Abstract: The present invention relates to a mosquito repellent comprises at least one or more selected from the group consisting of neric acid and derivatives thereof in an effective amount to repel mosquito.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for cancelling interferences between signals are provided. The apparatuses includes: a receiving unit that receives an orthogonal coded signal from a transmitter and generates a received vector; a channel estimation unit that estimates a state of a wireless channel from the transmitter to the apparatus where the cancelling of the interference between signals is performed and generates a channel state matrix; a Q-R decomposition unit that performs Q-R decomposition with respect to the generated channel state matrix and generates a Q matrix and an R matrix, and generates a decision statistic vector based on the generated Q matrix and the received vector; and a signal determination unit that determines a received signal with interference from the orthogonal coded signal being decreased based on the generated decision statistics vector.

Abstract: An Error Control Code (ECC) apparatus may include a control signal generator that generates an ECC control signal based on channel information. The ECC apparatus also may include: a plurality of ECC encoding controllers that output data respectively inputted via storage elements corresponding to the ECC control signal; and/or an encoding unit that encodes, using a plurality of data outputted from the plurality of ECC encoding controllers, encoding input data into a number of subdata corresponding to the ECC control signal. In addition or in the alternative, the ECC apparatus may include: a plurality of ECC decoding controllers that output data respectively inputted via the storage elements corresponding to the ECC control signal; and/or a decoding unit that decodes, using a plurality of data outputted from the plurality of ECC decoding controllers, a number of decoding input data corresponding to the ECC control signal into one piece of output data.

Abstract: A multi-level cell (MLC) memory device may include: a MLC memory cell; an outer encoder that encodes data using a first encoding scheme to generate an outer encoded bit stream; and a trellis coded modulation (TCM) modulator that applies a program pulse to the MLC memory cell to write the data in the MLC memory cell. The program pulse may be generated by TCM modulating the outer encoded bit stream. A method of storing data in a MLC memory device, reading data from the MLC memory device, or storing data in and reading data from the MLC memory device may include: encoding data using a first encoding scheme to generate an outer encoded bit stream; and applying a program pulse to a MLC memory cell of the MLC memory device to write the data in the MLC memory cell. The program pulse may be generated by TCM modulating the outer encoded bit stream.

Abstract: A Multi-Level Cell (MLC) memory device and method thereof are provided. The example MLC memory device may be configured to perform data operations, and may include an MLC memory cell, a first coding device performing a first coding function, the first coding function being one of an encoding function and a decoding function, a second coding device performing a second coding function, the second coding function being one of an encoding function and a decoding function and a signal module configured to perform at least one of instructing the MLC memory cell to store data output by the second coding device if the first and second coding functions are encoding functions, and generating a demapped bit stream based on data retrieved from the MLC memory cell if the first and second coding functions are decoding functions.

Abstract: Multi-bit programming apparatuses and/or methods are provided. A multi-bit programming apparatus may comprise: a multi-bit cell array that includes a first multi-bit cell and a second multi-bit cell; a programming unit for programming first data in the first multi-bit cell, and programming second data in the second multi-bit cell; and a verification unit for verifying whether the first data is programmed in the first multi-bit cell using a first verification voltage, and verifying whether the second data is programmed in the second multi-bit cell using a second verification voltage. The multi-bit programming apparatus may generate better threshold voltage distributions in a multi-bit cell memory.

Abstract: A multi-bit programming apparatus may include a first control unit that may generates 2N threshold voltage states based on a target bit error rate (BER) of each of the page programming operations, a second control unit that may assign any one of the threshold voltage states to the N-bit data, and a programming unit that may program the assigned threshold voltage state in each of the at least one multi-bit cell to program the N-bit data.

Abstract: Various read level control apparatuses and methods are provided. In various embodiments, the read level control apparatuses may include an error control code (ECC) decoding unit for ECC decoding data read from a storage unit, and a monitoring unit for monitoring a bit error rate (BER) based on the ECC decoded data and the read data. The apparatus may additionally include an error determination unit for determining an error rate of the read data based on the monitored BER, and a level control unit for controlling a read level of the storage unit based on the error rate.

Abstract: A Multi-Level Cell (MLC) memory device and method thereof are provided. The example MLC memory device may be configured to perform data operations, and may include an MLC memory cell, a first coding device performing a first coding function, the first coding function being one of an encoding function and a decoding function, a second coding device performing a second coding function, the second coding function being one of an encoding function and a decoding function and a signal module configured to perform at least one of instructing the MLC memory cell to store data output by the second coding device if the first and second coding functions are encoding functions, and generating a demapped bit stream based on data retrieved from the MLC memory cell if the first and second coding functions are decoding functions.

Abstract: A DCM demapper and a DCM demapping method are provided. The DCM demapper includes: a basic signal generation unit generating a plurality of basic signals using a signal and channel information of two subcarriers; a soft decision generation unit generating a plurality of soft decisions using the plurality of basic signals; and a soft decision selection unit selecting a soft decision corresponding to each bit of the two subcarriers among the generated soft decisions.

Abstract: Provided are a memory cell programming method and a semiconductor device which may be capable of simultaneously writing a bit of data and then another bit of the data to a plurality of memory blocks. The memory programming method, in which M bits of data are written to a plurality of memory blocks, may include a data division operation and a data writing operation where M may be a natural number. In the data division operation, the plurality of memory blocks may be divided into a plurality of memory block groups. In the data writing operation, an ith bit of the data may be simultaneously written to two or more memory block groups from among the plurality memory block groups, and then an i+1th bit of the data may be simultaneously written to the two or more memory block groups from among the plurality memory block groups, where i is a natural number less than M.

Abstract: Provided is a read operation for a N-bit data non-volatile memory system. The method includes determining in relation to data states of adjacent memory cells associated with a selected memory cell in the plurality of memory cells whether read data obtained from the selected memory cell requires compensation, and if the read data requires compensation, replacing the read data with compensated read data.

Abstract: Various read level control apparatuses and methods are provided. In various embodiments, the read level control apparatuses may include an error control code (ECC) decoding unit for ECC decoding data read from a storage unit, and a monitoring unit for monitoring a bit error rate (BER) based on the ECC decoded data and the read data. The apparatus may additionally include an error determination unit for determining an error rate of the read data based on the monitored BER, and a level control unit for controlling a read level of the storage unit based on the error rate.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling a reading level of a memory cell are provided. The method of controlling a reading level of a memory cell may include: receiving metric values calculated based on given voltage levels and reference levels; generating summed values for each of the reference levels by summing metric values corresponding to levels of a received signal from among the received metric values; selecting the reference level having the greatest value of the generated summed values from the reference levels; and controlling the reading level of the memory cell based on the selected reference level.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a mosquito repellent comprises at least one or more selected from the group consisting of neric acid and derivatives thereof in an effective amount to repel mosquito.

Abstract: The method for reading data according to example embodiments includes comparing a threshold voltage of a memory cell with a first boundary voltage, comparing the threshold voltage with a second boundary voltage having a higher voltage level than that of the first boundary voltage, and determining data of the memory cell based on the threshold voltage, the first boundary voltage, and the second boundary voltage.

Abstract: Multi-bit programming apparatuses and/or methods are provided. A multi-bit programming apparatus may include: a first control unit that allocates any one of 2N threshold voltage states to the N-bit data; a second control unit that spaces, by any one of a first interval and a second interval, adjacent threshold voltage states of the 2N threshold voltage states; and a programming unit that programs the N-bit data by generating, in each of the at least one multi-bit cell, a distribution state corresponding to the allocated threshold voltage state. The multi-bit programming apparatus can reduce an error rate when reading data.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for programming data of memory cells considering coupling are provided. The method includes: calculating a change of a threshold voltage based on source data of the memory cells; converting source data which will be programmed based on the calculated change of the threshold voltage; and programming the converted source data.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an anticoagulant and a composition for preventing thrombus formation, which contain poly-gamma-glutamic acid (PGA) as an active ingredient. The inventive PGA is a water-soluble, anionic, biodegradable and edible amino acid polymer material, which has an anticoagulant effect of preventing thrombi from being accumulated in blood vessels, shows an excellent sustained-release effect and is harmless to the human body. Thus, it is useful as a high-value-added anticoagulant and a food or beverage composition for preventing thrombus formation.

Abstract: Memory devices and/or error control codes (ECC) decoding methods may be provided. A memory device may include a memory cell array, and a decoder to perform hard decision decoding of first data read from the memory cell array by a first read scheme, and to generate output data and error information of the output data. The memory device may also include and a control unit to determine an error rate of the output data based on the error information, and to determine whether to transmit an additional read command for soft decision decoding to the memory cell array based on the error rate. An ECC decoding time may be reduced through such a memory device.