Abstract: A memory system includes a nonvolatile memory module and a first controller configured to control the nonvolatile memory module. The nonvolatile memory module includes a volatile memory device, a nonvolatile memory device, and a second controller configured to control the volatile memory device and the nonvolatile memory device. The first controller may be configured to transmit a read request to the second controller. When, during a read operation according to the read request, normal data is not received from the nonvolatile memory device, the first controller may perform one or more retransmits of the read request to the second controller without a limitation on a number of times that the first controller performs the one or more retransmits of the read request.

Abstract: A method for accessing a memory module includes; encoding first data of a first partial burst length to generate first parities and first cyclic redundancy codes, encoding second data of a second partial burst length to generate second parities and second cyclic redundancy codes, writing the first data and the second data to first memory devices, and writing the first parities, the first cyclic redundancy codes, the second parities, and the second cyclic redundancy codes to a second memory device and a third memory device.

Abstract: A memory module includes a memory device configured to receive a first refresh command from a host, and perform a refresh operation in response to the first refresh command during a refresh time, and a computing unit configured to detect the first refresh command provided from the host to the memory device, and write a first error pattern at a first address of the memory device during the refresh time.

Abstract: A memory device includes a peripheral circuit communicating with memory banks. Each of the banks includes a memory cell array including memory cells, a row decoder connected with the memory cells through word lines, bit line sense amplifiers connected with the memory cells through bit lines including first bit lines and second bit lines, and a column decoder configured to connect the bit line sense amplifiers with the peripheral circuit. The memory cell array includes a first section connected with the first bit lines and a second section connected with the second bit lines, and the first section and second section are independent of each other with regard to a row-dependent error.

Abstract: A memory system includes a processor that includes cores and a memory controller, and a first semiconductor memory module that communicates with the memory controller. The cores receive a call to perform a first exception handling in response to detection of a first error when the memory controller reads first data from the first semiconductor memory module. A first monarchy core of the cores performs the first exception handling and the remaining cores of the cores return to remaining operations previously performed.

Abstract: According to an exemplary embodiment, a memory device may include a memory cell array that includes memory cells connected to word lines arranged in sequential order depending on a sequential change of a row address, a row decoder that, for each row address input to the row decoder, scrambles a first bit of the row address and a second bit of the row address depending on a selection signal, thereby forming a scrambled row address, decodes the scrambled row address, and selects a word line from the word lines based on the scrambled row address, and an anti-fuse array that includes an anti-fuse in which a logical value of the selection signal is programmed. A first word line and a second word line of the word lines may be adjacent to each other, and a difference between a first value of the row address corresponding to the first word line and a second value of the row address corresponding to the second word line may be a value corresponding to the first bit.

Abstract: A memory system includes a memory device having a plurality of volatile memory modules therein, and a memory controller, which is electrically coupled to the plurality of volatile memory modules. The memory controller is configured to correct an error in a first of the plurality of volatile memory modules in response to generation of an alert signal by the first of the plurality of volatile memory modules, concurrently with an operation to refresh at least a portion of a second of the plurality of volatile memory modules upon the generation of the alert signal.

Abstract: Memory systems include a first semiconductor memory module and a processor. The processor is configured to access the first semiconductor memory module by units of a page, and further configured to respond to an occurrence of a page fault in a specific page, which is associated with a virtual address corresponding to an access target, by adjusting a number of pages and allocating pages in the first semiconductor memory module corresponding to the adjusted number of the pages, which are associated with the virtual address.

Abstract: A storage module includes a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device, a nonvolatile memory device, and a high-speed buffer memory. An method of operating the storage module includes copying target data stored in the nonvolatile memory device to the high-speed buffer memory in response to an external device entering a page fault mode, receiving a first refresh command from the external device, and, in response to the first refresh command, performing a first refresh operation associated with the DRAM device and moving the target data copied to the high-speed buffer memory to the DRAM device during a first refresh reference time.

Abstract: Memory systems include a first semiconductor memory module and a processor. The processor is configured to access the first semiconductor memory module by units of a page, and further configured to respond to an occurrence of a page fault in a specific page, which is associated with a virtual address corresponding to an access target, by adjusting a number of pages and allocating pages in the first semiconductor memory module corresponding to the adjusted number of the pages, which are associated with the virtual address.

Abstract: A clock generator including a phase frequency detector configured to compare a phase and a frequency of a reference clock signal with a phase and a frequency of a first output clock signal and generate a detection signal based on a difference in the phases and frequencies of the clock signals; a loop filter configured to generate a first control voltage signal based on the detection signal; a first voltage controlled oscillator configured to generate and output a first output clock signal based on the first control voltage signal, a modulation filter configured to generate a modulation voltage signal based on the reference clock signal and generate a second control voltage signal by combining the modulation voltage signal and the first control voltage signal, and a second voltage controlled oscillator configured to generate and output a second output clock signal based on the second control voltage signal is provided.

Abstract: A memory module includes a first type memory, a second type memory, a serial presence detect device and a controller. The serial presence detect device is configured to transfer capacity information of the second type memory to an external host device, during an initialization operation. The controller is configured to transfer a training command for the second type memory received from the external host device to the first type memory, during a training operation, which follows in time the initialization operation.

Abstract: Disclosed is a bio illuminance measuring apparatus including a circadian lambda filter passing external light along according to a circadian rhythm sensitivity curve, a visual lambda filter passing the external light along according to a visual sensitivity curve, a photo sensing portion sensing and converting the external light, which has passed through the circadian lambda filter, into a circadian wavelength signal and sensing and converting the external light, which has passed through the visual lambda filter, into a visual wavelength signal, and an illuminance calculating portion which calculates a ratio between the circadian wavelength signal and the visual wavelength signal, calculates a circadian action factor by applying the ratio between the circadian wavelength signal and the visual wavelength signal to a circadian action function which varies according to the visual wavelength signal, and calculates a bio illuminance value of the external light on the basis of the circadian action factor.

Abstract: Disclosed are an apparatus and a system for managing circadian rhythm. The apparatus includes an illuminance measuring portion which measures a bio illuminance value of external light using a circadian lambda filter which passes the external light along according to a circadian rhythm sensitivity curve and a visual lambda filter which passes the external light along according to a visual sensitivity curve, a controller which outputs a control signal for reinforcing a user's circadian rhythm on the basis of the bio illuminance value, and a circadian rhythm reinforcing portion which emits light of a circadian wavelength band toward the user according to the control signal.

Abstract: A memory system includes a memory device having a plurality of volatile memory modules therein, and a memory controller, which is electrically coupled to the plurality of volatile memory modules. The memory controller is configured to correct an error in a first of the plurality of volatile memory modules in response to generation of an alert signal by the first of the plurality of volatile memory modules, concurrently with an operation to refresh at least a portion of a second of the plurality of volatile memory modules upon the generation of the alert signal.

Abstract: A storage module includes a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device, a nonvolatile memory device, and a high-speed buffer memory. An method of operating the storage module includes copying target data stored in the nonvolatile memory device to the high-speed buffer memory in response to an external device entering a page fault mode, receiving a first refresh command from the external device, and, in response to the first refresh command, performing a first refresh operation associated with the DRAM device and moving the target data copied to the high-speed buffer memory to the DRAM device during a first refresh reference time.

Abstract: A data backup method for performing a post package repair (PPR) operation includes reading repair unit information of a memory device, storing the repair unit information in a register, determining whether to perform the PPR operation in response to a read error occurring while the memory device is being accessed, and performing a data backup operation of the memory device based on the repair unit information in response to determining that the PPR operation is to be performed.

Abstract: According to an exemplary embodiment, a memory device may include a memory cell array that includes memory cells connected to word lines arranged in sequential order depending on a sequential change of a row address, a row decoder that, for each row address input to the row decoder, scrambles a first bit of the row address and a second bit of the row address depending on a selection signal, thereby forming a scrambled row address, decodes the scrambled row address, and selects the a word line from the word lines based on the scrambled row address, and an anti-fuse array that includes an anti-fuse in which a logical value of the selection signal is programmed. A first word line and a second word line of the word lines may be adjacent to each other, and a difference between a first value of the row address corresponding to the first word line and a second value of the row address corresponding to the second word line may be a value corresponding to the first bit.

Abstract: A memory module includes a first type memory, a second type memory, a serial presence detect device and a controller. The serial presence detect device is configured to transfer capacity information of the second type memory to an external host device, during an initialization operation. The controller is configured to transfer a training command for the second type memory received from the external host device to the first type memory, during a training operation, which follows in time the initialization operation.

Abstract: A memory system includes a processor that includes cores and a memory controller, and a first semiconductor memory module that communicates with the memory controller. The cores receive a call to perform a first exception handling in response to detection of a first error when the memory controller reads first data from the first semiconductor memory module. A first monarchy core of the cores performs the first exception handling and the remaining cores of the cores return to remaining operations previously performed.