Abstract: A liquid crystal active lens having, in combination, a fixed-focal-point lens having a high index of refraction and a phase modulation element comprising two-dimensionally arranged fine pixels, and having power and being capable of electrically controlling the lens characteristics as a function of space. An electrically controlled optical system can be realized without having a moving portion. Owing to the combination of the liquid crystal element for modulating space phase and the high-power lens of a fixed focal length, it is possible to electronically control the focal length and to electronically control the lens in a spatially split manner.

Abstract: A color filter substrate has a substrate structure, spacers which include a first spacer layer and a plurality of second spacer layers. Each of the second spacer layers has a sectional plane which is substantially parallel to the substrate structure. And the sectional plane has a entire projective area of the first spacer layer therein and an elongated portion from the projective area, so that an area of effective thickness of the spacer to maintain the gap between two substrates depends on an area of a smaller of the first and second surfaces of the first spacer layer. In other words, the outline of the first spacer layer is located so as to be entirely included within the outline of these second spacer layers. If the central axis of the first spacer layer is shifted from that of the second spacer layers in the manufacturing process of the liquid crystal display apparatus, misalignment between first and second spacer layers occurs.

Abstract: An LCD has a layer of phosphorescent material which emits light at a predetermined frequency and intensity following stimulation by either ambient light or a backlight. In a preferred embodiment, a backlight LED is driven by low duty cycle voltage pulses which periodically refresh the phosphorescence of the phosphorescent layer. The phosphorescent layer may be provided by coating the rear polarizer of the LCD with a phosphor-based emulsion or by applying a thin film of phosphorescent material to the back of the LCD. In an embodiment of the invention, a transflective LCD has a layer of phosphorescent material disposed between a rear polarizer and a transflector.

Abstract: A display screen for improving the angle of view from which displayed images can be perceived accurately. An illumination device produces light which is collimated along a plane YOZ orthogonal to the plane XOZ in which the screen has its best characteristics in terms of contrast and/or levels of gray. The collimated illumination device is on the front face of a cell. A device for distributing the light (by diffraction or scattering) in the plane YOZ is placed at the output of the cell. One or more compensation films can be placed at the output of the cell to increase the angle of view in the plane XOZ. This device may be used in avionics and the display of video images.

Abstract: A high-density impurity semiconductor region having the same conductivity type as a single-crystal silicon substrate is formed in addition to a main circuit portion of a peripheral circuit on the single-crystal silicon substrate. This semiconductor region is connected to a given potential point directly leading to an electric source. Alternatively, at a part of the peripheral drive circuit, a high-density impurity semiconductor region having a conductivity type reverse to that of the single-crystal silicon substrate is formed, and this semiconductor region is connected to a given potential point directly leading to an electric source. This can solve the problem that photocarriers (electrons and/or holes) caused by the light having not cut off and having entered into the single-crystal silicon region may enter into the peripheral drive circuit through the single-crystal silicon substrate to cause misoperation of the circuit.

Abstract: An impact-resistant display apparatus is constituted by a display panel, a drive circuit for driving the display panel, a face plate disposed in front of the display panel, and a support member for supporting the display panel and the drive circuit. The display apparatus further includes a first elastic member between a rear side of the display panel and the support member, and a second elastic member between a front side of the display panel and the face plate. The first and second elastic members may preferably respectively define and almost closed space together with adjacent associate members so as to provide an air damper-effect.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device having TiO.sub.2 --SiO.sub.2 composite layers used as undercoat and overcoat is provided. The TiO.sub.2 --SiO.sub.2 composite layers serving as the undercoat and overcoat of transparent conductive electrodes are formed by a low temperature ion-assisted electron gun evaporation or sputtering process, wherein the TiO.sub.2 --SiO.sub.2 composite materials can also be used as hard layers to protect the surfaces of transparent plastic substrates. These TiO.sub.2 --SiO.sub.2 composite layers have superior insulation, a high degree of hardness and smoothness. Consequently, the advantages of the TiO.sub.2 --SiO.sub.2 composite layer are as follows: (1) the out diffusion of impurities (sodium ions) can be prevented from soda lime glass into liquid crystal to destroy the property of the liquid crystal; (2) short circuit caused by impurities having the same size as the gap between the electrodes can also be prevented; (3) the TiO.sub.2 --SiO.sub.

Abstract: Liquid crystal display devices include a matrix of thin-film transistor (TFT) display cells and storage capacitors to capacitively cross-couple pixel electrodes of adjacent display cells together in an efficient manner to improve display resolution. A preferred display device includes a plurality of liquid crystal display cells and spaced storage capacitors which are directly cross-coupled between pixel electrodes of display cells in adjacent rows and/or columns of cells. Here, the spaced storage capacitors each have a first electrode electrically connected to a pixel electrode in one display cell and a second electrode spaced opposite the first electrode and electrically connected to a pixel electrode in another adjacent display cell in the same column or row of display cells.

Abstract: A visual display system, composed of an array of light emitting devices, forming an image source, a phase spatial light modulator scanner, driver/control circuitry and an optical magnification system. The display system being enclosed within a housing, thereby forming an optical magnifier. The phase spatial light modulator scanner is operative in either a transmissive mode or a reflective mode. In operation, an external stimulus, such as a voltage, is applied to the scanner, thereby changing the phase of light emitted therethrough. The scanning action enhances display resolution of the generated resultant image without an increase in the number of pixels of the image source. The phase spatial light modulator scanner operates by scanning sub-pixels, pixel groups, and/or sub-arrays of the image source.

Abstract: In order to generate dynamic images whose structure (spatial frequency) or chromaticity may be modulated or controlled by various low frequency signal sources, a rotary-dispersive, optical element (NC) which may be varied through outer influences and controlled as an analyzer and of a transparent object (OAM) arranged in the path of the rays betwen the polarizer and the analyzer. The object is designed as a polarization matrix or as one or several homogeneous, optically rotating substances.

Abstract: A spatial light modulator (SLM) providing effects light blocking of even strong incident light without reducing the photoelectric conversion efficiency, and a projector using said SLM, are disclosed.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a pair of substrates; a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pair of substrates; and an electrode for applying a voltage to the liquid crystal layer. The liquid crystal layer includes a polymer dispersed liquid crystal material having a polymer phase and a liquid crystal phase, and fulfills the conditions represented by:2.585.multidot.d.sup.(-1/3) -0.3<R<2.585.multidot.d.sup.(-1/3) +0.3where d represents the thickness of the liquid crystal layer in the unit of micrometers and R represents the characteristic length of the liquid crystal phase in the unit of micrometers.

Abstract: The liquid crystal display device of this invention includes: a pair of substrates facing each other and a display medium sandwiched between the pair of substrates. In this liquid crystal display device, at least one of the pair of substrates is a flexible film having polarizer properties and the display medium includes a liquid crystal phase and a polymer phase.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element has: a pair of substrates facing each other; a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the pair of substrates; a unit for applying an electric field to the liquid crystal layer, the electric field being substantially parallel to surfaces of the pair of substrates; and an alignment structure that an interface of one of the pair of substrates with the liquid crystal layer is not subjected to a positive alignment process and an interface of the other of the pair of substrates with the liquid crystal layer is subjected to the positive alignment process, wherein the alignment state of liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer is changed between directions both parallel to the surfaces of the pair of substrates.

Abstract: This invention is a liquid crystal display device including a reflecting plate formed above a substrate, and a liquid crystal cell formed by alternately, repeatedly stacking a liquid crystal layer and a transparent electrode layer at least once on the reflecting plate, wherein the liquid crystal layer includes a thin film constituted by a microcapsulated guest-host liquid crystal containing dye molecules and liquid crystal molecules.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes substrates opposed to each other, a polymeric layer patterned into a predetermined pattern, and a liquid crystal layer at least partially surrounded by the polymeric layer. The polymeric layer and the liquid crystal layer are interposed between the substrates. The polymeric layer is at least partially formed by polymerizing a liquid crystalline polymerization precursor in a state where the molecules of the liquid crystalline polymerization precursor are aligned in a predetermined direction by an alignment regulating force of at least one of the substrates.

Abstract: Liquid crystal display (LCD) has sub-pixel domains within each pixel to obtain a wide viewing angle. The sub-pixel domains are formed by divided orientation alignment in which the sub-pixel domain are subjected to rubbing in different directions opposite to each other. The liquid crystal has a splay-type TN deformation structure in the first sub-pixel domain and a normal TN deformation structure in the second sub-pixel domain. The pre-tilt angles of the liquid crystal in the first domain and second domain are selected to obtain a wide viewing angle. The LCD has a shield pattern for for shielding disclination causing afterimages and storage capacitor electrodes having a function as a signal lines.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device comprising a multilayer printed wiring board having an insulation layer of glass fiber woven fabric impregnated with a resin and having a coefficient of thermal expansion of 15 ppm/.degree.C. or less, which is provided by a glass yarn of which the glass fiber woven fabric is formed having a coefficient of thermal expansion of 4 ppm/.degree.C. or less and a modulus of elasticity of 7000 kg/mm.sup.2 or more or alternatively provided by the resin with which the glass fiber woven fabric is impregnated having a modulus of elasticity of 200 kg/mm.sup.2 or less and the glass yarn having a coefficient of thermal expansion of 6 ppm/.degree.C. or less and a modulus of elasticity of 7000 Kg/mm.sup.2 or more.

Abstract: The present invention features flat-panel displays having a mosaic of tiles, and methods of constructing and sealing them. Sealing designs are described to maintain appropriate vacuum levels for FEDs, PFPDs and LCDs. The mosaic of tiles forming a flat-panel display may include subassembly tiles, with each consisting of two, unsealed, substantially parallel plates having a structure positioned between them; these are known as s-tiles. The tiles may be enclosed by a cover plate and backplate. Non-permeable material may be deposited on the cover plate and the backplate, with solderable metal overlaid on the non-permeable material. A metallized, non-permeable spacer/connector is also located between the cover plate and backplate for hermetically sealing the perimeter of the display. A set of electrical-interconnection, metal feed-throughs can also be positioned in the non-permeable spacer/connector.

Abstract: A color liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate having thereon a layer of plural color filter segments and a layer of first transparent electrodes disposed in superposition with the layer of color filter segments, a second substrate disposed opposite to and spaced apart from the first substrate and having thereon a layer of second transparent electrodes intersecting with the first transparent electrodes, and a liquid crystal disposed between the first and second substrates so as to form plural color pixels each at a region of intersection of the first and second transparent electrodes superposed with one of the color filter segments while leaving a pixel spacing between the plural color pixels.