Abstract: A compact, portable Raman spectrometer makes fast, sensitive standoff measurements at little to no risk of eye injury or igniting the materials being probed. This spectrometer uses differential Raman spectroscopy and ambient light measurements to measure point-and-shoot Raman signatures of dark or highly fluorescent materials at distances of 1 cm to 10 m or more. It scans the Raman pump beam(s) across the sample to reduce the risk of unduly heating or igniting the sample. Beam scanning also transforms the spectrometer into an instrument with a lower effective safety classification, reducing the risk of eye injury. The spectrometer's long standoff range automatic focusing make it easier to identify chemicals through clear and translucent obstacles, such as flow tubes, windows, and containers. And the spectrometer's components are light and small enough to be packaged in a handheld housing or housing suitable for a small robot to carry.

Abstract: A compact, portable Raman spectrometer makes fast, sensitive standoff measurements at little to no risk of eye injury or igniting the materials being probed. This spectrometer uses differential Raman spectroscopy and ambient light measurements to measure point-and-shoot Raman signatures of dark or highly fluorescent materials at distances of 1 cm to 10 m or more. It scans the Raman pump beam(s) across the sample to reduce the risk of unduly heating or igniting the sample. Beam scanning also transforms the spectrometer into an instrument with a lower effective safety classification, reducing the risk of eye injury. The spectrometer's long standoff range automatic focusing make it easier to identify chemicals through clear and translucent obstacles, such as flow tubes, windows, and containers. And the spectrometer's components are light and small enough to be packaged in a handheld housing or housing suitable for a small robot to carry.

Abstract: In quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS), an analyte (typically in gas phase) generates a pressure wave in response to incident laser light. A quartz tuning fork (QTF) resonant at the frequency of the pressure wave transduces the pressure wave into an electrical signal. Pulsing the laser briefly reduces the amount of thermal chirp and increases the fraction of time that the laser emits at the wavelength(s) of interest. This increases the measurement efficiency. Pulsing the incident laser light with bursts of short pulses at the QTF resonant frequency increases signal strength. Exciting the sample with a two pulses at different laser wavelengths, separated by a half QTF period yields signal and background acoustic waves that partially cancel when integrated by the QTF, producing a differential measurement. Pulsing the incident laser light at a frequency faster than the gas response cut off frequency can improve the noise performance of a QEPAS measurement.

Abstract: The inventors have developed tools for quantifying the mitochondrial redox state of in vivo, in situ tissue using resonance Raman spectroscopy. The tissue is illuminated with an excitation beam that causes the tissue to scatter Raman-shifted light, which is collected and analyzed to produce coefficients representing the relative concentrations of different chromophores in the tissue. These relative concentrations indicate the redox state of whole mitochondria, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, myoglobin oxygen saturation, and/or redox state of individual cytochrome complexes in mitochondria of the in vivo, in situ tissue. Quantifiable information about these states and/or saturations can be used to assess tissue health, including organ (dys)function before, during, and after surgery. For example, this information can be used to predict impending cardiac failure, to guide surgical interventions, to monitor organ health after transplantation, or to guide post-operative care.

Abstract: The present technology includes a system and method for monitoring a donor organ tissue using Raman spectroscopy. The technology enables real-time quantification of the mitochondrial redox state in the tissue sample taken from an organ intended for transplant using a compact device. The system is based on resonance Raman spectroscopy which can quantify a mitochondrial redox state in tissues using a Resonance Raman Reduced Mitochondrial Ratio. The mitochondrial redox state of the tissue sample acts as a marker of tissue function and may distinguish healthy versus damaged tissue. Moreover, these measures may correlate with transplantation outcomes.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for using Raman Resonance Spectroscopy to evaluate metabolic and oxygenation status of the eye are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, metabolic mapping of the eye may be performed by aligning a Raman spectrum and a recorded spatial image of the eye.

Abstract: A compact, portable Raman spectrometer makes fast, sensitive standoff measurements at little to no risk of eye injury or igniting the materials being probed. This spectrometer uses differential Raman spectroscopy and ambient light measurements to measure point-and-shoot Raman signatures of dark or highly fluorescent materials at distances of 1 cm to 10 m or more. It scans the Raman pump beam(s) across the sample to reduce the risk of unduly heating or igniting the sample. Beam scanning also transforms the spectrometer into an instrument with a lower effective safety classification, reducing the risk of eye injury. The spectrometer's long standoff range automatic focusing make it easier to identify chemicals through clear and translucent obstacles, such as flow tubes, windows, and containers. And the spectrometer's components are light and small enough to be packaged in a handheld housing or housing suitable for a small robot to carry.

Abstract: A compact, portable Raman spectrometer makes fast, sensitive standoff measurements at little to no risk of eye injury or igniting the materials being probed. This spectrometer uses differential Raman spectroscopy and ambient light measurements to measure point-and-shoot Raman signatures of dark or highly fluorescent materials at distances of 1 cm to 10 m or more. It scans the Raman pump beam(s) across the sample to reduce the risk of unduly heating or igniting the sample. Beam scanning also transforms the spectrometer into an instrument with a lower effective safety classification, reducing the risk of eye injury. The spectrometer's long standoff range automatic focusing make it easier to identify chemicals through clear and translucent obstacles, such as flow tubes, windows, and containers. And the spectrometer's components are light and small enough to be packaged in a handheld housing or housing suitable for a small robot to carry.

Abstract: A compact, portable Raman spectrometer makes fast, sensitive standoff measurements at little to no risk of eye injury or igniting the materials being probed. This spectrometer uses differential Raman spectroscopy and ambient light measurements to measure point-and-shoot Raman signatures of dark or highly fluorescent materials at distances of 1 cm to 10 m or more. It scans the Raman pump beam(s) across the sample to reduce the risk of unduly heating or igniting the sample. Beam scanning also transforms the spectrometer into an instrument with a lower effective safety classification, reducing the risk of eye injury. The spectrometer's long standoff range automatic focusing make it easier to identify chemicals through clear and translucent obstacles, such as flow tubes, windows, and containers. And the spectrometer's components are light and small enough to be packaged in a handheld housing or housing suitable for a small robot to carry.

Abstract: In quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS), an analyte (typically in gas phase) generates a pressure wave in response to incident laser light. A quartz tuning fork (QTF) resonant at the frequency of the pressure wave transduces the pressure wave into an electrical signal. Pulsing the laser briefly reduces the amount of thermal chirp and increases the fraction of time that the laser emits at the wavelength(s) of interest. This increases the measurement efficiency. Pulsing the incident laser light with bursts of short pulses at the QTF resonant frequency increases signal strength. Exciting the sample with a two pulses at different laser wavelengths, separated by a half QTF period yields signal and background acoustic waves that partially cancel when integrated by the QTF, producing a differential measurement. Pulsing the incident laser light at a frequency faster than the gas response cut off frequency can improve the noise performance of a QEPAS measurement.

Abstract: A compact, portable Raman spectrometer makes fast, sensitive standoff measurements at little to no risk of eye injury or igniting the materials being probed. This spectrometer uses differential Raman spectroscopy and ambient light measurements to measure point-and-shoot Raman signatures of dark or highly fluorescent materials at distances of 1 cm to 10 m or more. It scans the Raman pump beam(s) across the sample to reduce the risk of unduly heating or igniting the sample. Beam scanning also transforms the spectrometer into an instrument with a lower effective safety classification, reducing the risk of eye injury. The spectrometer's long standoff range automatic focusing make it easier to identify chemicals through clear and translucent obstacles, such as flow tubes, windows, and containers. And the spectrometer's components are light and small enough to be packaged in a handheld housing or housing suitable for a small robot to carry.

Abstract: In quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS), an analyte (typically in gas phase) generates a pressure wave in response to incident laser light. A quartz tuning fork (QTF) resonant at the frequency of the pressure wave transduces the pressure wave into an electrical signal. Pulsing the laser briefly reduces the amount of thermal chirp and increases the fraction of time that the laser emits at the wavelength(s) of interest. This increases the measurement efficiency. Pulsing the incident laser light with bursts of short pulses at the QTF resonant frequency increases signal strength. Exciting the sample with a two pulses at different laser wavelengths, separated by a half QTF period yields signal and background acoustic waves that partially cancel when integrated by the QTF, producing a differential measurement. Pulsing the incident laser light at a frequency faster than the gas response cut off frequency can improve the noise performance of a QEPAS measurement.

Abstract: The inventors have developed tools for quantifying the mitochondrial redox state of in vivo, in situ tissue using resonance Raman spectroscopy. The tissue is illuminated with an excitation beam that causes the tissue to scatter Raman-shifted light, which is collected and analyzed to produce coefficients representing the relative concentrations of different chromophores in the tissue. These relative concentrations indicate the redox state of whole mitochondria, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, myoglobin oxygen saturation, and/or redox state of individual cytochrome complexes in mitochondria of the in vivo, in situ tissue. Quantifiable information about these states and/or saturations can be used to assess tissue health, including organ (dys)function before, during, and after surgery. For example, this information can be used to predict impending cardiac failure, to guide surgical interventions, to monitor organ health after transplantation, or to guide post-operative care.

Abstract: A compact, portable Raman spectrometer makes fast, sensitive standoff measurements at little to no risk of eye injury or igniting the materials being probed. This spectrometer uses differential Raman spectroscopy and ambient light measurements to measure point-and-shoot Raman signatures of dark or highly fluorescent materials at distances of 1 cm to 10 m or more. It scans the Raman pump beam(s) across the sample to reduce the risk of unduly heating or igniting the sample. Beam scanning also transforms the spectrometer into an instrument with a lower effective safety classification, reducing the risk of eye injury. The spectrometer's long standoff range automatic focusing make it easier to identify chemicals through clear and translucent obstacles, such as flow tubes, windows, and containers. And the spectrometer's components are light and small enough to be packaged in a handheld housing or housing suitable for a small robot to carry.

Abstract: A compact, portable Raman spectrometer makes fast, sensitive standoff measurements at little to no risk of eye injury or igniting the materials being probed. This spectrometer uses differential Raman spectroscopy and ambient light measurements to measure point-and-shoot Raman signatures of dark or highly fluorescent materials at distances of 1 cm to 10 m or more. It scans the Raman pump beam(s) across the sample to reduce the risk of unduly heating or igniting the sample. Beam scanning also transforms the spectrometer into an instrument with a lower effective safety classification, reducing the risk of eye injury. The spectrometer's long standoff range automatic focusing make it easier to identify chemicals through clear and translucent obstacles, such as flow tubes, windows, and containers. And the spectrometer's components are light and small enough to be packaged in a handheld housing or housing suitable for a small robot to carry.

Abstract: A compact, portable Raman spectrometer makes fast, sensitive standoff measurements at little to no risk of eye injury or igniting the materials being probed. This spectrometer uses differential Raman spectroscopy and ambient light measurements to measure point-and-shoot Raman signatures of dark or highly fluorescent materials at distances of 1 cm to 10 m or more. It scans the Raman pump beam(s) across the sample to reduce the risk of unduly heating or igniting the sample. Beam scanning also transforms the spectrometer into an instrument with a lower effective safety classification, reducing the risk of eye injury. The spectrometer's long standoff range automatic focusing make it easier to identify chemicals through clear and translucent obstacles, such as flow tubes, windows, and containers. And the spectrometer's components are light and small enough to be packaged in a handheld housing or housing suitable for a small robot to carry.

Abstract: A compact, portable Raman spectrometer makes fast, sensitive standoff measurements at little to no risk of eye injury or igniting the materials being probed. This spectrometer uses differential Raman spectroscopy and ambient light measurements to measure point-and-shoot Raman signatures of dark or highly fluorescent materials at distances of 1 cm to 10 m or more. It scans the Raman pump beam(s) across the sample to reduce the risk of unduly heating or igniting the sample. Beam scanning also transforms the spectrometer into an instrument with a lower effective safety classification, reducing the risk of eye injury. The spectrometer's long standoff range automatic focusing make it easier to identify chemicals through clear and translucent obstacles, such as flow tubes, windows, and containers. And the spectrometer's components are light and small enough to be packaged in a handheld housing or housing suitable for a small robot to carry.

Abstract: A compact, portable Raman spectrometer makes fast, sensitive standoff measurements at little to no risk of eye injury or igniting the materials being probed. This spectrometer uses differential Raman spectroscopy and ambient light measurements to measure point-and-shoot Raman signatures of dark or highly fluorescent materials at distances of 1 cm to 10 m or more. It scans the Raman pump beam(s) across the sample to reduce the risk of unduly heating or igniting the sample. Beam scanning also transforms the spectrometer into an instrument with a lower effective safety classification, reducing the risk of eye injury. The spectrometer's long standoff range automatic focusing make it easier to identify chemicals through clear and translucent obstacles, such as flow tubes, windows, and containers. And the spectrometer's components are light and small enough to be packaged in a handheld housing or housing suitable for a small robot to carry.

Abstract: A compact, portable Raman spectrometer makes fast, sensitive standoff measurements at little to no risk of eye injury or igniting the materials being probed. This spectrometer uses differential Raman spectroscopy and ambient light measurements to measure point-and-shoot Raman signatures of dark or highly fluorescent materials at distances of 1 cm to 10 m or more. It scans the Raman pump beam(s) across the sample to reduce the risk of unduly heating or igniting the sample. Beam scanning also transforms the spectrometer into an instrument with a lower effective safety classification, reducing the risk of eye injury. The spectrometer's long standoff range automatic focusing make it easier to identify chemicals through clear and translucent obstacles, such as flow tubes, windows, and containers. And the spectrometer's components are light and small enough to be packaged in a handheld housing or housing suitable for a small robot to carry.

Abstract: A compact, portable Raman spectrometer makes fast, sensitive standoff measurements at little to no risk of eye injury or igniting the materials being probed. This spectrometer uses differential Raman spectroscopy and ambient light measurements to measure point-and-shoot Raman signatures of dark or highly fluorescent materials at distances of 1 cm to 10 m or more. It scans the Raman pump beam(s) across the sample to reduce the risk of unduly heating or igniting the sample. Beam scanning also transforms the spectrometer into an instrument with a lower effective safety classification, reducing the risk of eye injury. The spectrometer's long standoff range automatic focusing make it easier to identify chemicals through clear and translucent obstacles, such as flow tubes, windows, and containers. And the spectrometer's components are light and small enough to be packaged in a handheld housing or housing suitable for a small robot to carry.