Abstract: The invention realtes to a film scanner comprising a frame sensor (4) for picking up film frames, and a scanning device (13) at least for scanning a sprocket hole associated with a film frame. To determine the position of a sprocket hole, the film scanner comprises an evaluation device (25) which is provided to determine, in given areas, edge positions in a measuring frame supplied by the scanning device (13), form lines from the determined edge positions and determine the deviation of the center of the sprocket hole from a reference center.

Abstract: The invention describes a method for the fuel-optimized selection of a configuration of thrusters on a spacecraft while resolving a linear optimization problem with an initialization phase for finding a first permissible solution and a subsequent iteration phase, in which proceeding on the permissible solution an iterative optimization of an efficiency criterion takes place. In each iteration step a scaled iteration gradient is formed, and the iteration gradient is multiplied with a limiting factor for a maximum iteration step width, which is formed while taking at least one boundary value condition for a permissible solution into account.

Abstract: A gearshifting unit for a vehicle transmission (6) comprising a main transmission part (10) manually shifted by the vehicle driver using a gearshift lever (16) and one range change group transmission (14) shifted by valves (44, 46). The gearshifts are manually preselectable by the vehicle driver using a gearshift lever (16), the same as a power assistance device (74) for shifting the gear steps in the main transmission part (10) and one electronic control device (20) which actuates the valves (44, 46). In a method for reducing the power assistance, a neutral position is detected in the manually shifting main transmission part (10) and once the neutral position is determined, the gearshift begins in the range change group transmission part (14) and the power assistance is engaged with a delay.

Abstract: An electro-pneumatic switching unit for a vehicle transmission (6) comprising one splitter group transmission (12) pneumatically switched via valves (36, 38) and one range-change group transmission (14) pneumatically switched via valves (44, 46), the switchings of which are manually preselected by the vehicle driver on a gear lever (16), has one locking device (54, 56) for mechanically preventing the manual switching of inadmissible reduction ratios of the vehicle transmission (6), one device (30, 42, 64) for preventing the pneumatic switching of inadmissible reduction ratios and one electronic control device (20). The locking device (54, 56) for mechanically preventing the manual switching of inadmissible reduction ratios is pneumatically connected with one valve (44) for switching the range-change group transmission (14).

Abstract: Transparent coatings with a thickness of at least 30 ?m, a relative elastic resilience to DIN 55676 of at least 70%, and a scratch resistance corresponding to a score of not more than 2 in the steel wool scratch test to DIN 1041 after 10 double strokes; process for producing them, and their use.

Abstract: In a method for determining the position of a spacecraft based on vector determinations, a direction vector is measured in a body-fixed coordinate system; a reference direction vector is determined within a reference coordinate system based on the path position of the spacecraft and an orbit model; the overall spin vector of the spacecraft is determined within the body-fixed coordinate system; and a reference overall spin vector of the spacecraft is determined within a reference coordinate system by time propagation of known initial values of the overall spin of the spacecraft or by time tracking of a reference model. The position of the spacecraft is determined based on the four vectors.

Abstract: The invention describes a method for the fuel-optimized selection of a configuration of thrusters on a spacecraft while resolving a linear optimization problem with an initialization phase for finding a first permissible solution and a subsequent iteration phase, in which proceeding on the permissible solution an iterative optimization of an efficiency criterion takes place. In each iteration step a scaled iteration gradient is formed, and the iteration gradient is multiplied with a limiting factor for a maximum iteration step width, which is formed while taking at least one boundary value condition for a permissible solution into account.

Abstract: The invention shows a shifting device (11, 40) with a servo-assistance device (10) for a transmission (30) of a vehicle. A gear shift linkage (4, 6, 16) is connected with a lever (18) which is connected with a control rod (20) of the assistance device (10) and a gear shift shaft (26, 44) engages in gear shift rails (32) of the transmission (30) by means of levers (28). A central gear shift shaft (44) is provided in the shifting device (40) which is firmly mounted on the transmission housing and can be rotatably actuated by the gear shift linkage (4, 6, 16) actuated by the driver for transmitting the manual shifting force to the disengaging lever (18) of the assistance device (10) and for transmitting the manual shifting force to the gear shift rails (32) of the transmission (30). The central gear shift shaft (44) can also be displaceably actuated by the gear shift linkage (4, 6, 16) to select the gear shift rail (32) to be shifted.

Abstract: A simulator for simulating the performance of an intelligent is described. The simulator includes. a module for simulating any IN-typical event sequences (traffic simulator) according to the rules of traffic theory, and a module for the event-oriented simulation of the service control point (SCP simulator) using process models, The simulator also includes. an arrangement for exchanging data between the modules; an arrangement entering and storing the network configuration, communication service specification, and other simulation parameters, and for transferring them to the correct modules; and an arrangement outputting and/or storing the simulated data. Modules are also provided for simulating the SS7 signaling system, taking into account the functionalities of service relay points SRP and overload protection mechanisms within the IN. The simulation modules communicate in a file mode using transfer files or are linked in an online mode by a shared organization program: the online simulator.

Abstract: The invention relates to a dyeing or washing installation (1) for narrow textile fabric (2), the narrow fabric (2) being passed through a dyeing or washing liquor, followed by removal of the excess amount. To develop further a dyeing or washing installation (1) of the type in question advantageously with regard to the application of dye and removal of excess amounts, it is proposed that the narrow fabric (2) is guided along a width-adapted suction nozzle (6), disposed downstream of the dyeing or washing liquor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for uniformly coating hollow bodies, in which one open end of the hollow body is closed off in a gas-tight manner by a cover, the hollow body is introduced into a plasma-induced CVD reactor, vacuum is applied to the hollow body, a coating temperature is established and the plasma-induced coating takes place. The present invention also relates to the use of the process for uniformly coating hollow bodies according to the invention for coating tubes, vessels, syringe bodies, reflectors, domes and funnels.

Abstract: Steamer for treating, dyeing, washing, etc. at least one running band of narrow fabric, tape or the like, and including at least one pair of rollers consisting of an upper deflection roller and a lower deflection roller around which the band is guided criss-cross in a figure of eight, with the rollers rotating in opposite directions.

Abstract: A galvanic solid electrolyte sensor for measuring gaseous anhydrides includes a ceramic solid electrolyte that has a material that conducts electrons, a measuring electrode that includes a pure or doped alkaline or alkaline earth salt and a reference electrode spatially separated from the measuring electrode and sealed off from the anhydride measuring gas by a gas-tight enclosure. The reference electrode is made of a metal material that conducts electrons. The gas-tight enclosure is made of a layer of a glass containing zirconium and lead that covers only the material of the reference electrode, with only a marginal area of this layer abutting the solid electrolyte.

Abstract: In a process and apparatus for controlling the attitude of a spacecraft, drive signals for driving attitude control units of the spacecraft are generated based on control unit signals related to the three principle axes of a spacecraft oriented coordinate system, using the rule k=B.sup.I e+cu.sub.2. The drive matrix B.sup.I, a definite vector u.sub.2 and the constant c result from the application of a matrix decomposition according to the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) method to a nozzle matrix B. The latter matrix contains as elements, the momentum and force vectors which can be generated by the attitude control units, and the drive matrix B.sup.I is multiplied directly with the vector e derived from the axis-related control unit signals.

Abstract: A triaxially stabilized earth oriented satellite is provided with an attitude control system. The attitude control system contains a controller, final control elements for generating control torques around each of three axes of a system of coordinates (principle axes x, y, z) fixed relative to the satellite. Additionally, the attitude control system comprises, as measuring transducers, exclusively a direction vector measurement device, like a magnetometer or star sensor, a sun sensor array and an earth sensor. The process of the invention makes use of the apparatus as noted above and includes the steps of:A. determining an estimate for the rotating velocity of the satellite from a direction vector measurement;B. searching for the sun, depending on the size of the field of view of the sensor, by one or two search rotations at right angles to the optical axis;C. adjusting the direction of the sun relative to the optical axis; andD. adjusting the direction vector measurement to a reference direction S.sub.

Abstract: A measurement arrangement is useful for controlling the attitude of a three-axis stabilized satellite equipped with sun-sensors for determining the orientation of the sun (sun vector) with respect to a satellite-fixed coordinate system, as well as with speed gyroscopes for detecting components of the satellite speed of rotation vector .omega.. It is necessary that the measurement range of the sun-sensors cover the round angle in a preselectable plane (for example XY plane) and perpendicularly thereto a limited angular range of maximum .+-..alpha..sub.2max on both sides of the plane. In addition, only an integrating speed gyroscope carrying out measurements in a single measurement axis that encloses with the plane an angle of at least (.pi./2)-.alpha..sub.2max should be provided.

Abstract: A three-axis stabilized, earth-oriented satellite has an attitude control system with regulators, actuators, an earth sensor that carries out measurements along two axes and a sun-sensor arrangement that also carries out measurements along two axes. The field of view of the sun-sensor arrangement covers the round angle on a plane of the satellite-fixed coordinate system. Only the sun-sensor arrangement and the earth sensor act as measurement transducers. A sun and earth acquisition process for such a satellite has the following steps: seeking the sun; setting the sun vector in a first direction of reference; setting the speed of rotation of the satellite around the sun vector at a constant value; setting the sun vector in a second direction of reference, so that by rotating the satellite around the latter the optical axis of the earth sensor sweeps over the earth; and picking up the earth. Special regulating rules are disclosed.

Abstract: Compatible polymer blends containing A) 0.5-99.5 wt. %, preferably 50 to 90 wt. % of a polyphenylene ether, synthesized from units of formula (I) ##STR1## where R.sub.1 stands for an optionally substituted cycloalkyl group or alkoxyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms or an optionally substituted aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms or for chlorine, where R.sub.2 stands for an optionally substituted cycloalkyl group or alkoxyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms or an optionally substituted aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms or for chlorine, and B) 99.5-0.5 wt. %, preferably 50 to 10 wt. % of a polyaryl(meth)acrylate containing 20-100 wt. % of monomers of the formula (II) ##STR2## where R.sub.3 stands for hydrogen or methyl, Q stands for an alkylidene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a group --(CH.sub.2).sub.m --O--, where m denotes a number from 2 to 6,x stands for zero or 1 andR.sub.

Abstract: A digital modulation process and apparatus for converting an input signal comprising a time variable series of sampling values, each of which sampling values remains constant within a fixed sampling period, into output signals representing a sequence of positive and/or negative pulses having a constant amplitude and a variable pulse width and frequency. The input signal and modulator parameters are supplied to a data processor. In order to reduce computing expenditures and at the same time achieve an increase in precision, by means of the computing system, the switch-on and switch-off points in time t.sub.se, t.sub.sa of the pulses as well as their operational signs are computed in one operation directly for each sampling period .DELTA.t.sub.k.

Abstract: Compatible polymer blends containingA) 0.5-99.5 wt. %, preferably 50 to 90 wt. % of a polyphenylene ether, synthesized from units of formula (I) ##STR1## where R.sub.1 stands for an optionally substituted (cyclo)alkyl group or alkoxyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms or an optionally substituted aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms or for chlorine,where R.sub.2 stands for an optionally substituted (cyclo)alkyl group or alkoxyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms or an optionally substituted aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms or for chlorine, andB) 99.5-0.5 wt. %, preferably 50 to 10 wt. % of a polyaryl(meth)acrylate containing 20-100 wt. % of monomers of the formula (II) ##STR2## where R.sub.3 stands for hydrogen or methyl, Q stands for an alkylidene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a group --(CH.sub.2).sub.m --O--, where m denotes a number from 2 to 6,x stands for zero or 1 andR.sub.