Abstract: A millimeter wave molecular sensor system is provided. The system includes a physics cell configured to contain a sample, a directional coupler configured to receive input millimeter waves, partition the input millimeter waves into a pump signal and a probe signal for transfer to the physics cell, a receiver configured to receive millimeter waves exiting the physics cell, a Faraday rotator coupled between a pump transmitter and the physics cell, and a coupling iris coupled between the Faraday rotator and the physics cell, configured to pass millimeter waves having a first polarization into the physics cell. The Faraday rotator includes a Faraday material, and an electronic device configured to apply a magnetic field to the Faraday material parallel to a propagation direction of the millimeter waves such that when the electronic device is activated, the Faraday material rotates a polarization of the millimeter waves passing through the Faraday rotator.

Abstract: Millimeter wave energy is provided to a spectroscopy cavity of a spectroscopy device that contains interrogation molecules. The microwave energy is received after it traverses the spectroscopy cavity. The amount of interrogation molecules in the spectroscopy cavity is adjusted by activating a precursor material in one or more sub-cavities coupled to the spectroscopy cavity by a diffusion path to increase the amount of interrogation molecules or by activating the getter material in one or more sub-cavities coupled to the spectroscopy cavity by a diffusion path to decrease the amount of interrogation molecules.

Abstract: A phase light modulator includes a base plate, a mirror, a perforated hinge plate, and first second support posts. The perforated hinge plate supports the mirror. The perforated hinge plate has first and second flexural arms. The perforated hinge plate is configured to move toward or away from the base plate based on application of a potential difference between the base plate and the perforated hinge plate. The first flexural arm is connected to the first support posts, and the second flexural arm is connected to the second support post.

Abstract: A system includes first and second gas cells each comprising a respective sealed interior waveguide; first transmit antenna coupled to the first gas cell to provide a first electromagnetic wave to the first gas cell along a first direction; second transmit antenna coupled to the first gas cell to provide a second electromagnetic wave to the first gas cell along a second direction opposite the first direction; third transmit antenna coupled to the second gas cell to provide a third electromagnetic wave to the second gas cell; first receive antenna coupled to the first gas cell to generate a first signal indicative of an amount of energy in first electromagnetic wave; second receive antenna coupled to the second gas cell to generate a second signal indicative of an amount of energy in second electromagnetic wave; and processor to calculate a background-free signal based on a difference between first and second signals.

Abstract: A system includes first and second gas cells, each comprising a respective sealed interior waveguide. The first gas cell contains a dipolar gas and the second gas cell does not contain a dipolar gas. The system includes first and second transmit antennas coupled to the first and second gas cells, respectively, to provide first and second electromagnetic waves to the interior of the first and second gas cells, respectively; first receive antenna coupled to the first gas cell to generate a first signal indicative of an amount of energy in the first electromagnetic wave after travel through the first gas cell; second receive antenna coupled to the second gas cell to generate a second signal indicative of an amount of energy in the second electromagnetic wave after travel through the second gas cell; processor configured to calculate a background-free signal based on a difference between the first and second signals.

Abstract: A compact mmW spectroscopy cell system for detecting volatile organic compounds (compounds) in a gas. The system includes a gas collection chamber, an input buffer cavity for receiving the gas from the gas collection chamber, pumping devices to pass the gas from the buffer cavity to an absorption cell and maintain pressure, and a transceiver connected to the cell. The transceiver interrogates the absorption cell filled with the gas by passing a high frequency electromagnetic signal and sweeping the signal to generate an absorption spectra which is compared to a spectroscopy database for detecting the compounds in the gas. The absorption cell, collection chambers, and pumping devices are fabricated with standard CMOS processing techniques at chip and wafer scale. The transceiver bonded to the absorption cell with chip scale integration.

Abstract: A clock apparatus includes: (a) a gas cell, including a continuous path cavity including a sealed interior for providing a signal waveguide; (b) an apparatus for providing an electromagnetic wave to travel along the continuous path cavity and for circulating around the continuous path cavity back toward and past a point of entry of the electromagnetic wave in the continuous path cavity; (c) a dipolar gas inside the sealed interior of the cavity; and (d) receiving apparatus for detecting an amount of energy in the electromagnetic wave, wherein the amount of energy is responsive to an amount of absorption of the electromagnetic wave as the electromagnetic wave passes through the dipolar gas.

Abstract: A piston-mode spatial light modulator (SLM) includes a mirror and an electrode. The electrode is attached to the mirror. The electrode includes: a rigid body; and three spring legs coupled to the rigid body and configured to displace the rigid body responsive to an electrostatic force applied to the electrode.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a package substrate, a circuit assembly, and a housing. The circuit assembly is mounted on the package substrate. The circuit assembly includes a first sealed cavity formed in a device substrate. The housing is mounted on the package substrate to form a second sealed cavity about the circuit assembly.

Abstract: A compact mmW spectroscopy cell system for detecting volatile organic compounds (compounds) in a gas. The system includes a gas collection chamber, an input buffer cavity for receiving the gas from the gas collection chamber, pumping devices to pass the gas from the buffer cavity to an absorption cell and maintain pressure, and a transceiver connected to the cell. The transceiver interrogates the absorption cell filled with the gas by passing a high frequency electromagnetic signal and sweeping the signal to generate an absorption spectra which is compared to a spectroscopy database for detecting the compounds in the gas. The absorption cell, collection chambers, and pumping devices are fabricated with standard CMOS processing techniques at chip and wafer scale. The transceiver bonded to the absorption cell with chip scale integration.

Abstract: A millimeter wave apparatus, with a substrate, a transceiver in a first fixed position relative to the substrate, and a gas cell in a second fixed position relative to the substrate. The clock apparatus also comprises at least four waveguides.

Abstract: In a clock apparatus, a signal waveguide includes: a gas cell having a sealed interior; and a dipolar gas inside the sealed interior. A first apparatus is configured to provide a first electromagnetic wave through the sealed interior along a first direction. A second apparatus is configured to provide a second electromagnetic wave through the sealed interior along a second direction, in which the second direction is opposite the first direction. Also, the clock apparatus includes receiving apparatus coupled to the signal waveguide and configured to detect an amount of energy in the second electromagnetic wave passing through the dipolar gas.

Abstract: A clock apparatus with a gas cell. The gas cell includes: (i) a first chamber including a sealed interior for providing a signal waveguide; and (ii) a second chamber, in fluid communication with the first chamber, and comprising apparatus for directing atoms having a selected velocity vector into the first chamber.

Abstract: In methods and apparatus for increasing efficiency and optical bandwidth of a microelectromechanical system piston-mode spatial light modulator, an example apparatus includes: an electrode with spring legs; a base electrode; a mirror displacement determiner to determine a periodic signal corresponding to a displacement distance of the electrode beyond an instability point of the electrode; and a voltage source to output a periodic voltage to the base electrode in response to the periodic signal. The periodic voltage causes the spring legs to vary displacement of the electrode with respect to the base electrode according to the periodic voltage. The displacement includes distances beyond the instability point.

Abstract: A millimeter wave apparatus, with a substrate, a transceiver in a first fixed position relative to the substrate, and a gas cell in a second fixed position relative to the substrate. The clock apparatus also comprises at least four waveguides.

Abstract: A device includes a substrate that includes a resonant cavity. The resonant cavity includes a plurality of dipolar molecules that have an absorption frequency. The resonant cavity resonates at a frequency that is equal to the absorption frequency of the dipolar molecules. The device further includes a first port on the resonant cavity configured to receive a radio frequency (RF) signal.

Abstract: A clock apparatus includes: (a) a gas cell, including a continuous path cavity including a sealed interior for providing a signal waveguide; (b) an apparatus for providing an electromagnetic wave to travel along the continuous path cavity and for circulating around the continuous path cavity back toward and past a point of entry of the electromagnetic wave in the continuous path cavity; (c) a dipolar gas inside the sealed interior of the cavity; and (d) receiving apparatus for detecting an amount of energy in the electromagnetic wave, wherein the amount of energy is responsive to an amount of absorption of the electromagnetic wave as the electromagnetic wave passes through the dipolar gas.

Abstract: A clock apparatus, with: (i) a gas cell, including a cavity including a sealed interior for providing a signal waveguide; (ii) a first apparatus for providing a first electromagnetic wave to travel in the cavity and along a first direction; (iii) a second apparatus for providing a second electromagnetic wave to travel in the cavity and along a second direction opposite the first direction; (iv) a dipolar gas inside the sealed interior of the cavity; and (v) receiving apparatus for detecting an amount of energy in the second electromagnetic wave after the second electromagnetic wave passes through the dipolar gas.

Abstract: A compact mmW spectroscopy cell system for detecting volatile organic compounds (compounds) in a gas. The system includes a gas collection chamber, an input buffer cavity for receiving the gas from the gas collection chamber, pumping devices to pass the gas from the buffer cavity to an absorption cell and maintain pressure, and a transceiver connected to the cell. The transceiver interrogates the absorption cell filled with the gas by passing a high frequency electromagnetic signal and sweeping the signal to generate an absorption spectra which is compared to a spectroscopy database for detecting the compounds in the gas. The absorption cell, collection chambers, and pumping devices are fabricated with standard CMOS processing techniques at chip and wafer scale. The transceiver bonded to the absorption cell with chip scale integration.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a package substrate, a circuit assembly, and a housing. The circuit assembly is mounted on the package substrate. The circuit assembly includes a first sealed cavity formed in a device substrate. The housing is mounted on the package substrate to form a second sealed cavity about the circuit assembly.