Abstract: An electrostatic image developer includes a toner containing an external additive having a volume-average particle size of about 80 to 400 nm and an average circularity of about 0.7 to 0.85. The developer is used in an image forming apparatus including an image-carrying member having a top surface layer containing fluorocarbon resin particles, and a developer-carrying member that faces the image-carrying member and carries an electrostatic image developer, in which a value obtained by dividing the amount of developer on the developer-carrying member [g/m2] by a shortest distance between the image-carrying member and the developer-carrying member [?m] is about 0.8 to 1.8, and a peripheral velocity ratio of the developer-carrying member to the image-carrying member is about 1.5 to 5.0 or the developer-carrying member moves in a direction opposite to the image-carrying member in a facing portion.

Abstract: A developer contains a toner having an external additive deposited thereon. The developer is used with an image-forming apparatus including an image carrier including a surface layer in which fluoropolymer resin particles are dispersed and a cleaning member disposed in contact with an outer surface of the image carrier. The external additive is a nonspherical external additive whose volume average particle size is smaller than the average particle size of exposed portions of the fluoropolymer resin particles in the surface layer of the image carrier.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a photosensitive layer, and a surface protective layer that contains fluororesin particles and a fluorinated alkyl group-containing copolymer; a charging unit that charges the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor; an electrostatic latent image forming unit that forms an electrostatic latent image; a developing unit that accommodates a developer, and develops the electrostatic latent image with the developer to form a toner image; a transfer unit that transfers the toner image to a recording medium; and a cleaning unit that removes the remained developer, wherein when the electrophotographic photoreceptor is rotated 50,000 times by repeating the formation of an image having image sections and non-image sections and having an image density of 7%, and then the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the zinc coating ratio is in the range of from 50% to 100%.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, a photosensitive layer, and a surface layer that is provided on the photosensitive layer. The surface layer includes a cross-linked component which is a reaction product of compound A and compound B. The compound A is at least one compound selected from guanamine compounds and melamine compounds, and the compound B is a charge-transporting material. A structure derived from at least one compound selected from the guanamine compounds and the melamine compounds included in the surface layer amounts for 0.1% by weight to 5% by weight, and a structure derived from the charge-transporting material included in the surface layer amounts for 85% by weight or greater. Surface roughness Rz of the surface layer is from 0.1 ?m to 0.3 ?m, and the surface has at least one compound selected from fatty acid metal salt and fluorine resin particles.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, a photosensitive layer that is provided on the conductive substrate, and a surface layer that is provided on the photosensitive layer or is contained in the photosensitive layer, wherein the surface layer is formed of a cured film of a composition including a first reactive charge transport material having a hydroxyl group and a second reactive charge transport material having a methoxy group, and has an elastic deformation ratio R satisfying the following Expression (1): 0.40?R?0.51.

Abstract: An electrostatic image developer includes a toner containing an external additive having a volume-average particle size of about 80 to 400 nm and an average circularity of about 0.7 to 0.85. The developer is used in an image forming apparatus including an image-carrying member having a top surface layer containing fluorocarbon resin particles, and a developer-carrying member that faces the image-carrying member and carries an electrostatic image developer, in which a value obtained by dividing the amount of developer on the developer-carrying member [g/m2] by a shortest distance between the image-carrying member and the developer-carrying member [?m] is about 0.8 to 1.8, and a peripheral velocity ratio of the developer-carrying member to the image-carrying member is about 1.5 to 5.0 or the developer-carrying member moves in a direction opposite to the image-carrying member in a facing portion.

Abstract: A developer contains a toner having an external additive deposited thereon. The developer is used with an image-forming apparatus including an image carrier including a surface layer in which fluoropolymer resin particles are dispersed and a cleaning member disposed in contact with an outer surface of the image carrier. The external additive is a nonspherical external additive whose volume average particle size is smaller than the average particle size of exposed portions of the fluoropolymer resin particles in the surface layer of the image carrier.

Abstract: There is provided an electrophotographic photoreceptor including a conductive substrate; an intermediate layer; a photosensitive layer; and a surface layer, in this order, the surface layer including two or more charge transporting materials each including a reactive substituent and respectively having mutually different ionization potentials, in an amount of 90% by weight or more relative to the total solid content of the surface layer, and the content ratio X of each of the two or more charge transporting materials satisfying the following Formula (1).

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer, such that the layer constituting the outermost surface of the photosensitive layer is formed by polymerizing a cross-linkable charge transporting material having a reactive hydroxyl group and a cross-linkable charge transporting material having a reactive alkoxy group, and the ionization potential of the outer surface of the layer constituting the outermost surface is higher by about 0.1 eV or more than the ionization potential of the inner surface of the layer constituting the outermost surface.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, a photosensitive layer that is provided on the conductive substrate, and a surface layer that is provided on the photosensitive layer or is contained in the photosensitive layer, wherein the surface layer is formed of a cured film of a composition including a first reactive charge transport material having a hydroxyl group and a second reactive charge transport material having a methoxy group, and has an elastic deformation ratio R satisfying the following Expression (1): 0.40?R?0.51.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, a photosensitive layer, and a surface layer that is provided on the photosensitive layer. The surface layer includes a cross-linked component which is a reaction product of compound A and compound B. The compound A is at least one compound selected from guanamine compounds and melamine compounds, and the compound B is a charge-transporting material. A structure derived from at least one compound selected from the guanamine compounds and the melamine compounds included in the surface layer amounts for 0.1% by weight to 5% by weight, and a structure derived from the charge-transporting material included in the surface layer amounts for 85% by weight or greater. Surface roughness Rz of the surface layer is from 0.1 ?m to 0.3 ?m, and the surface has at least one compound selected from fatty acid metal salt and fluorine resin particles.

Abstract: There is provided an image forming apparatus including electrophotographic photoreceptor, a charging unit, an electrostatic latent image forming unit, a developing unit, and a residual toner removing unit, the surface protective layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor having a surface free energy of about 10 mN/m to about 30 mN/m, the toner in the developing unit includes silica, and the residual toner removing unit including a blade member including a base layer and an edge layer having a type A durometer hardness of from about HsA 75 to about HsA 90 at 23° C., the hardness of the edge layer being higher than the hardness of the base layer.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a photosensitive layer, and a surface protective layer that contains fluororesin particles and a fluorinated alkyl group-containing copolymer; a charging unit that charges the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor; an electrostatic latent image forming unit that forms an electrostatic latent image; a developing unit that accommodates a developer, and develops the electrostatic latent image with the developer to form a toner image; a transfer unit that transfers the toner image to a recording medium; and a cleaning unit that removes the remained developer, wherein when the electrophotographic photoreceptor is rotated 50,000 times by repeating the formation of an image having image sections and non-image sections and having an image density of 7%, and then the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the zinc coating ratio is in the range of from 50% to 100%.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a surface protection layer that satisfies the following requirements: (1) including a crosslinked substance of at least one selected from a guanamine compound or a melamine compound, and at least one charge transporting material having at least one substituent selected from —OH, —OCH3, —NH2, —SH or —COOH; (2) including the at least one of a guanamine compound or a melamine compound in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 5% by weight; and (3) having a universal hardness of from about 180 to about 220 N/mm2 and a creep ratio of from about 5% to about 8%, the universal hardness and the creep ratio being obtained by performing a hardness test by pushing a Vickers quadrangular pyramid diamond indenter against the surface protection layer at a maximum load of 20 mN, in an environment of 25° C. and a relative humidity of 50%.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer, such that the layer constituting the outermost surface of the photosensitive layer is formed by polymerizing a cross-linkable charge transporting material having a reactive hydroxyl group and a cross-linkable charge transporting material having a reactive alkoxy group, and the ionization potential of the outer surface of the layer constituting the outermost surface is higher by about 0.1 eV or more than the ionization potential of the inner surface of the layer constituting the outermost surface.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive support; a photosensitive layer; and a surface protective layer as an outermost layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, wherein the electrophotographic photoreceptor satisfies following formulas (a) and (b): 3.6?(A+B)/C×100?6??(a) B?0.3??(b) wherein A (?m) represents a ten-point-averaged surface roughness RZJIS94 of the conductive support, B (?m) represents a ten-point-averaged surface roughness RZJIS94 of the surface protective layer, and C (%) represents a reflectivity of the surface protective layer against the conductive support.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrophotographic photoreceptor having at least: a substrate; a photosensitive layer provided on the substrate; and an overcoat layer provided on the photosensitive layer. The overcoat layer of the photoreceptor includes at least: a cross-linked component that is obtained by cross-linking of at least one selected from a guanamine compound or a melamine compound and a charge-transporting material having at least one substituent group selected from —OH, —OCH3, —NH2, —SH, or —COOH; fluoro-resin particles; and a fluoro-alkyl group-containing copolymer. The ratio of fluorine atom present in an outermost surface of the overcoat layer as measured with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) is from approximately 1.0% by mass to approximately 20.0% by mass. The invention further provides a process cartridge, an image forming apparatus, and a method of producing the electrophotographic photoreceptor.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a surface protection layer that satisfies the following requirements: (1) including a crosslinked substance of at least one selected from a guanamine compound or a melamine compound, and at least one charge transporting material having at least one substituent selected from —OH, —OCH3, —NH2, —SH or —COOH; (2) including the at least one of a guanamine compound or a melamine compound in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 5% by weight; and (3) having a universal hardness of from about 180 to about 220 N/mm2 and a creep ratio of from about 5% to about 8%, the universal hardness and the creep ratio being obtained by performing a hardness test by pushing a Vickers quadrangular pyramid diamond indenter against the surface protection layer at a maximum load of 20 mN, in an environment of 25° C. and a relative humidity of 50%.

Abstract: There is provided an electrophotographic photoreceptor including a conductive substrate; an intermediate layer; a photosensitive layer; and a surface layer, in this order, the surface layer including two or more charge transporting materials each including a reactive substituent and respectively having mutually different ionization potentials, in an amount of 90% by weight or more relative to the total solid content of the surface layer, and the content ratio X of each of the two or more charge transporting materials satisfying the following Formula (1).

Abstract: There is provided an image forming apparatus including electrophotographic photoreceptor, a charging unit, an electrostatic latent image forming unit, a developing unit, and a residual toner removing unit, the surface protective layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor having a surface free energy of about 10 mN/m to about 30 mN/m, the toner in the developing unit includes silica, and the residual toner removing unit including a blade member including a base layer and an edge layer having a type A durometer hardness of from about HsA 75 to about HsA 90 at 23° C., the hardness of the edge layer baing higher than the hardness of the base layer.