Abstract: A visual display characterized by hidden reference illuminators is adapted to emit invisible light for generating corneo-scleral reflections on an eye watching a screen surface of the display. The tracking of such reflections and the pupil center provides input for gaze tracking. A method for equipping and an LCD with a reference illuminator are also provided. A system and method for determining a gaze point of an eye watching a visual display comprising reference illuminators are further provided. The determination of the gaze point may be based on an ellipsoidal cornea model.

Abstract: Provided is a method of determining a gaze point of an eye watching a visual display controllable by a display signal. The method comprises generating a display signal using a graphics card in order for the visual display to produce a screen pattern; receiving a signal encoding an image of the eye including a corneo-scleral reflection of the screen pattern; and determining, based on in part the geometry of said reflection, a gaze point of the eye, wherein said determining a gaze point includes utilising the graphics card as a parallel processor. The image of the eye may be received directly at the graphics card. The graphics card may extract image features in the eye images. Reference illuminators may be used, and the screen pattern may be interlaced with a distinctive reference pattern. Further provided are a gaze-tracking system and a personal computer system adapted to determine a gaze point of a viewer.

Abstract: A visual display characterized by hidden reference illuminators is adapted to emit invisible light for generating corneo-scleral reflections on an eye watching a screen surface of the display. The tracking of such reflections and the pupil center provides input for gaze tracking. A method for equipping and an LCD with a reference illuminator are also provided. A system and method for determining a gaze point of an eye watching a visual display comprising reference illuminators are further provided. The determination of the gaze point may be based on an ellipsoidal cornea model.

Abstract: An eye tracker includes at least one illuminator for illuminating an eye, at least two cameras for imaging the eye, and a controller. The configuration of the reference illuminator(s) and cameras is such that, at least one camera is coaxial with a reference illuminator and at least one camera is non-coaxial with a reference illuminator. The controller is adapted to select one of the cameras to be active to maximize an image quality metric and avoid obscuring objects. The eye tracker is operable in a dual-camera mode to improve accuracy. A method and computer-program product for selecting a combination of an active reference illuminator from a number of reference illuminators, and an active camera from a plurality of cameras are provided.

Abstract: Method and arrangement for providing an energy converter that includes a combustion system (1) including at least one piston (2, 3), at least one combustion chamber (6, 7) having at least one inlet (11, 13) and at least one outlet (10, 12) with inlet and outlet valves (14, 15, 16, 17). At least one controllable inlet valve and at least one outlet valve is also provided. A fuel supply is provided (18, 19) for supplying fuel and a medium containing oxygen is provided for induction into the combustion chamber (6, 7). An electric machine (9) is arranged to interact directly or indirectly with the piston (2, 3) in an electromagnetic manner such that it produces electrical energy from the piston movements, as well as uses electrical energy to affect the piston movement. A control unit (30) controls the combustion system (1) and the electric machine (9). The energy converter is arranged to adapt its power output depending on the required load of the energy converter.

Abstract: A pneumatic actuator, connected to a pressure fluid circuit (6) that has a high pressure side and a low pressure side, an actuator cylinder (8, 9), an actuator piston (10, 11) provided in said actuator cylinder (8, 9) and displaceable between a first position and a second position, an actuator chamber (12, 13), delimited by said actuator cylinder (8, 9) and the actuator piston (10, 11), wherein the volume of said actuator chamber decreases upon a displacement of the actuator piston (10, 11) from the second to the first position to the first position, a spring means provided to drive the actuator piston (10, 11) from the second position to the first position, and means (25) provided to maintain or establish a communication between the low pressure side and the actuator chamber (12, 13), during a displacement of the actuator piston (10, 11) from the second position towards the first position, and at the same time to keep the communication between the high pressure side and the actuator chamber (12, 13) interrup

Abstract: Method and arrangement for providing an energy converter that includes a combustion system (1) including at least one piston (2, 3), at least one combustion chamber (6, 7) having at least one inlet (11, 13) and at least one outlet (10, 12) with inlet and outlet valves (14, 15, 16, 17). At least one controllable inlet valve and at least one outlet valve is also provided. A fuel supply is provided (18, 19) for supplying fuel and a medium containing oxygen is provided for induction into the combustion chamber (6, 7). An electric machine (9) is arranged to interact directly or indirectly with the piston (2, 3) in an electromagnetic manner such that it produces electrical energy from the piston movements, as well as uses electrical energy to affect the piston movement. A control unit (30) controls the combustion system (1) and the electric machine (9). The energy converter is arranged to adapt its power output depending on the required load of the energy converter.

Abstract: A method of controlling the fuel injection to a combustion chamber (4), comprises the steps of: supplying fuel to a pump (2), which has a piston (7) reciprocating in the a cylinder (6), pressurizing the fuel by applying a force onto the piston (7) by an actuator (8), so that the piston (7) is displaced from a first end position (9) towards a second end position (10), injection of fuel corresponding to a partial volume of the fuel pressurized in the cylinder (6), into the combustion chamber (4), and returning the piston (7) towards the first end position (9) by the pressurized fuel, so that the piston (7) acts with a driving force on the actuator (8). The invention also relates to a fuel injection device for carrying out the method.

Abstract: The method of reducing pollution of a pollutant by relying on the market forces to set the pollution fees charged for pollution. The marginal cost (m1) is known by actors, companies, individuals or actors for reducing one pollution unit of the pollutant. The current market rate of futures cost/price (n1) for a pollution unit is then determined by the market. The pollution fee (s1) is set by legislation to be the same as the futures cost/price to ensure genuine uncertainty (n1). The polluter then compares the marginal cost with the futures cost/price. If the marginal cost is less than the futures cost/price, the polluter may invest in pollution reducing equipment and sell futures at the current market price.

Abstract: Method of controlling the injection of a fluid into an internal combustion engine, comprising a piston reciprocating in a cylinder between top and bottom dead center points, and a nozzle arranged in the cylinder. The method includes injecting a fluid with an initial injection pressure into the cylinder, the fluid being ignited, so that the pressure in the cylinder increases, thereby causing the piston to be displaced towards the top dead center point, and effecting at least one injection pause during injection. The injection, immediately after the injection pause, is effected so that the injection pressure has increased in an interval of more than 0 bar and up to 2000 bar relative to an injection pressure prevailing immediately prior to the injection pause, and the injection pause is effected for a duration corresponding to an angle of rotation of an engine crankshaft in the interval 1°-30°.

Abstract: A method of controlling the fuel injection to a combustion chamber (4), comprises the steps of: supplying fuel to a pump (2), which has a piston (7) reciprocating in the a cylinder (6), pressurizing the fuel by applying a force onto the piston (7) by an actuator (8), so that the piston (7) is displaced from a first end position (9) towards a second end position (10), injection of fuel corresponding to a partial volume of the fuel pressurized in the cylinder (6), into the combustion chamber (4), and returning the piston (7) towards the first end position (9) by the pressurized fuel, so that the piston (7) acts with a driving force on the actuator (8). The invention also relates to a fuel injection device for carrying out the method.

Abstract: Process which, by spray-controlled, directly injected combustion with the aid of step-by-step technical development of the whole of the combustion system, achieves an intensified mixing process during injection and after-burning, which speeds up soot oxidation during various stages so effectively that the engine can be run with sufficiently high EGR content for desired NOx and soot content down to ultra-low emissions, at the same time as parameters which control the efficiency are decoupled from measures for desired emission level, thereby enabling optimum efficiency to be attained for the process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of controlling the injection of a fluid into an internal combustion engine (1), comprising a piston (3) reciprocating in a cylinder (2) between top and bottom dead center points, and a nozzle (4) arranged in the cylinder (2). The method comprises the steps of injecting a fluid with an initial injection pressure (NOP1) into the cylinder (2), said fluid being ignited, so that the pressure in the cylinder (2) increases, thereby causing the piston (3) to be displaced towards the bottom dead center point in the cylinder (2), and that a least one injection pause (U1) is effected during the injection of the fluid.

Abstract: A method of controlling the fuel injection in an internal combustion engine (1) having a piston (3), which passes to and for in a cylinder (2) between an upper and a lower dead center, and an injection nozzle (4), which is disposed in the cylinder (2), the method including the steps whereby a primary injection of fuel is realized in the cylinder (2), which fuel is ignited and causes the piston (3) to be moved in the direction of the lower dead center in the cylinder (2), and whereby a post-injection of a fluid is realized in the cylinder (2). The injection pressure of the fluid in the post-injection is higher than the injection pressure of the fuel in the primary injection.

Abstract: The invention refers to a door frame produced from sheet metal profiles of mainly U-shaped cross section, which profiles form the top and side pieces of the frame. The purpose is to provide a simple and inexpensive door frame, which can be attached to partition walls of different types independent of their design and which frame by some simple manipulations is mounted and finished to a complete unit with architrave fillets. These tasks have been solved in that the side pieces are laterally cross-cut, that the sheet metal profile is designed and arranged between side shanks (16) of the profile to receive the wall portions (17) bordering a door opening (18), and that the top piece (11) and the side pieces (12) of the frame (10) within the corner portions on one hand are arranged to overlap each other and on the other hand are provided with means (20,21) for mutual interconnection by means of hooking into each other.