Abstract: A method for forming a photomask includes receiving a mask substrate including a protecting layer and a shielding layer formed thereon, removing portions of the shielding layer to form a patterned shielding layer, and providing a BSE detector to monitor the removing of the portions of the shielding layer. When a difference in BSE intensities obtained from the BSE detector is greater than approximately 30%, the removing of the portions of the shielding layer is stopped. The BSE intensity in following etching loops becomes stable.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of preparing a high-purity electrolyte solution for a vanadium redox flow battery using a catalytic reaction, and more specifically, to a method of preparing a high-purity electrolyte solution having a vanadium oxidation state of +3 to +5 from a mixture solution containing a vanadium precursor, a reducing agent, and an acidic solution, by using a catalyst. By using a catalyst and a reducing agent that does not leave impurities such as Zn2+, which are generated when preparing electrolyte solutions using an existing metal reducing agent, the high-purity electrolyte solution for a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) according to the present invention eliminates the need for an additional electrolysis process; does not form toxic substances during a reaction process, and thus is environmentally friendly; and is electrochemically desirable under milder process conditions than that of an existing process.

Abstract: Provided is a method of operating a fuel cell system equipped with a fuel cell stack, a liquid hydrogen storage unit configured to store liquid hydrogen, a boil-off gas recovery unit configured to recover boil-off gas generated from the liquid hydrogen storage unit, and a hydrogen concentration estimation unit configured to estimate the hydrogen concentration at a hydrogen electrode in the fuel cell stack in a standby state, the method including: in a case in which a hydrogen concentration at a hydrogen electrode in the fuel cell stack in a standby state has become less than a predetermined value, supplying boil-off gas recovered by the boil-off gas recovery unit to the hydrogen electrode in the fuel cell stack.

Abstract: A plasma generating apparatus for a secondary battery, including a roller part having a transfer roller configured to transfer a separator and a metal member built in the transfer roller, and a plasma generating part interacting with the metal member to generate plasma and thereby to form a mask that is patterned on a surface of the separator and has a bonding force.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to electrodes comprising a polymer film and a substrate, wherein the polymer film has a thickness of about 5 nm to about 600 nm. The present disclosure also relates to electrochemical cells and batteries comprising the electrodes disclosed herein. The present disclosure also relates to methods of making the electrodes disclosed herein.

Abstract: A method of operating a fuel cell system which has a plurality of fuel cell stacks, and includes a first refrigerant passage, a second refrigerant passage, a first temperature acquisition unit, a second temperature acquisition unit, a first refrigerant circulation passage, a first refrigerant pumping unit, a first heat exchanger and a first flow rate adjusting valve includes: after the plurality of fuel cell stacks are stopped, until a predetermined condition is satisfied, driving the first refrigerant pumping unit; and causing the first flow rate adjusting valve to adjust the flow rate of the refrigerant flowing through the first refrigerant passage and the flow rate of the refrigerant flowing through the second refrigerant passage, on the basis of the temperature of the refrigerant flowing through each of the first refrigerant passage and the second refrigerant passage acquired by the first temperature acquisition unit and the second temperature acquisition unit.

Abstract: A fuel cell system includes a plurality of fuel cell units each including a fuel cell, a fuel cell cooling system having a heat exchanger that exchanges heat between a primary-side coolant, and a secondary-side coolant flowing through the fuel cell, and a coolant pump that adjusts the flow rate of the secondary-side coolant, and a controller that controls the fuel cell, a cooling device, and a cooling system that supplies the primary-side coolant from the cooling device to each fuel cell unit. During stop of operation of the fuel cell system, the cooling device supplies the primary-side coolant having a temperature equal to or higher than a predetermined temperature to each fuel cell unit, and the controller activates the coolant pump to cause the secondary-side coolant to flow through the heat exchanger, in one or more fuel cell units in which the fuel cell has a possibility of freezing.

Abstract: This application relates to a battery comprising a positive electrode plate, a separator, and a negative electrode plate, wherein the positive electrode plate comprises a positive electrode current collector and at least two layers of positive active material coated on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector, and wherein an underlying positive active material layer in contact with the positive electrode current collector comprises a first positive active material, a first polymer material and a first conductive material; and wherein an upper positive active material layer in contact with the underlying positive active material layer and away from the positive electrode current collector comprises a second positive active material, a second polymer material and a second conductive material, and the first polymer material comprises fluorinated polyolefin and/or chlorinated polyolefin polymer material. The battery has good safety and improved electrical properties.

Abstract: An electrolyte solution containing a compound represented by the following formula (1): wherein R101 and R102 are the same as or different from each other and are each a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, or an alkyl group optionally containing a fluorine atom; and R103 is an alkyl group or an organic group containing an unsaturated carbon-carbon bond. Also disclosed is an electrochemical device and lithium ion secondary battery including the electrolyte solution, and a module including the electrochemical device or lithium ion secondary battery.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a circuit element, such as a quantum computing circuit element, including obtaining a lithography mask write file that includes mask information characterizing one or more mask features, obtaining a uniformity function that is configured to modify the mask information to compensate for a non-uniform deposition process, applying the uniformity function to the lithography mask write to obtain a modified lithography mask write file, and performing lithography as directed by the modified lithography mask write file.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a secondary battery and an electrode plate thereof. The electrode plate comprises a current collector, an active material layer and a second conducting layer. The current collector comprises an insulating layer and a first conducting layer disposed on at least one surface of the insulating layer; and the active material layer is disposed on a main portion of the first conducting layer. The first conducting layer further includes a protruding portion not coated with the active material layer. The second conducting layer comprises a first portion disposed on a surface of the protruding portion of the first conducting layer opposite to the insulating layer. The secondary battery comprises an electrode assembly, the electrode assembly comprises the electrode plate.

Abstract: A battery pack includes a housing and electrochemical cells disposed in the housing. The housing includes a container and a lid that closes an open end of the container. The container has a base, an outer wall the surrounds the base, and a first and a second inner wall disposed inside the outer wall. The first inner wall extends between, and is fixed to, a first portion and a third portion of the outer wall, and is spaced apart from a second portion and a fourth portion of the outer wall. The second inner wall extends between the first portion and the third portion, and is disposed between the first inner wall and the fourth portion. The second inner wall is movable relative to the outer wall such that spacing of the second inner wall from the first inner wall can be changed.

Abstract: A scaffold includes struts that intersect at nodes. In some instances, a cross section of the cores has at least one dimension less than 100 microns. The core can be a solid, liquid or a gas. In some instances, one or more shell layers are positioned on the core.

Abstract: The present application discloses a battery module and an apparatus, which relates to the field of battery technology and is used for optimizing the structure of the battery module. The battery module includes a battery, a connecting piece, a wire harness board and a temperature collecting component. The battery includes an electrode terminal and a top cover. The connecting piece is fixed with the electrode terminal; the wire harness plate is arranged on the top outside of the top cover, and is provided with an installation part and an elastic pressing part. The temperature collecting component is installed in the installation part and is located between the wire harness plate and the top cover. Among them, the elastic pressing part abuts against the connecting piece, and the temperature collecting component abuts against the top cover.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided, in which the level of metal ions in cells stacks and lithium ion batteries is regulated in situ, with the electrodes of the cell stack(s) in the respective pouches. Regulation of metal ions may be carried out electrochemically by metal ion sources in the pouches, electrically connected to the electrodes. The position and shape of the metal ion sources may be optimized to create uniform metal ion movements to the electrode surfaces and favorable SEI formation. The metal ion sources may be removable, or comprise a lithium source for lithiating the anodes or cathodes during operation of the battery according to SoH parameters. Regulation of metal ions may be carried out from metal ion sources in separate electrolyte reservoir(s), with circulation of the metal-ion-containing electrolyte through the cell stacks in the pouches prior or during the formation.

Abstract: A fuel cell system mounted in a vehicle includes a stack case for housing a fuel cell stack. In the stack case, a rear opening is formed in a rear portion facing backward. A cell voltage detection terminal electrically connected to an electrode of the fuel cell stack is exposed in the rear opening. A multilayer filter is provided in the rear opening. The multilayer filter has an inner mesh member, a filter member, and an outer mesh member. An electrical equipment housing case for housing electrical equipment faces the rear opening.

Abstract: A current collector of an electrochemical actuator is proposed, the current collector being coated with an interfacing layer, the interfacing layer being formed by coating on the current collector with a composition, the composition being formed by particles, at least 50% of the particles having a mean diameter by volume of less than or equal to 10 micrometers.

Abstract: A fuel cell system includes a first ion exchanger, a first fuel cell stack and a second fuel cell stack, a first temperature acquisition part and a second temperature acquisition part, a first power generation time acquisition part and a second power generation time acquisition part, a supply path, an ion concentration estimation part that estimates ion concentration of a refrigerant on the basis of the ion concentration estimated by the ion concentration estimation part, a determination part that determines an exchange timing of the first ion exchanger on the basis of the ion concentration estimated by the ion concentration estimation part, and a control part, and a first refrigerant flow path and a second refrigerant flow path are provided in series or in parallel.

Abstract: An anode for a lithium-based energy storage device such as a lithium-ion battery is disclosed. The anode includes an electrically conductive current collector comprising an electrically conductive layer and a transition metal oxide layer overlaying the electrically conductive layer. The anode may include a continuous porous lithium storage layer provided over the transition metal oxide layer. The continuous porous lithium storage layer may include at least 40 atomic % silicon. A method of making the anode may include providing an electrically conductive current collector having an electrically conductive layer and a transition metal oxide layer provided over the electrically conductive layer. The transition metal oxide layer may have an average thickness of at least 0.05 ?m. A continuous porous lithium storage layer is deposited over the transition metal oxide layer by PECVD.

Abstract: Devices that convert heat into electricity, and methods for a fabrication of the same are provided. The asymmetric thermo-electrochemical capacitor uses a GO-based positive electrode and a battery-type negative electrode to open up the operating voltage window and enhance the electrical discharge capacity for converting low-grade heat into electricity with excellent efficiency, fast thermo-charging time, and stable cycles. The thermo-electrochemical device includes a carbon-based positive electrode, a conductive polymer or a metal-organic framework as negative electrode, a current collector, and a porous separator.