Abstract: Commercially available gas filters are too large for mobile form-factor gas sensors. These sensors require filters with planar dimensions in the millimeter range and thicknesses of 1 mm or less and combined with long term and harsh conditions survivability. Furthermore, custom filters made small enough to be applied onto mobile form-factor gas sensors are generally not specific enough to support multi-gas detection. This invention describes a novel structured filter: (1) derived from principles of macroscale gas separation columns, (2) made compact enough to be utilized at millimeter scale and microscale levels, and (3) made compatible with mobile requirements and some methodology for usage in micro gas spectroscopy platforms.

Abstract: A first protective layer is formed on a first die and a second die, and openings are formed within the first protective layer. The first die and the second die are encapsulated such that the encapsulant is thicker than the first die and the second die, and vias are formed within the openings. A redistribution layer can also be formed to extend over the encapsulant, and the first die may be separated from the second die.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a method for recycling all types of lithium batteries. First, the lithium battery waste is acid-leached to obtain a solution containing most of metal ions. After filtering, the solution is separated from the remaining solids, and then the obtained solution is subjected to separate precipitation many times. After separately adjusting the pH value of the solution many times, adding precipitants with a high selectivity ratio, and matching with filtration and separation reaction, all ions in the lithium battery waste are sequentially precipitated in forms of iron phosphate (FePO4), aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3), manganese oxide (MnO2), dicobalt trioxide (cobalt oxide, Co2O3), nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2), and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3).

Abstract: Two-part silane modified polymer/free radically curable adhesive systems demonstrating improved strength and percent elongation are provided.

Abstract: Photocurable compositions that have a color change during curing and methods of preparation and use of such compositions. More particularly, the present invention relates to photocurable compositions that that have a color change during curing and are useful for forming topographical features, e.g., spacer features, and/or fold protection coatings on a portion of a membrane surfaces, and particularly on membranes used in osmosis and reverse-osmosis applications, such as membrane filters.

Abstract: Disclosed is a dual UV and reaction curable, two component adhesive comprising both acrylic chemistry and polyurethane chemistry. The UV curable acrylate component provides a fast cure reaction to generate a tack-free surface. The mixed two component polyurethane cures to a reaction product that provides flexibility and chemical resistance. The adhesive is useful as fold protection for spiral filtration modules. When cured on a membrane the adhesive will maintain integrity and adhesion to membrane after treatments of creasing and soaking at high temperature, pressure, and wide pH ranges.

Abstract: Photocurable (meth)acrylate compositions for forming features on the surfaces of membranes, and particularly, on membranes used in osmosis and reverse-osmosis applications, such as membrane filters.

Abstract: Photocurable (meth)acrylate compositions for forming features on the surfaces of membranes, and particularly, on membranes used in osmosis and reverse-osmosis applications, such as membrane filters.

Abstract: An electrochemical gas detector includes an electrochemical cell, a switching circuit, and a drive circuit. The switching circuit is electrically coupled to the electrochemical cell and to the switching circuit. The drive circuit includes a working-electrode terminal, a counter-electrode terminal, and a reference-electrode terminal. The electrochemical cell includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a third electrode. The switching circuit has a first state in which the first electrode is electrically coupled to the working-electrode terminal, the second electrode is electrically coupled to the counter-electrode terminal, and the third electrode is electrically coupled to the reference-electrode terminal. The switching circuit has a second state in which the first electrode is electrically coupled to the counter-electrode terminal, the second electrode is electrically coupled to the working-electrode terminal, and the third electrode is electrically coupled to the reference-electrode terminal.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor device that is efficiently and economically produced at the chip level for a variety of applications is disclosed. In some aspects, the device is made on or using a wafer technology whereby a sensor chamber is created by said wafer and a gas port allows for a working electrode of the sensor to detect certain gases. Large scale production is possible using wafer technology where individual sensors are produced from one or more common wafers. Integrated circuits are made in or on the wafers in an integrated way so that the wafers provide the substrate for the integrated circuitry and interconnects as well as providing the definition of the chambers in which the gas sensors are disposed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a two-component curable polymeric system having increased viscosity. One component contains a homogeneous blend of a polyisocyanate and a homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl acetate. This component has a higher viscosity than the polyisocyanate alone, thereby increasing the viscosity of the two-component curable system. The other component of the two-component curable system is a composition containing an isocyanate reactive component. The polyisocyanate and the isocyanate reactive component react together (“cure”) to form a polymer. Typically, but not always, the isocyanate reactive component is a polyol or polyamine that is capable of reacting with the polyisocyanate, thereby forming a polyurethane (polyol) or polyurea (polyamine).

Abstract: Disclosed is a high-penetration two-component polyurethane adhesive for separation apparatus, such as thin film composite reverse osmosis filtration membranes. The polyisocyanate reactive side of the two-component adhesive comprises hydrogenated castor oil or derivative thereof to increase the viscosity and provide a thixotropic property. Surprisingly, these high-viscosity polyisocyanate reactive components provide a two-component polyurethane adhesive exhibiting excellent penetration of the membranes used in such separation apparatus. Also disclosed is a method of using these two component polyurethane adhesives to bond these membranes to one or more other components of a separation apparatus.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor device that is efficiently and economically produced at the chip level for a variety of applications is disclosed. In some aspects, the device is made on or using a wafer technology whereby a sensor chamber is created by said wafer and a gas port allows for a working electrode of the sensor to detect certain gases. Large scale production is possible using wafer technology where individual sensors are produced from one or more common wafers. Integrated circuits are made in or on the wafers in an integrated way so that the wafers provide the substrate for the integrated circuitry and interconnects as well as providing the definition of the chambers in which the gas sensors are disposed.

Abstract: An electrochemical gas sensor device with small physical footprint is disclosed. The electrodes within the element are arranged about the electrolyte such that the electrical impedance of the sensor is minimized. This results in a fast stabilization after detecting gasses and enables rapid changes in bias voltage to target different gasses. Gasketing elements, or alternative designs, are included to eliminate the diffusion of gasses between the electrodes within the cell.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell for sensing gas has added mechanical support for the working electrode to prevent flexure of the working electrode due to pressure differentials. The added mechanical support includes: 1) affixing a larger area of the working electrode to the body of the cell; 2) a gas vent to a cavity of the body to equalize pressures; 3) a rigid electrolyte layer abutting a back surface of the working electrode; 4) infusing an adhesive deep into sides of the porous working electrode to enhance rigidity; 5) supporting opposing surfaces of the working electrode with the rigid package body; and 6) other techniques to make the working electrode more rigid. A bias circuit is also described that uses a controllable current source, an integrator of the varying current, and a feedback circuit for supplying a voltage to the counter electrode and a bias voltage to the reference electrode.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell for sensing gas has added mechanical support for the working electrode to prevent flexure of the working electrode due to pressure differentials. The added mechanical support includes: 1) affixing a larger area of the working electrode to the body of the cell; 2) a gas vent to a cavity of the body to equalize pressures; 3) a rigid electrolyte layer abutting a back surface of the working electrode; 4) infusing an adhesive deep into sides of the porous working electrode to enhance rigidity; 5) supporting opposing surfaces of the working electrode with the rigid package body; and 6) other techniques to make the working electrode more rigid. A bias circuit is also described that uses a controllable current source, an integrator of the varying current, and a feedback circuit for supplying a voltage to the counter electrode and a bias voltage to the reference electrode.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor device that is efficiently and economically produced at the chip level for a variety of applications is disclosed. In some aspects, the device is made on or using a wafer technology whereby a sensor chamber is created by said wafer and a gas port allows for a working electrode of the sensor to detect certain gases. Large scale production is possible using wafer technology where individual sensors are produced from one or more common wafers. Integrated circuits are made in or on the wafers in an integrated way so that the wafers provide the substrate for the integrated circuitry and interconnects as well as providing the definition of the chambers in which the gas sensors are disposed.

Abstract: An electrochemical gas sensor device with small physical footprint is disclosed. The electrodes within the element are arranged about the electrolyte such that the electrical impedance of the sensor is minimized. This results in a fast stabilization after detecting gasses and enables rapid changes in bias voltage to target different gasses. Gasketing elements, or alternative designs, are included to eliminate the diffusion of gasses between the electrodes within the cell.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell for sensing gas has added mechanical support for the working electrode to prevent flexure of the working electrode due to pressure differentials. The added mechanical support includes: 1) affixing a larger area of the working electrode to the body of the cell; 2) a gas vent to a cavity of the body to equalize pressures; 3) a rigid electrolyte layer abutting a back surface of the working electrode; 4) infusing an adhesive deep into sides of the porous working electrode to enhance rigidity; 5) supporting opposing surfaces of the working electrode with the rigid package body; and 6) other techniques to make the working electrode more rigid. A bias circuit is also described that uses a controllable current source, an integrator of the varying current, and a feedback circuit for supplying a voltage to the counter electrode and a bias voltage to the reference electrode.

Abstract: According to various embodiments of this disclosure, an electrochemical sensor/cell includes a substrate with a cavity formed on a first side of the substrate, an ionic conductor is disposed within the cavity, and a lid assembly positioned over the cavity. The lid assembly may include a plurality of electrodes attached to a glass or ceramic panel. The glass or ceramic panel may have one or more apertures allowing gas to flow therethrough. The plurality of electrodes include a working electrode configured to react a molecular species (e.g., gas or aerosolized substance) that diffuses through the one or more apertures, wherein said reaction produces ions mobile in the ionic conductor between two or more of the plurality of electrodes. The lid assembly may further include a three-phase interface positioned over at least a portion of the plurality of electrodes.