstract: A method for determining a transformer state on the basis of correction of dissolved gas data includes receiving, by a transformer state determination apparatus, dissolved gas data, determining, by the transformer state determination apparatus, a measurement error value which is a correction target in the dissolved gas data, correcting, by the transformer state determination apparatus, the measurement error value, and determining, by the transformer state determination apparatus, a transformer state on the basis of the dissolved gas data including the corrected measurement error value.

Abstract: A hinge mechanism includes an electrostatic clutch for providing active control of a relative angle between two planar components. The hinge mechanism includes two conductive components on opposite sides of a dielectric layer; a relative angle detection mechanism usable to determine a relative angle between the two planar components; and a voltage controller that selectively applies voltage to at least one of the two conductive components when the detected angle between the two planar components satisfies a locking condition, the applied voltage creating an electrostatic force that restricts movement of the two conductive components and fixedly support the two planar components at the detected angle of separation.

Abstract: A surge protection apparatus may include an input terminal; an output terminal, the output terminal electrically coupled to the input terminal; a ground terminal, the ground terminal electrically coupled to the input terminal and output terminal; a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) fuse, the PTC fuse connected in electrical series between the input terminal and output terminal; a crowbar device, the crowbar device electrically connected to the ground terminal and output terminal, wherein the crowbar device is in electrical series with the PTC fuse between the input terminal and ground terminal; and a central frame portion, the central frame portion electrically coupled to the input terminal, output terminal and ground terminal, wherein the crowbar device is disposed on a first side of the central frame portion and the PTC fuse is disposed on a second side of the central frame portion, opposite the first side.

Abstract: Disclosed in some embodiments is a chamber component (such as an end effector body) coated with an ultrathin electrically-dissipative material to provide a dissipative path from the coating to the ground. The coating may be deposited via a chemical precursor deposition to provide a uniform, conformal, and porosity free coating in a cost effective manner. In an embodiment wherein the chamber component comprises an end effector body, the end effector body may further comprise replaceable contact pads for supporting a substrate and the contact surface of the contact pads head may also be coated with an electrically-dissipative material.

Abstract: A short-range conducted electrical weapon (“conducted electrical weapon”) may be configured to deploy electrodes having a minimum spacing when coupled to a target at short-range. The conducted electrical weapon may comprise a housing. The housing may comprise a target end opposite a grip end. The grip end may be configured to removably receive a cartridge. The cartridge may house two or more electrodes. The target end may comprise one or more activation buttons or terminals. In response to the activation buttons or terminals being activated, the electrodes may be launched from the cartridge in the grip end. The electrodes may be disposed in the cartridge at an obtuse angle relative to the placement of the opposite electrode. The obtuse angle may enable the electrodes to be deployed effectively at short range.

Abstract: A battery protection apparatus power protection apparatus is configured to protect an electrochemical cell connected to a load, and includes a protection IC, a switching transistor group, and a sampling resistor. The protection IC includes two power input terminals respectively connected to positive and negative electrodes of the electrochemical cell, and an operational amplifier, where the operational amplifier includes a positive input pin, a negative input pin, and an output pin. The switching transistor group is connected between the negative electrode of the electrochemical cell and the load, and is configured to control turn-on and turn-off of a charge and discharge circuit of the electrochemical cell. The sampling detection resistor Rs is serially connected between the sampling circuit detection terminal and the output pin, where the main circuit detection terminal is connected to the positive input pin, and the sampling circuit detection terminal is connected to the negative input pin.

Abstract: A device for the command and control of the electric power supply of windings of an electromagnetic actuator, comprising a plurality of electronic means configured to receive at the input either a direct current feeding voltage or alternatively an alternating current feeding voltage and to generate at the output a first digital command signal triggering an activation phase of the electromagnetic actuator in which at least one of the windings is powered, for a first predefined and adjustable time interval, with an activation current, a second digital command signal triggering a maintenance phase of the electromagnetic actuator in which the windings are powered with a maintenance current having an intensity lower than the activation current, and a third digital command signal triggering a third phase of deactivation of the electromagnetic actuator in which the power supply of the windings is interrupted for a second predefined and adjustable time interval.

Abstract: An electrical installation includes: a switchgear cabinet; a protective switch arranged in the switchgear cabinet; at least one optical triggering device which is operatively connected to the protective switch and for triggering or switching off the protective switch upon optical detection of an arc; a detection device for detecting an access or an access request to a secured area of the electrical installation by detecting a presence of the at least one optical triggering device in a danger area of the electrical installation; and an electronic circuit which is connected to the detection device and allows, and otherwise prevents, a triggering or switching off of the protective switch by the at least one optical triggering device upon detection of the access or the access request, when the at least one optical triggering device is present in the danger area.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an earth leakage breaker having a leakage current limiting function, and the earth leakage breaker is provided to implement leakage current limiting parts at both ends of an earth leakage breaker part so that both an input terminal and an output terminal are each provided with the leakage current limiting function to increase leakage current limiting efficiency.

Abstract: A wafer holding table includes a ceramic electrostatic chuck, a metal cooling plate, a resin layer having predetermined thermal resistance, and a stress relaxation layer having lower Young's modulus than the resin layer. The resin layer and the stress relaxation layer are disposed between the electrostatic chuck and the cooling plate. The resin layer is disposed closer to the electrostatic chuck, and the stress relaxation layer is disposed closer to the cooling plate. The resin layer has a multilayer structure including a plurality of resin sheets laminated one on another. The resin layer is thinner than a comparative sample with a single-layer structure made of a material identical to a material of the resin sheet and having thermal resistance identical to thermal resistance of the resin layer.

Abstract: A method for operating a circuit breaker includes: initiating a shutdown process when a fault current caused by body contact or ground contact is detected; and during the shutdown process, reducing a voltage value between a neutral conductor and at least one current-carrying conductor at an output of the circuit breaker to substantially zero from an operating-voltage value according to a predetermined shutdown curve by a shutdown unit. During the shutdown process, the circuit is not suddenly interrupted, but the voltage value is reduced from a starting point according to the shutdown curve and only reaches substantially zero after a predetermined first time period.

Abstract: An arrangement and method for zero sequence differential protection of a transmission line of a power system are disclosed. A zero sequence differential protection unit is configured to detect an internal fault of the transmission line using current measurements of each phase A, B, C of the transmission line. The zero sequence differential protection unit is configured to initiate a trip when an internal fault is detected. A phase selection unit is configured to determine whether or not any of the phases A, B, C of the transmission line is faulty using a comparison of differential values of the current measurements for each phase. The phase selection unit is configured to, based on the initiation of the trip, determine which of the phases A, B, C is faulty and to finalize the trip for any faulty phase.

Abstract: In a measurement method, a terminal is brought into contact with an electrode in an electrostatic chuck in contact with a substrate that is grounded. Further, the terminal, the electrostatic chuck and the substrate are fixed, and a current value and a voltage value are measured using an ammeter and a voltmeter, respectively, that are connected to the terminal. In addition, whether or not the terminal and the electrode are electrically connected is determined from a slope of the current value and/or a peak current value based on the measured current value and the voltage value.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a liquid arc extinguish chamber for direct current breaking. The liquid arc extinguish chamber for direct current breaking includes a cavity, a fixed contact and a moving contact. A liquid medium is sealed in the cavity. The fixed contact is hermetically fixed in the cavity. One end of the fixed contact is fixed in the cavity, and the other end of the fixed contact is connected with an outlet terminal A1. The moving contact is movably sealed in the cavity. One end of the moving contact may adjacently abut against or be in contact with the fixed contact, and the other end of the moving contact is connected with an outlet terminal A2.

Abstract: A surge protection circuit comprises a bridge rectifier having two input terminals coupled to an input source of electricity that may experience highly positively or negatively biased over-voltage and/or over-current, and two output terminals respectively coupled to a voltage surge blocking stage via a first bus line and to a return bus; a current surge protection stage that is series coupled in the first bus line between the voltage blocking stage and a voltage surge detection stage that is disposed between the first bus line and the return bus; two output terminals respectively coupled to the first bus line and the return bus, after the current surge protection stage. Embodiments can protect circuits or apparatus, such as DC-DC converters, that are sensitive to highly positively or negatively biased voltage/current surges by inverting negative pulses associated with a surge and outputting the inverted or rectified over-voltage/over-current to other protection circuitry.