Patents by Inventor David H. Gracias
David H. Gracias has filed for patents to protect the following inventions. This listing includes patent applications that are pending as well as patents that have already been granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO).
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Publication number: 20140191524Abstract: A lithographically structured device has an actuation layer and a control layer operatively connected to the actuation layer. The actuation layer includes a stress layer and a neutral layer that is constructed of materials and with a structure such that it stores torsional energy upon being constructed. The control layer is constructed to maintain the actuation layer substantially in a first configuration in a local environmental condition and is responsive to a change in the local environmental condition such that it permits a release of stored torsional energy to cause a change in a structural configuration of the lithographically structured device to a second configuration, the control layer thereby providing a trigger mechanism. The lithographically structured device has a maximum dimension that is less than about 10 mm when it is in the second configuration.Type: ApplicationFiled: March 12, 2014Publication date: July 10, 2014Applicant: The Johns Hopkins UniversityInventors: DAVID H. GRACIAS, Timothy G. Leong
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Patent number: 8709829Abstract: The present invention relates to a nanoscale or microscale particle for encapsulation and delivery of materials or substances, including, but not limited to, cells, drugs, tissue, gels and polymers contained within the particle, with subsequent release of the therapeutic materials in situ, methods of fabricating the particle by folding a 2D precursor into the 3D particle, and the use of the particle in in-vivo or in-vitro applications The particle can be in any polyhedral shape and its surfaces can have either no perforations or nano/microscale perforations The particle is coated with a biocompatible metal, e g gold, or polymer e g parvlene, layer and the surfaces and hinges of the particle are made of any metal or polymer combinations.Type: GrantFiled: August 20, 2012Date of Patent: April 29, 2014Assignee: The Johns Hopkins UniversityInventors: David H. Gracias, Timothy Gar-Ming Leong, Hongke Ye
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Publication number: 20130210148Abstract: A method of producing curved, folded or reconfigurable structures includes providing a polymer film, exposing the polymer film to at least one of patterned radiation or patterned chemical contact, and conditioning the polymer film subsequent to the exposing. The polymer film includes a polymer that is active to cross-linking of polymer chains in response to the exposing. The exposing is performed such that at least one exposed region of the polymer film develops a gradient in an amount of cross-linking of polymer chains along a cross-sectional direction of the polymer film, and the conditioning of the polymer film removes uncross-linked polymer chains to provide a curved, folded or reconfigurable structure.Type: ApplicationFiled: October 25, 2011Publication date: August 15, 2013Applicant: The Johns Hopkins UniversityInventors: David H. Gracias, Mustapha Jamal
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Publication number: 20130116541Abstract: The present invention relates to a nanoscale or microscale particle for encapsulation and delivery of materials or substances, including, but not limited to, cells, drugs, tissue, gels and polymers contained within the particle, with subsequent release of the therapeutic materials in situ, methods of fabricating the particle by folding a 2D precursor into the 3D particle, and the use of the particle in in-vivo or in-vitro applications The particle can be in any polyhedral shape and its surfaces can have either no perforations or nano/microscale perforations The particle is coated with a biocompatible metal, e g gold, or polymer e g parvlene, layer and the surfaces and hinges of the particle are made of any metal or polymer combinations.Type: ApplicationFiled: August 20, 2012Publication date: May 9, 2013Applicant: JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITYInventors: David H. Gracias, Timothy Gar-Ming Leong, Hongke Ye
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Publication number: 20130095258Abstract: An array structure includes a plurality of containers arranged in a predetermined pattern. Each container of the plurality of containers has a maximum outer dimension that is less than about 1 cm, and each container of the plurality of containers has a substantially predetermined porosity.Type: ApplicationFiled: June 24, 2011Publication date: April 18, 2013Applicant: The Johns Hopkins UniversityInventors: David H. Gracias, Yevgeniy Vladimirovich Kalinin, Christina Lee Randall
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Publication number: 20130045530Abstract: A sub-centimeter structure includes a first structural component, a second structural component arranged proximate the first structural component, and a joint connecting the first and second structural components. The joint includes a material that has a first phase that is substantially rigid to hold the first and second structural components in a substantially rigid configuration while the material is in the first phase. The material of the joint has a second phase such that the joint is at least partially fluid to allow the first and second structural components to move relative to each other while the material is in the second phase. The joint interacts with the first and second structural components while the material is in the second phase to cause the first and second structural components to move relative to each other. And, the first and second structural components include a polymer.Type: ApplicationFiled: April 27, 2011Publication date: February 21, 2013Applicant: THE JOHN HOPKINS UNIVERSITYInventors: David H. Gracias, Anum Azam
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Patent number: 8246917Abstract: The present invention relates to a nanoscale or microscale particle for encapsulation and delivery of materials or substances, including, but not limited to, cells, drugs, tissue, gels and polymers contained within the particle, with subsequent release of the therapeutic materials in situ, methods of fabricating the particle by folding a 2D precursor into the 3D particle, and the use of the particle in in-vivo or in-vitro applications The particle can be in any polyhedral shape and its surfaces can have either no perforations or nano/microscale perforations The particle is coated with a biocompatible metal, e g gold, or polymer e g parvlene, layer and the surfaces and hinges of the particle are made of any metal or polymer combinations.Type: GrantFiled: June 25, 2007Date of Patent: August 21, 2012Assignee: Johns Hopkins UniversityInventors: David H. Gracias, Timothy Gar-Ming Leong, Hongke Ye
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Patent number: 8236259Abstract: The present invention relates to a nanoscale or microscale container for encapsulation and delivery of materials or substances, including, but not limited to, cells, drugs, tissue, gels and polymers contained within the container, with subsequent release of the therapeutic materials in situ, methods of fabricating the container by folding a 2D precursor into the 3D container, and the use of the container in in-vivo or in-vitro applications. The container can be in any polyhedral shape and its surfaces can have either no perforations or nano/microscale perforations. The container is coated with a biocompatible metal, e.g. gold, or polymer, e.g. parylene, layer and the surfaces and hinges of the container are made of any metal or polymer combinations.Type: GrantFiled: July 24, 2006Date of Patent: August 7, 2012Assignee: Johns Hopkins UniversityInventors: David H. Gracias, Barjor Gimi, Zaver M Bhujwalla
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Publication number: 20120135237Abstract: The self-assembly of polyhedral nanostructures having at least one dimension of about 100 nm to about 900 nm with electron-beam lithographically patterned surfaces is provided. The presently disclosed three-dimensional nanostructures spontaneous assemble from two-dimensional, tethered panels during plasma or wet chemical etching of the underlying silicon substrate. Any desired surface pattern with a width as small as fifteen nanometers can be precisely defined in all three dimensions. The formation of curving, continuous nanostructures using extrinsic stress also is disclosed.Type: ApplicationFiled: April 28, 2010Publication date: May 31, 2012Applicant: THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITYInventors: David H. Gracias, Jeong-Hyun Cho
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Patent number: 7724541Abstract: Techniques for self assembly of macro-scale objects, optionally defining electrical circuitry, are described, as well as articles formed by self assembly. Components can be joined, during self-assembly by minimization of free energy, capillary attraction, or a combination.Type: GrantFiled: February 13, 2006Date of Patent: May 25, 2010Assignee: President and Fellows of Harvard CollegeInventors: David H. Gracias, Joe Tien, George M. Whitesides
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Publication number: 20090311190Abstract: The present invention relates to a nanoscale or microscale particle for encapsulation and delivery of materials or substances, including, but not limited to, cells, drugs, tissue, gels and polymers contained within the particle, with subsequent release of the therapeutic materials in situ, methods of fabricating the particle by folding a 2D precursor into the 3D particle, and the use of the particle in in-vivo or in-vitro applications The particle can be in any polyhedral shape and its surfaces can have either no perforations or nano/microscale perforations The particle is coated with a biocompatible metal, e g gold, or polymer e g parvlene, layer and the surfaces and hinges of the particle are made of any metal or polymer combinations.Type: ApplicationFiled: June 25, 2007Publication date: December 17, 2009Applicant: JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITYInventors: David H. Gracias, Timothy Gar-Ming Leong, Hongke Ye
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Patent number: 7268075Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide methods to reduce the copper line roughness for increased electrical conductivity in narrow interconnects having a width of less than 100 nm. These methods reduce the copper line roughness by first smoothing the surface on which the copper lines are formed by performing a short electrochemical etch of the surface. The electrical conductivity of the interconnects is increased by reducing the copper line roughness that in turn reduces the resistivity of the copper lines.Type: GrantFiled: May 16, 2003Date of Patent: September 11, 2007Assignee: Intel CorporationInventors: David H. Gracias, Chih-I Wu
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Patent number: 7238604Abstract: A thin hard mask is formed over a semiconductor substrate. The thin hard mask allows diffusion of a sacrificial material or pore-forming agent therethrough to form an underlying air gap or porous dielectric region. The thin hard mask may be a polymer or an initially porous material that may be later densified. The thin hard mask may be used to prevent etch steps used in forming an unlanded via from reaching layers below the hard mask.Type: GrantFiled: April 24, 2003Date of Patent: July 3, 2007Assignee: Intel CorporationInventors: Grant M. Kloster, Kevin P. O'Brien, David H. Gracias, Hyun-Mog Park, Vijayakumar S. Ramachandrarao
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Patent number: 7239019Abstract: An inter-layer dielectric structure and method of making such structure are disclosed. A composite dielectric layer, initially comprising a porous matrix and a porogen, is formed. Subsequent to other processing treatments, the porogen is decomposed and removed from at least a portion of the porous matrix, leaving voids defined by the porous matrix in areas previously occupied by the porogen. The resultant structure has a desirably low k value as a result of the porosity and materials comprising the porous matrix and porogen. The composite dielectric layer may be used in concert with other dielectric layers of varying porosity, dimensions, and material properties to provide varied mechanical and electrical performance profiles.Type: GrantFiled: June 28, 2005Date of Patent: July 3, 2007Assignee: Intel CorporationInventors: Jihperng Leu, Grant M. Kloster, David H. Gracias, Lee D. Rockford, Peter K. Moon, Chris E. Barns
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Patent number: 7208455Abstract: Methods and solutions for forming self assembled organic monolayers that are covalently bound to metal interfaces are presented along with a device containing a self assembled organic monolayer. Embodiments of the present invention utilize self assembled thiolate monolayers to prevent the electromigration and surface diffusion of copper atoms while minimizing the resistance of the interconnect lines. Self assembled thiolate monolayers are used to cap the copper interconnect lines and chemically hold the copper atoms at the top of the lines in place, thus preventing surface diffusion. The use of self assembled thiolate monolayers minimizes the resistance of copper interconnect lines because only a single monolayer of approximately 10 ? and 20 ? in thickness is used.Type: GrantFiled: November 23, 2004Date of Patent: April 24, 2007Assignee: Intel CorporationInventor: David H. Gracias
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Patent number: 7205663Abstract: Methods and solutions for forming self assembled organic monolayers that are covalently bound to metal interfaces are presented along with a device containing a self assembled organic monolayer. Embodiments of the present invention utilize self assembled thiolate monolayers to prevent the electromigration and surface diffusion of copper atoms while minimizing the resistance of the interconnect lines. Self assembled thiolate monolayers are used to cap the copper interconnect lines and chemically hold the copper atoms at the top of the lines in place, thus preventing surface diffusion. The use of self assembled thiolate monolayers minimizes the resistance of copper interconnect lines because only a single monolayer of approximately 10 ? and 20 ? in thickness is used.Type: GrantFiled: November 23, 2004Date of Patent: April 17, 2007Assignee: Intel CorporationInventor: David H. Gracias
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Patent number: 7179757Abstract: Processing problems associated with porous low-k dielectric materials are often severe. Exposure of low-k materials to plasma during feature etching, ashing, and priming steps has deleterious consequences. For porous, silicon-based low-k dielectric materials, the plasma depletes a surface organic group, raising the dielectric constant of the material. In the worst case, the damaged dielectric is destroyed during the wet etch removal of the antireflective coating in the via-first copper dual-damascene integration scheme. This issue is addressed by exposing the dielectric to silane coupling agents at various stages of etching and cleaning. Chemical reactions with the silane coupling agent both replenish the dielectric surface organic group and passivate the dielectric surface relative to the surface of the antireflective coating.Type: GrantFiled: August 16, 2004Date of Patent: February 20, 2007Assignee: Intel CorporationInventors: Vijayakumar S. RamachandraRao, David H. Gracias
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Patent number: 7175680Abstract: Methods and solutions for forming self assembled organic monolayers that are covalently bound to metal interfaces are presented along with a device containing a self assembled organic monolayer. Embodiments of the present invention utilize self assembled thiolate monolayers to prevent the electromigration and surface diffusion of copper atoms while minimizing the resistance of the interconnect lines. Self assembled thiolate monolayers are used to cap the copper interconnect lines and chemically hold the copper atoms at the top of the lines in place, thus preventing surface diffusion. The use of self assembled thiolate monolayers minimizes the resistance of copper interconnect lines because only a single monolayer of approximately 10 ? and 20 ? in thickness is used.Type: GrantFiled: November 23, 2004Date of Patent: February 13, 2007Assignee: Intel CorporationInventor: David H. Gracias
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Patent number: 7018918Abstract: An inter-layer dielectric structure and method of making such structure are disclosed. A composite dielectric layer, initially comprising a porous matrix and a porogen, is formed. Subsequent to other processing treatments, the porogen is decomposed and removed from at least a portion of the porous matrix, leaving voids defined by the porous matrix in areas previously occupied by the porogen. The resultant structure has a desirably low k value as a result of the porosity and materials comprising the porous matrix and porogen. The composite dielectric layer may be used in concert with other dielectric layers of varying porosity, dimensions, and material properties to provide varied mechanical and electrical performance profiles.Type: GrantFiled: November 3, 2003Date of Patent: March 28, 2006Assignee: Intel CorporationInventors: Grant M. Kloster, Kevin P. O'brien, Michael D. Goodner, Jihperng Leu, David H. Gracias, Lee D. Rockford, Peter K. Moon, Chris E. Barns
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Patent number: 7007370Abstract: Techniques for self assembly of macro-scale objects, optionally defining electrical circuitry, are described, as well as articles formed by self assembly. Components can be joined, during self-assembly by minimization of free energy, capillary attraction, or a combination.Type: GrantFiled: July 19, 2001Date of Patent: March 7, 2006Assignee: President and Fellows of Harvard CollegeInventors: David H. Gracias, Joe Tien, George M. Whitesides