Abstract: A memory system includes a memory device including an interface circuit and a semiconductor memory, and a controller to generate a command for controlling the memory device. The interface circuit receives the command from the controller; determines whether the command is for the semiconductor memory or the interface circuit; and when it is determined that the command is for the interface circuit, performs a blocking operation to block transfer of the command between the interface circuit and the semiconductor memory and performs an internal operation of the interface circuit. The internal operation includes a signal controlling operation, a training operation, a read operation, an on-die termination operation, a ZQ calibration operation, or a driving force control operation.

Abstract: A core-shell copolymer, a method of making the same, and a thermoplastic resin composition including the same are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a core-shell copolymer includes a core and a shell surrounding the core, the core includes a conjugated diene-based monomer-derived repeating unit and a phosphate-based cross-linking agent-derived cross-linking part represented by Formula 1, and the shell includes a first alkyl (meth)acrylate monomer-derived repeating unit, a second alkyl (meth)acrylate monomer-derived repeating unit, and a sulfonate-based ionic monomer-derived repeating unit represented by Formula 2. The core is 68 parts to 92 parts and the shell is 8 parts to 32 parts, based on 100 parts of the core-shell copolymer, the core has a swell index of 2.7 to 10.9, the shell includes 1 wt % to 16 wt % of the sulfonate-based ionic monomer-derived repeating unit, and the shell has a weight average molecular weight of 105,000 g/mol to 645,000 g/mol.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for isolating extracellular vesicles using cations, and more particularly, to a method for isolating extracellular vesicles from various samples by using the affinity between the extracellular vesicles and cations. A method for isolating extracellular vesicles according to the present invention does not require expensive equipment, can be applied irrespective of sample amount, and has the advantage of being capable of efficiently isolating the extracellular vesicles while preserving the shape or characteristics thereof. Moreover, the method according to the present invention can be combined with existing isolation methods to maximize extracellular vesicle isolation efficiency, and can be applied to disease diagnosis, disease treatment, and multi-omics research using isolated extracellular vesicles, as well as to research on the properties of extracellular vesicles.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for isolating extracellular vesicles and, more particularly, to a method for isolating extracellular vesicles using hydrophobicity of the extracellular vesicles, and extracellular vesicles isolated using the method. When used, the method for isolating extracellular vesicles according to the present invention allows for isolating, from various animal body fluids including blood and urine or various tissues including cancer tissues, extracellular vesicles free of contamination with lipoproteins that are difficult to eliminate using a conventional method, can solve conventional problems caused by lipoprotein contamination, and is expected to be an essential technology that has a great influence on various research using extracellular vesicles isolated from various animal body fluids or tissues, such as characterization and function research, multi-omics research, excavation of novel biomarkers, diagnosis and treatment, etc.

Abstract: The analysis method for extracellular vesicles, according to the present invention, uses the size-specific separation ability of size exclusion chromatography and the properties of a probe that specifically binds with extracellular vesicles, and by using same is capable of the rapid and easy analysis of the quantity of extracellular vesicles included in a sample, analysis of the physicochemical properties of the extracellular vesicles, analysis of the kind and quantity of the components included in the extracellular vesicles, and analysis of the binding properties or affinity of the probe with respect to the components of the extracellular vesicles.

Abstract: Disclosed are quantum dots including a luminescent dopant. More particularly, each of the quantum dots according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a core and a shell surrounding the core, wherein at least one of an interior of the core and an interface between the core and the shell is doped with a luminescent group I dopant.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel cathode buffer layer material, and an organic or organic/inorganic hybrid photoelectric device comprising same, and, if a novel compound of the present invention is applied to a cathode buffer layer of an organic photoelectric device such as organic solar cells, organic photodiode, colloidal quantum dot solar cell, and perovskite solar cell, a surface property of an electron transfer layer is improved via a high dipole moment of the novel compound, an electron can be easily extracted from a photoactive layer to a cathode electrode, and series resistance and leakage current can be reduced, thereby having a useful industrial effect, as performance of the organic or organic/inorganic hybrid photoelectric device being manufactured, such as an organic solar cell, organic photodiode, colloidal quantum dot solar cell, and perovskite solar cell, can be significantly improved.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel cathode buffer layer material and an organic photoelectric device including the same. When the novel compound of the present invention is applied to a cathode buffer layer of an organic photoelectric device, for example, an organic solar cell or an organic photodiode, there is an effect in which the surface characteristics of an electron transport layer are improved through the high dipole moment of the novel compound to thereby facilitate electron extraction from a photoactive layer to a cathode electrode and to reduce series resistance and leakage current, and accordingly, the performance of an organic optoelectronic device (organic solar cell, organic photodiode, etc.) to be manufactured can be remarkably improved, which is industrially advantageous.

Abstract: Disclosed are quantum dots based on a graded multishell structure and a method of manufacturing the same. More particularly, each of the quantum dots according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a core, inter shells surrounding the core, and an outer shell surrounding the inter shells, wherein the concentrations of compounds composing the inter shells are changed stepwise from the core to the outer shell.

Abstract: Disclosed are quantum dots including a luminescent dopant. More particularly, each of the quantum dots according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a core and a shell surrounding the core, wherein at least one of an interior of the core and an interface between the core and the shell is doped with a luminescent group I dopant.

Abstract: An extracellular vesicle isolation method using a metal, and a method for isolating extracellular vesicles from various samples using metal affinity are disclosed. An extracellular vesicle isolation method has the advantages of not requiring costly equipment, of being able to be applied without limits on sample quantity, and of being capable of efficiently isolating extracellular vesicles while preserving the shape or properties thereof. Moreover, the method can be combined with existing isolation methods to maximize the efficiency of extracellular vesicle isolation, and can be utilized in disease diagnosis, disease treatment, multi-omics research, and extracellular vesicle property research and the like using the isolated extracellular vesicles.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel cathode buffer layer material, and an organic or organic/inorganic hybrid photoelectric device comprising same, and, if a novel compound of the present invention is applied to a cathode buffer layer of an organic photoelectric device such as organic solar cells, organic photodiode, colloidal quantum dot solar cell, and perovskite solar cell, a surface property of an electron transfer layer is improved via a high dipole moment of the novel compound, an electron can be easily extracted from a photoactive layer to a cathode electrode, and series resistance and leakage current can be reduced, thereby having a useful industrial effect, as performance of the organic or organic/inorganic hybrid photoelectric device being manufactured, such as an organic solar cell, organic photodiode, colloidal quantum dot solar cell, and perovskite solar cell, can be significantly improved.

Abstract: The present invention relates to bacteria-derived extracellular vesicles having reduced toxicity and the use thereof and, more specifically, to a pharmaceutical composition for treating or diagnosing diseases, a composition for delivering materials and a vaccine composition comprising bacterial extracellular vesicles having reduced toxicity, a method for preparing same, and the like. By using the bacterial extracellular vesicles having reduced toxicity of the present invention, in vivo or in vitro side effects can be reduced, efficacies can be increased, and thus the stability and efficacies of a therapeutic agent or a diagnostic agent, for various diseases including cancer, a drug carrier and/or a vaccine carrier can be enhanced. The bacterial extracellular vesicles having reduced toxicity and having loaded materials for disease treatment or vaccine, and a method for preparing same can he used for in vitro or in vivo treatments, drug carriers, vaccines or experiments.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel cathode buffer layer material and an organic photoelectric device including the same. When the novel compound of the present invention is applied to a cathode buffer layer of an organic photoelectric device, for example, an organic solar cell or an organic photodiode, there is an effect in which the surface characteristics of an electron transport layer are improved through the high dipole moment of the novel compound to thereby facilitate electron extraction from a photoactive layer to a cathode electrode and to reduce series resistance and leakage current, and accordingly, the performance of an organic optoelectronic device (organic solar cell, organic photodiode, etc.) to be manufactured can be remarkably improved, which is industrially advantageous.

Abstract: The present invention relates to microstructure formulation techniques for botulinum toxin. The microstructure formulation techniques for botulinum toxin according to the present invention make it possible to precisely control the concentration of botulinum toxin and to alleviate the pain occurring when botulinum toxin is administered into the human body, and also enable botulinum toxin to be accurately administered to a desired position. Thus, the present invention is expected to greatly contribute to the safe and convenient medical use of botulinum toxin.

Abstract: The analysis method for extracellular vesicles, according to the present invention, uses the size-specific separation ability of size exclusion chromatography and the properties of a probe that specifically binds with extracellular vesicles, and by using same is capable of the rapid and easy analysis of the quantity of extracellular vesicles included in a sample, analysis of the physicochemical properties of the extracellular vesicles, analysis of the kind and quantity of the components included in the extracellular vesicles, and analysis of the binding properties or affinity of the probe with respect to the components of the extracellular vesicles.

Abstract: Provided is an oxime ester phenylcarbazole compound useful as a photoinitiator for photocrosslinking. Specifically, the carbon atom forming a double bond with the nitrogen atom in the oxime ester moiety of the oxime ester phenylcarbazole compound is bonded to the phenylcarbazole group and is directly bonded to a (C1-C20)alkyl or (C6-C20)aryl group. Also provided is a photopolymerizable composition including the oxime ester phenylcarbazole compound. The oxime ester phenylcarbazole compound and the photopolymerizable composition have improved solubilities, are highly photosensitive, and exhibit excellent physical properties in terms of residual film ratio, pattern stability, resist adhesiveness. Due to these advantages, the oxime ester phenylcarbazole compound and the photopolymerizable composition are suitable for use in black resists, color resists, overcoats, column spacers, and organic insulating films of LCDs.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for isolating extracellular vesicles using cations, and more particularly, to a method for isolating extracellular vesicles from various samples by using the affinity between the extracellular vesicles and cations. A method for isolating extracellular vesicles according to the present invention does not require expensive equipment, can be applied irrespective of sample amount, and has the advantage of being capable of efficiently isolating the extracellular vesicles while preserving the shape or characteristics thereof. Moreover, the method according to the present invention can be combined with existing isolation methods to maximize extracellular vesicle isolation efficiency, and can be applied to disease diagnosis, disease treatment, and multi-omics research using isolated extracellular vesicles, as well as to research on the properties of extracellular vesicles.

Abstract: The present invention relates to microstructure formulation techniques for botulinum toxin. The microstructure formulation techniques for botulinum toxin according to the present invention make it possible to precisely control the concentration of botulinum toxin and to alleviate the pain occurring when botulinum toxin is administered into the human body, and also enable botulinum toxin to be accurately administered to a desired position. Thus, the present invention is expected to greatly contribute to the safe and convenient medical use of botulinum toxin.

Abstract: An extracellular vesicle isolation method using a metal, and a method for isolating extracellular vesicles from various samples using metal affinity are disclosed. An extracellular vesicle isolation method has the advantages of not requiring costly equipment, of being able to be applied without limits on sample quantity, and of being capable of efficiently isolating extracellular vesicles while preserving the shape or properties thereof. Moreover, the method can be combined with existing isolation methods to maximize the efficiency of extracellular vesicle isolation, and can be utilized in disease diagnosis, disease treatment, multi-omics research, and extracellular vesicle property research and the like using the isolated extracellular vesicles.